1
|
Wang S, Shi C, Tian X, Liu Q. Zinc concentration and bioavailability of Chinese steamed bread prepared from foliar zinc-biofortified wheat grain. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4221-4233. [PMID: 36653921 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the concentration of zinc (Zn) in a widely consumed staple food, such as Chinese steamed bread (CSB), is a promising strategy for alleviating Zn malnutrition in humans. The aim of this study, which was based on a 2-year field experiment, was to evaluate the effectiveness of spraying Zn fertilizer combined with commonly applied (i) pesticides and/or (ii) KH2 PO4 (PK) to increase the concentration of Zn and its bioavailability in wheat grain and the CSB derived from it. RESULTS All the foliar Zn applications (foliar Zn alone or combined with pesticides and PK) significantly increased the concentration of Zn in grain and derived CSB by 69.1% and 63.1%, respectively. Milling caused an 86-88% loss of Zn, while the process of producing CSB caused an 11-26% increase in the concentration of Zn. A net gain of 2.5-8.3 mg Zn kg-1 of CSB was achieved owing to foliar applications of Zn. The concentration of phytic acid (PA) decreased dramatically during milling (89-90%) and the production of CSB (69-72%). As a result, the Zn bioavailability was greater in the CSB than in grain. Foliar applications of Zn also increased the estimated Zn bioavailability of CSB to be as high as 5.5-7.8 mg, which is adequate for human nutrition. Enrichment with Zn had no adverse effects on the quality of CSB. CONCLUSION The mixture of foliar Zn with pesticides and PK represents a useful approach to improve the bioavailable Zn of CSB without altering its quality. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxia Wang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Cailing Shi
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abbas HS, Abd-elhakeem MM, Abd El Galil RM, Reyad OA, Mohamed HA, Ismail SES, Nabil MA. Natural Immunomodulators Treat the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:79-87. [PMID: 36721816 PMCID: PMC9871270 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the world has been dealing with a destructive global pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, since 2020; there were millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. With sequencing generations of the virus, around 60% are expected to become infected during the pandemic. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has been approved because no real evidence from clinical trials in treatment was reached. According to current thinking, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mortality is caused by a cytokine storm syndrome in patients with hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in acute respiratory distress and finally death. In this review, we discuss the various types of natural immune-modulatory agents and their role in the management of SARS-CoV-2, and cytokine storm syndrome. For example, Polyphenols as natural products can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to host cell receptor ACE2, stop viral entry into the host cell and block viral RNA replication. Also, saikosaponins (A, B2, C, and D), triterpene glycosides, which are isolated from medicinal plants exert antiviral action against HCoV-22E9, and Houttuynia cordata water extract has antiviral effects on SARS-CoV. Moreover, eucalyptus oil has promising potential for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. There is an urgent need for research to improve the function of the human immune system all over the world. As a result, actions for better understanding and improving the human immune system are critical steps toward mitigating risks and negative outcomes. These approaches will be strongly recommended for future emerging viruses and pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Salah Abbas
- Microbiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research(NODCAR), Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt.,Corresponding Author: Heba Salah Abbas,
| | | | | | | | - Heba Ahmed Mohamed
- Master Student, Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Egypt
| | | | - Manal Ahmed Nabil
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hassan MH, Hassan AEA. Quantitative 1HNMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Zinc Gluconate in Utozinc® Tablets, a Mixture of Zinc Gluconate and Vitamin C. J AOAC Int 2022; 106:34-39. [PMID: 36264135 PMCID: PMC9619800 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential metal for humans and plays key roles in several biological events such as immunity, allergy, growth, and inflammation. The deficiency in zinc causes an increased infection rate with pathogens. Organo-zincates such as zinc gluconate are known for better absorption compared with their inorganic zinc salts. Its role in enhancing the immune system has driven a huge demand for organo-zinc supplements and in the treatment protocol of coronavirus disease, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE Herein, we report on a quantitative analysis of zinc gluconate in the authentic form in presence of vitamin C, and the method was applied to their dosage form (Utozinc® tablets). The method is simple, accurate, and validated according to ICH guidelines. METHOD Quantification of zinc gluconate formulated with vitamin C (Utozinc tablets) using Q-1HNMR. Maleic acid and deuterium oxide were used as internal standards and solvents, respectively. RESULTS The linearity range, the limit of detection and quantification, stability, precision, and accuracy, were validated. The validation of the method within five concentration levels (from 10 to 50 mg/0.5 mL D2O) afforded a limit of detection of 4.58 mg/mL, a quantification limit of 15.27 mg/mL, and excellent linearity. CONCLUSIONS The method proposed in the present study is simple, fast, nondestructive, and accurate. Zinc gluconate quantification values obtained by the Q-1HNMR method were found to show an acceptable correlation with those obtained by the thin-layer chromatographic technique. HIGHLIGHTS The method was successfully applied to Utozinc tablets, and the results were compared with the reported reference pharmacopeial method. The salt exchange between maleic acid (IS) and zinc gluconate was tested by noticing the change in the chemical shift of IS and zinc gluconate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdalla E A Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amaeze O, Akinola A, Aiyeolemi A, Lawal F, Ijomone O, Mbata U. Community pharmacists' services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Lagos State, Nigeria. J Res Pharm Pract 2022; 11:25-32. [PMID: 36277966 PMCID: PMC9585806 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the services community pharmacists in Lagos state provided to their communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists drawn from all the Association of Community Pharmacists’ zones in Lagos state was done from April to June 2021. Data were collected using a structured, self-reported online questionnaire via Google Forms and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Findings: Two hundred and forty community pharmacists participated in the study; the response rate was 80.5%. Patient counseling (99.6%), assessment and treatment of common acute ailments (99.6%), and patient education on hygiene (99.6%) were the most reported services provided by community pharmacists. The COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures most frequently practiced by the pharmacists include cleaning of floors with soap and water (98.4%), provision of hand sanitizers for staff use (97.1%), and taking precautions when handling prescriptions and dispensing drugs (96.7%). Significant barriers to the provision of the services were reduced workforce in the pharmacy, time constraints, and extended working hours. Zinc (98.3%), Vitamin C (97.5%), and ivermectin (95.0%) tablets were the most reported medications for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Community pharmacists in Lagos state actively provide pharmacy services and practice various recommended infection prevention and control measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 infection in their communities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Soni S, Noor U, Gupta E. Impact of Nutrition in the Management of Nutritional Status of Covid-19
Patients. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401317666210906140254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The second outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
is of great concern due to its awful mortality and morbidity rate with decreasing nutritional status
and poor lifestyle as well as noteworthy food crisis and affected economy of the world. Increasing
food prices, food crisis, global hunger and decreasing availability and feasibility of food are the
foremost causes of decreasing nutritional status, which increases the risk of susceptibility to infection
and, in turn, leads to unfavorable outcomes of the diseases. Although, in times of the Covid-
19 pandemic, nutrition is of potential attention, and there is a requirement for more exploration in
the field of nutrition for the prevention of diseases arising from coronavirus infection. Elderly and
individuals with co-morbidity, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus
and metabolic diseases, are more prone towards getting infected with the coronavirus. Good
nutrition is mandatory for healthy immune responses, which can be improved by the inclusion of
vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, zinc, selenium, iron, copper and an antioxidant-rich diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Soni
- Department of Home Science, University of Allahabad 211002, Allahabad, India
| | - Uroosa Noor
- 1Department of Home Science, University of Allahabad 211002, Allahabad, India
| | - Ena Gupta
- Department of Home Science, University of Allahabad 211002, Allahabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hunter J, Arentz S, Goldenberg J, Yang G, Beardsley J, Myers SP, Mertz D, Leeder S. Zinc for the prevention or treatment of acute viral respiratory tract infections in adults: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047474. [PMID: 34728441 PMCID: PMC8578211 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefits and risks of zinc formulations compared with controls for prevention or treatment of acute viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in adults. METHOD Seventeen English and Chinese databases were searched in April/May 2020 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and from April/May 2020 to August 2020 for SARS-CoV-2 RCTs. Cochrane rapid review methods were applied. Quality appraisals used the Risk of Bias 2.0 and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS Twenty-eight RCTs with 5446 participants were identified. None were specific to SARS-CoV-2. Compared with placebo, oral or intranasal zinc prevented 5 RTIs per 100 person-months (95% CI 1 to 8, numbers needed to treat (NNT)=20, moderate-certainty/quality). Sublingual zinc did not prevent clinical colds following human rhinovirus inoculations (relative risk, RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.21, moderate-certainty/quality). On average, symptoms resolved 2 days earlier with sublingual or intranasal zinc compared with placebo (95% CI 0.61 to 3.50, very low-certainty/quality) and 19 more adults per 100 were likely to remain symptomatic on day 7 without zinc (95% CI 2 to 38, NNT=5, low-certainty/quality). There were clinically significant reductions in day 3 symptom severity scores (mean difference, MD -1.20 points, 95% CI -0.66 to -1.74, low-certainty/quality), but not average daily symptom severity scores (standardised MD -0.15, 95% CI -0.43 to 0.13, low-certainty/quality). Non-serious adverse events (AEs) (eg, nausea, mouth/nasal irritation) were higher (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.69, NNHarm=7, moderate-certainty/quality). Compared with active controls, there were no differences in illness duration or AEs (low-certainty/quality). No serious AEs were reported in the 25 RCTs that monitored them (low-certainty/quality). CONCLUSIONS In adult populations unlikely to be zinc deficient, there was some evidence suggesting zinc might prevent RTIs symptoms and shorten duration. Non-serious AEs may limit tolerability for some. The comparative efficacy/effectiveness of different zinc formulations and doses were unclear. The GRADE-certainty/quality of the evidence was limited by a high risk of bias, small sample sizes and/or heterogeneity. Further research, including SARS-CoV-2 clinical trials is warranted. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020182044.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hunter
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Arentz
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Goldenberg
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Guoyan Yang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Stephen P Myers
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominik Mertz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Leeder
- The Menzies Centre for Health Policy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seet RCS, Quek AML, Ooi DSQ, Sengupta S, Lakshminarasappa SR, Koo CY, So JBY, Goh BC, Loh KS, Fisher D, Teoh HL, Sun J, Cook AR, Tambyah PA, Hartman M. Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: An open-label randomized trial. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:314-322. [PMID: 33864917 PMCID: PMC8056783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined whether existing licensed pharmacotherapies could reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods An open-label parallel randomized controlled trial was performed among healthy migrant workers quarantined in a large multi-storey dormitory in Singapore. Forty clusters (each defined as individual floors of the dormitory) were randomly assigned to receive a 42-day prophylaxis regimen of either oral hydroxychloroquine (400 mg once, followed by 200 mg/day), oral ivermectin (12 mg once), povidone-iodine throat spray (3 times/day, 270 μg/day), oral zinc (80 mg/day)/vitamin C (500 mg/day) combination, or oral vitamin C, 500 mg/day. The primary outcome was laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection as shown by either: (1) a positive serologic test for SARS-CoV-2 antibody on day 42, or (2) a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 at any time between baseline and day 42. Results A total of 3037 asymptomatic participants (mean age, 33.0 years; all men) who were seronegative to SARS-CoV-2 at baseline were included in the primary analysis. Follow-up was nearly complete (99.6%). Compared with vitamin C, significant absolute risk reductions (%, 98.75% confidence interval) were observed for oral hydroxychloroquine (21%, 2–42%) and povidone-iodine throat spray (24%, 7–39%). No statistically significant differences were observed with oral zinc/vitamin C combination (23%, –5 to +41%) and ivermectin (5%, –10 to +22%). Interruptions due to side effects were highest among participants who received zinc/vitamin C combination (6.9%), followed by vitamin C (4.7%), povidone-iodine (2.0%), and hydroxychloroquine (0.7%). Conclusions Chemoprophylaxis with either oral hydroxychloroquine or povidone-iodine throat spray was superior to oral vitamin C in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection in young and healthy men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Chee Seong Seet
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Amy May Lin Quek
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Delicia Shu Qin Ooi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sharmila Sengupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Chieh Yang Koo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Bok Yan So
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Dale Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hock Luen Teoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jie Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Attia GH, Moemen YS, Youns M, Ibrahim AM, Abdou R, El Raey MA. Antiviral zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by hesperidin and in silico comparison study between antiviral phenolics as anti-SARS-CoV-2. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111724. [PMID: 33838582 PMCID: PMC7997700 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused the coronavirus (COVID-19), is the virus responsible for over 69,613,607 million infections and over 1,582,966 deaths worldwide. All treatment measures and protocols were considered to be supportive only and not curative. During this current coronavirus pandemic, searching for pharmaceutical or traditional complementary and integrative medicine to assist with prevention, treatment, and recovery has been advantageous. These phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals can be more economic, available, safe and lower side effects. This is in silico comparison study of ten phenolic antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2, as well as isolation of the most active metabolite from natural sources. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were also then prepared using these metabolite as a reducing agent. All tested compounds showed predicted anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Hesperidin showed the highest docking score, this leads us to isolate it from the orange peels and we confirmed its structure by conventenional spectroscopic analysis. In addition, synthesis of hesperidin zinc oxide nanoparticles was characterized by UV, IR, XRD and TEM. In vitro antiviral activity of hesperidin and ZnO NPs was evaluated against hepatitis A virus as an example of RNA viruses. However, ZnO NPs and hesperidin showed antiviral activity against HAV but ZnO NPs showed higher activity than hesperidin. Thus, hesperidin and its mediated ZnO nanoparticles are willing antiviral agents and further studies against SARS-CoV-2 are required to be used as a potential treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gouda H Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Shiekh University, Kafr El-Shiekh, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S Moemen
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ammar M Ibrahim
- Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa Abdou
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El Raey
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, Pharmaceutical Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Goel N, Ahmad R, Fatima H, Khare SK. New threatening of SARS-CoV-2 coinfection and strategies to fight the current pandemic. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 10:100089. [PMID: 33748740 PMCID: PMC7963520 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has overloaded healthcare systems that need medication to be rapidly established, at least to minimize the incidence of COVID-19. The coinfection with other microorganisms has drastically affected human health. Due to the utmost necessity to treat the patient infected with COVID-19 earliest, poor diagnosis and misuse of antibiotics may lead the world where no more drugs are available even to treat mild infections. Besides, sanitizers and disinfectants used to help minimize widespread coronavirus infection risk also contribute to an increased risk of antimicrobial resistance. To ease the situation, zinc supplements' potentiality has been explored and found to be an effective element to boost the immune system. Zinc also prevents the entry of the virus by increasing the ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, the limitations of current antiviral agents such as a narrow range and low bioavailability can be resolved using nanomaterials, which are considered an important therapeutic alternative for the next generation. Thus, the development of new antiviral nanoagents will significantly help tackle many potential challenges and knowledge gaps. This review paper provides profound insight into how COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are interrelated and the possible implications and current strategies to fight the ongoing pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikky Goel
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Huma Fatima
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cuajungco MP, Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME. Zinc: Multidimensional Effects on Living Organisms. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020208. [PMID: 33671781 PMCID: PMC7926802 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a redox-inert trace element that is second only to iron in abundance in biological systems. In cells, zinc is typically buffered and bound to metalloproteins, but it may also exist in a labile or chelatable (free ion) form. Zinc plays a critical role in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, ranging from structural to catalytic to replication to demise. This review discusses the influential properties of zinc on various mechanisms of bacterial proliferation and synergistic action as an antimicrobial element. We also touch upon the significance of zinc among eukaryotic cells and how it may modulate their survival and death through its inhibitory or modulatory effect on certain receptors, enzymes, and signaling proteins. A brief discussion on zinc chelators is also presented, and chelating agents may be used with or against zinc to affect therapeutics against human diseases. Overall, the multidimensional effects of zinc in cells attest to the growing number of scientific research that reveal the consequential prominence of this remarkable transition metal in human health and disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Heller RA, Sun Q, Hackler J, Seelig J, Seibert L, Cherkezov A, Minich WB, Seemann P, Diegmann J, Pilz M, Bachmann M, Ranjbar A, Moghaddam A, Schomburg L. Prediction of survival odds in COVID-19 by zinc, age and selenoprotein P as composite biomarker. Redox Biol 2021; 38:101764. [PMID: 33126054 PMCID: PMC7574778 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections cause the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and challenge the immune system with ongoing inflammation. Several redox-relevant micronutrients are known to contribute to an adequate immune response, including the essential trace elements zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that COVID-19 patients are characterised by Zn deficiency and that Zn status provides prognostic information. Serum Zn was determined in serum samples (n = 171) collected consecutively from patients surviving COVID-19 (n = 29) or non-survivors (n = 6). Data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study were used for comparison. Zn concentrations in patient samples were low as compared to healthy subjects (mean ± SD; 717.4 ± 246.2 vs 975.7 ± 294.0 μg/L, P < 0.0001). The majority of serum samples collected at different time points from the non-survivors (25/34, i.e., 73.5%) and almost half of the samples collected from the survivors (56/137, i.e., 40.9%) were below the threshold for Zn deficiency, i.e., below 638.7 μg/L (the 2.5th percentile in the EPIC cohort). In view that the Se status biomarker and Se transporter selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is also particularly low in COVID-19, we tested the prevalence of a combined deficit, i.e., serum Zn below 638.7 μg/L and serum SELENOP below 2.56 mg/L. This combined deficit was observed in 0.15% of samples in the EPIC cohort of healthy subjects, in 19.7% of the samples collected from the surviving COVID-19 patients and in 50.0% of samples from the non-survivors. Accordingly, the composite biomarker (SELENOP and Zn with age) proved as a reliable indicator of survival in COVID-19 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 94.42%. We conclude that Zn and SELENOP status within the reference ranges indicate high survival odds in COVID-19, and assume that correcting a diagnostically proven deficit in Se and/or Zn by a personalised supplementation may support convalescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raban Arved Heller
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany; HTRG, Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69118, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julian Hackler
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julian Seelig
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Linda Seibert
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Asan Cherkezov
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Waldemar B Minich
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Joachim Diegmann
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Pilz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Bachmann
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
| | - Alireza Ranjbar
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Institute of Interventional Allergology und Immunology, Bonn, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- ATORG, Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mudenda S, Witika BA, Sadiq MJ, Banda M, Mfune RL, Daka V, Kalui D, Phiri MN, Kasanga M, Mudenda F, Mufwambi W. Self-medication and its Consequences during & after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Health Problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/ejeph/9308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
Hunter J, Arentz S, Goldenberg J, Yang G, Beardsley J, Lee MS, Myers SP. Choose your shortcuts wisely: COVID-19 rapid reviews of traditional, complementary and integrative medicine. Integr Med Res 2020; 9:100484. [PMID: 32837904 PMCID: PMC7388820 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an explosion of rapid reviews geared towards providing time sensitive answers for clinical and policy decision-makers. Rapid reviews (RRs) strike a balance between rigour and rapidity to minimise bias and optimise transparency within specified constraints. Methods: This review article appraised the methods and reporting standards of a convenience sample of RR protocols and RRs of COVID-19 clinical management questions, published in the first six-months of 2020. Inclusion criteria were all RR protocols evaluating traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) registered on PROSPERO, and all RRs indexed on PubMed or published on the Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service. A purpose-specific 9-item reporting checklist reflecting recommended minimum requirements for RRs was applied. Findings were synthesised and narrated in the context of methodological considerations for conducting and reporting RRs of TCIM. Results: Included studies were five RR protocols of TCIM and 16 RRs, of which five considered TCIM. Wide variations in RR methods were proposed or applied, as were the reporting standards. All five RRs that evaluated TCIM had the lowest reporting standards that limited reproducibility and transparency. Despite accepted recommendations, most RRs did not publish a protocol. Conclusions: We propose that specific research disciplines, such as TCIM, have a uniqueness that may lead to unacceptable outputs if minimum methodological standards are not applied. The recommended minimum requirements will optimise the credibility of rapid reviews of TCIM and limit the risk of prematurely disregarding a potentially effective intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hunter
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Susan Arentz
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Joshua Goldenberg
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, USA
| | - Guoyan Yang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Jennifer Beardsley
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen P. Myers
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- NatMed Research Unit, Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Soo Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunhye Song
- Global Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|