1
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Guerriero A, Ienco A, Hicks T, Cilibrizzi A. Beyond transition block metals: exploring the reactivity of phosphine PTA and its oxide [PTA(O)] towards gallium(iii). RSC Adv 2024; 14:21139-21150. [PMID: 38966814 PMCID: PMC11223513 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02877e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble cage-like phosphine PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) and its phosphine oxide derivative [PTA(O)] (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-oxide) were used to explore their reactivity towards two gallium(iii)-halide precursors, namely GaCl3 and GaI3, for the first time. By using various reaction conditions, a series of N-mono-protonated phosphine salts with [GaCl4]- or [I]- as counterions were obtained in all cases, while the formation of coordinated Ga-PTA and Ga-[PTA(O)] complexes was not observed. All compounds were characterized in solution using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 71Ga) and in the solid state using FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal diffraction. The new Ga-phosphine salts resulted stable and highly soluble in aqueous solution at room temperature. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also performed to further rationalize the coordination features of PTA with Ga3+ metal ion, highlighting that the phosphorus-gallium bond is about twice weaker than the phosphorus-metal bond commonly established by PTA with transition metals such as gold. Furthermore, the mono-protonation of PTA (or [PTA(O)]) makes the formation of ionic gallium-PTA coordination complexes thermodynamically unstable, as confirmed experimentally by the formation of Ga-phosphine salts reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Guerriero
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM) Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
| | - Andrea Ienco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM) Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
| | - Thomas Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London Franklin Wilkins Building London SE1 9NH UK
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2
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Shenderovich IG. For Whom a Puddle Is the Sea? Adsorption of Organic Guests on Hydrated MCM-41 Silica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11383-11392. [PMID: 32900200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and hydration effects on the mobility of compact and branched organic molecules and a bulky pharmaceutical substance loaded in submonolayer amounts onto mesoporous silica have been elucidated using 1H and 31P solid-state NMR. In all cases, the ambient hydration has a stronger effect than an increase in temperature to 370 K for water-free silica. The effect of hydration depends on the guest and ranges from complete solvation to a silica-water-guest sandwich structure to a silica-guest/silica-water pattern. The mobility of the guests under different conditions has been described. The specific structure of the MCM-41 surface allows one to study very slow surface diffusion, a diffusivity of about 10-15-10-16 m2/s. The data reported are relevant to any nonfunctionalized silica, while the method used is applicable to any phosphor-containing guest on any host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G Shenderovich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaetstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Śliwa EI, Śliwińska-Hill U, Bażanów B, Siczek M, Kłak J, Smoleński P. Synthesis, Structural, and Cytotoxic Properties of New Water-Soluble Copper(II) Complexes based on 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline and Their One Derivative Containing 1,3,5-Triaza-7-Phosphaadamantane-7-Oxide. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030741. [PMID: 32046362 PMCID: PMC7037393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of water-soluble copper(II) complexes based on 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen) and mixed-ligands, containing PTA=O (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-oxide) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Two types of complexes have been obtained, monocationic [Cu(NO3)(O-PTA=O)(dmphen)][PF6] (1), [Cu(Cl)(dmphen)2][PF6] (2), and neutral [Cu(NO3)2(dmphen)] (3). The solid-state structures of all complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Magnetic studies for the complex 1–3 indicated a very weak antiferromagnetic interaction between copper(II) ions in crystal lattice. Complexes were successfully evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell line and the antitumor activity using the human lung carcinoma (A549), epithelioid cervix carcinoma (HeLa), colon (LoVo), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Complexes 1 and 3 revealed lower toxicity to NHDF than A549 and HeLa cells, meanwhile compound 2 appeared to be more toxic to NHDF cell line in comparison to all cancer lines. Additionally, interactions between the complexes and human apo-transferrin (apo-Tf) using fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also investigated. All compounds interacted with apo-transferrin, causing same changes of the protein conformation. Electrostatic interactions dominate in the 1/2 – apo- Tf systems and hydrophobic and ionic interactions in the case of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina I. Śliwa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (E.I.Ś.); (M.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Urszula Śliwińska-Hill
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (E.I.Ś.); (M.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Julia Kłak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (E.I.Ś.); (M.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (E.I.Ś.); (M.S.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-713-757-225
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4
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Lanorio JP, Mebi CA, Frost BJ. The Synthesis, Structure, and H/D Exchange Reactions of Water-Soluble Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Hydrides of Indenyl and Dihydropentalenyl. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn P. Lanorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois 62650, United States
| | - Charles A. Mebi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Brian J. Frost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
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5
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Scalambra F, Rudić S, Romerosa A. Molecular Insights into Bulk and Porous κ2
P,N
-PTA Metal-Organic Polymers by Simultaneous Raman Spectroscopy and Inelastic Neutron Scattering. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scalambra
- Áea de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL; Universidad de Almería; Carretera Sacramento s/n 04120 La Canada de San Urbano Spain
| | - Svemir Rudić
- ISIS Facility; STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton OX11 0QX Didcot UK
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Áea de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL; Universidad de Almería; Carretera Sacramento s/n 04120 La Canada de San Urbano Spain
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6
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Mahmoud AG, Guedes da Silva MFC, Śliwa EI, Smoleński P, Kuznetsov ML, Pombeiro AJL. Copper(II) and Sodium(I) Complexes based on 3,7-Diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-5-oxide: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2868-2880. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah G. Mahmoud
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Helwan University; Ain Helwan 11795 Cairo Egypt
| | - M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ewelina I. Śliwa
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; Ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; Ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Maxim L. Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
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7
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Enow RAE, Lee WC, Cournoyer TD, Sunderland TL, Frost BJ. Unusual Water-Soluble Imino Phosphine Ligand: Enamine and Imine Derivatives of 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA). Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9142-9152. [PMID: 30048119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble and air-stable E-enamine derivatives of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), PTA═C(R)NH2, 1-4, are reported along with data on E-Z isomerization and tautomerization to the imine form (PTA-CR═NH). Reaction of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaamantane-6-yl lithium, PTA-Li, with aromatic nitriles afforded E-enamine derivatives of PTA in good yield (49-91%). Phosphines 1-4 are stable toward water and air, and do not appear to isomerize or tautomerize, unless coordinated to a metal or oxidized. The corresponding oxides, O═PTA═C(R)NH2 (5-8), were observed as ∼55/45 mixtures of E and Z isomers. Kinetic data on the E-Z isomerization is reported. Upon coordination of 1-4 to W(CO)4(pip)2, a κ1- P enamine is formed, [W(CO)4(pip)(κ1- P-PTA═CRNH2)]. Enamine-imine tautomerization of the metal bound phosphine was observed resulting in κ2- P, N imine complexes, [W(CO)4(κ2- P, N-PTA-CR═NH)], 9-12. The crystal structures of the κ1- P enamine 11a, κ2- P, N imine 9 and 12, phosphines 1 and 3, as well as phosphine oxide 8a were obtained. DFT calculations on the various isomers of the phosphines and phosphine oxides are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphel A E Enow
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada , Reno , Nevada 89557-0216 , United States
| | - Wei-Chih Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada , Reno , Nevada 89557-0216 , United States
| | - Travis D Cournoyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada , Reno , Nevada 89557-0216 , United States
| | - Travis L Sunderland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada , Reno , Nevada 89557-0216 , United States
| | - Brian J Frost
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada , Reno , Nevada 89557-0216 , United States
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8
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Scalambra F, Serrano-Ruiz M, Romerosa A. Water driven formation of channels: unusual solid-state structural transformation of a heterometallic polymer. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3588-3595. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04515h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of trans-{[(PTA)2CpRu-μ-CN-RuCp(PTA)2-μ-CoCl3]}n·(DMSO)n, and its crystal-to-crystal transformation to its cis isomer, with channels where water is nanoconfined, upon addition of water to the crystallization medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL
- Universidad de Almería
- 04120, Almería
- Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL
- Universidad de Almería
- 04120, Almería
- Spain
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9
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Wagner G, Horton PN, Coles SJ. Mononuclear Transition Metal Complexes of 7-Nitro-1,3,5-Triazaadamantane. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Wagner
- Department of Natural Sciences; University of Chester; Thornton Science Park; Pool Lane, Ince Chester CH2 4NU United Kingdom
| | - Peter N. Horton
- National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Coles
- National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
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10
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Rancan M, Tessarolo J, Quici S, Armelao L. Post-assembly guest oxidation in a metallo-supramolecular host and structural rearrangement to a coordination polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13761-4. [PMID: 25250982 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PTA hosted in a copper metallo-supramolecular triangle undergoes post-assembly oxidation to form PTAO in aerated solutions. The oxidation is triggered by selected co-solvents that also govern the formation of the final crystalline product leading to a discrete host-guest triangle {PTAO@[Cu(o-L)]3} or to a 1D coordination polymer {(PTAO)2@[Cu8][Cu2]}∞ containing a {Cu8} ring with a double hosting pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Rancan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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11
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Atrián-Blasco E, Cerrada E, Conte-Daban A, Testemale D, Faller P, Laguna M, Hureau C. Copper(I) targeting in the Alzheimer's disease context: a first example using the biocompatible PTA ligand. Metallomics 2015; 7:1229-32. [PMID: 25926057 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00077g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper(I) coordinating ligands in the Alzheimer's disease context have remained unexplored, despite the biological relevance of this redox state of the copper ion. Here, we show that the PTA ligand can remove copper from Aβ, prevent reactive oxygen species production and oligomer formation, two deleterious events in the disease's etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Atrián-Blasco
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne et Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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12
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Silva TFS, Smoleński P, Martins LMDRS, Guedes da Silva MFC, Fernandes AR, Luis D, Silva A, Santos S, Borralho PM, Rodrigues CMP, Pombeiro AJL. Cobalt and Zinc Compounds Bearing 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione or 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane Derivatives - Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Cell Selectivity Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Wu L, Liu L, Fang R, Deng C, Han J, Hu H, Lin C, Wang L. New P-bridgehead urea-based tripodal anion receptors for H2PO4− recognition. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Gavette JV, Lara J, Berryman OB, Zakharov LN, Haley MM, Johnson DW. Lithium cation enhances anion binding in a tripodal phosphine oxide-based ditopic receptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7653-5. [PMID: 21655566 PMCID: PMC3344749 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12475g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A tripodal ditopic receptor presents H-bond donors and a phosphine oxide to potential guests. In the idealized binding conformation, an endohedral P=O functionality provides enhanced halide binding in the presence of lithium with the greatest ΔΔG° observed for bromide, while minimal changes in K(a) are observed in the presence of sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V. Gavette
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Juven Lara
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Orion B. Berryman
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Darren W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
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15
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Synthesis, structure, and coordination chemistry of OPTA and SPTA with group 12 metals (PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Smoleński P, Kochel A. Synthesis of the first monodentate S- and O-coordinating 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-chalcogenides [CoCl(bpy)2(Z-PTAZ)]X (ZS, O; bpy=2,2′-bipyridine; X=BF4, PF6) and [CoCl(bpy)2(N-PTA)]BF4 (PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Bravo J, Bolaño S, Gonsalvi L, Peruzzini M. Coordination chemistry of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and derivatives. Part II. The quest for tailored ligands, complexes and related applications. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Kirillov AM, Smoleński P, Ma Z, da Silva MFCG, Haukka M, Pombeiro AJL. Copper(I) Iodide Complexes Derived from N-Alkyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantanes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Photoluminescence, and Identification of the Unprecedented {Cu3I5}2− Cluster. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900591q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, TU Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, TU Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50-383, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zhen Ma
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, TU Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, TU Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, ULHT Lisbon, Avenida do Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, TU Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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