Green synthesis and antifungal effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on oral Candida albicans pathogen

Theranostic scope of monometallic selenium and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biomedicine: A review

The nanoparticles (NPs) of metals and metal oxides constitute significant components of technology in terms of monometallic NPs (MNPs). Over the last decade, the most fascinating and in-depth uses of NPs have been found in the biomedical field, which has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these particles. Significant strides have been made in the application of nanotechnology across various industries, including biomedical sciences. In biomedicine, two of the most important applications of NPs are in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Given their ability to deliver specific drugs, these next-generation NPs provide safe and effective pharmacotherapies for a wide range of disorders. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs offer potential treatments for various applications, including hair care and cancer treatment. SeNPs help with abiotic stress, plant disease, and growth, while TiO2 NPs enhance bio-imaging and drug delivery. This comprehensive review focuses on MNPs like Se (metal-based) and TiO2 (metal-oxide based). It covers their synthesis methods, nanoscale physicochemical properties, and the definition of specific industrial applications in various fields of applied nanotechnology, including biomedicine.

Surface Topography Steer Soft Tissue Response and Antibacterial Function at the Transmucosal Region of Titanium Implant

Metallic dental implants have been extensively used in clinical practice due to their superior mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and aesthetic outcomes. However, their integration with the surrounding soft tissue at the mucosal region remains challenging and can cause implant failure due to the peri-implant immune microenvironment. The soft tissue integration of dental implants can be ameliorated through different surface modifications. This review discussed and summarized the current knowledge of topography-mediated immune response and topography-mediated antibacterial activity in Ti dental implants which enhance soft tissue integration and their clinical performance. For example, nanopillar-like topographies such as spinules, and spikes showed effective antibacterial activity in human salivary biofilm which was due to the lethal stretching of bacterial membrane between the nanopillars. The key findings of this review were (I) cross-talk between surface nanotopography and soft tissue integration in which the surface nanotopography can guide the perpendicular orientation of collagen fibers into connective tissue which leads to the stability of soft tissue, (II) nanotubular array could shift the macrophage phenotype from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) and manipulate the balance of osteogenesis/osteoclasia, and (III) surface nanotopography can provide specific sites for the loading of antibacterial agents and metallic nanoparticles of clinical interest functionalizing the implant surface. Silver-containing nanotubular topography significantly decreased the formation of fibrous encapsulation in per-implant soft tissue and showed synergistic antifungal and antibacterial properties. Although the Ti implants with surface nanotopography have shown promising in targeting soft tissue healing in vitro and in vivo through their immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties, however, long-term in vivo studies need to be conducted particularly in osteoporotic, and diabetic patients to ensure their desired performance with immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties. The optimization of product development is another challenging issue for its clinical translation, as the dental implant with surface nanotopography must endure implantation and operation inside the dental microenvironment. Finally, the sustainable release of metallic nanoparticles could be challenging to reduce cytotoxicity while augmenting the therapeutic effects.

Synthesis of nanoparticles using Trichoderma Harzianum, characterization, antifungal activity and impact on Plant Growth promoting Bacteria

Globally cultivated cereals are frequently threatened by various plant pathogenic agents such as Fusarium fungi. To combat these pathogens, researchers have made nanoparticles as potential agricultural pesticides. In this study, selenium and titanium dioxide NPs were synthesized using Trichoderma harzianum metabolites. Characterization of the NPs indicated varying size and shapes of both NPs and functional groups existence to constitute both NPs. The evaluation of antifungal activity of NPs against plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium culmorum, indicated both NPs maximum antifungal activity at concentration of 100 mg/L. The impacts of nanoparticles on some beneficial plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) were evaluated and showed their inhibition effect on optical density of PGPB at a concentration of 100 mg/L but they did not have any impact on nitrogen fixation by bacteria. Existence of TiO2NPs reduced the intensity of color change to pink compared to the control indicating auxin production. Both NPs demonstrated different impact on phosphate solubilization index. This study suggests that the synthesized nanoparticles have the potential to serve as antifungal compounds at special concentration against plant diseases without significantly reducing the potential of PGPB at low concentrations.

Microbial synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their importance in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial activities: a review

Nanotechnology (NT) and nanoparticles (NPs) have left a huge impact on every field of science today, but they have shown tremendous importance in the fields of cosmetics and environmental cleanup. NPs with photocatalytic effects have shown positive responses in wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and the biomedical field. The chemically synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) utilize hazardous chemicals to obtain the desired-shaped TiO2. So, microbial-based synthesis of TiO2 NPs has gained popularity due to its eco-friendly nature, biocompatibility, etc. Being NPs, TiO2 NPs have a high surface area-to-volume ratio in addition to their photocatalytic degradation nature. In the present review, the authors have emphasized the microbial (algae, bacterial, fungi, and virus-mediated) synthesis of TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, authors have exhibited the importance of TiO2 NPs in the food sector, automobile, aerospace, medical, and environmental cleanup.

Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy

The promising therapeutic implications of nanoparticles have spurred their development for biomedical applications. An eco-friendly methodology synthesizes gold nanoparticles using Cordyceps militaris, an edible mushroom (Cord-Au-NPs), using a quality-by-design approach (central composite design). UV-visible spectroscopy analysis revealed an absorption peak at 540-550 nm, thus confirming the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Cord-Au-NPs have a crystalline structure, as evidenced by the diffraction peaks. The zeta potential value of -19.42 mV signifies the stability of Cord-Au-NPs. XRD study shows gold facets and EDX analysis revealed a strong peak of spherical nanoparticles in the gold region with a mean particle size of 7.18 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.096. The obtained peaks are closely associated with phenolic groups, lipids, and proteins, as examined by FTIR, suggesting that they function as the reducing agent. Cord-Au-NPs exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activity. The method is eco-friendly, nontoxic, less time-consuming, and does not use synthetic materials, leading to higher capabilities in biomedical applications.

A comprehensive review on potential applications of metallic nanoparticles as antifungal therapies to combat human fungal diseases

Human pathogenic fungi are responsible for causing a range of infection types including mucosal, skin, and invasive infections. Life-threatening and invasive fungal infections (FIs) are responsible for mortality and morbidity, especially for individuals with compromised immune function. The number of currently available therapeutic agents against invasive FIs is limited compared to that against bacterial infections. In addition, the increased mortality and morbidity caused by FIs are linked to the limited number of available antifungal agents, antifungal resistance, and the increased toxicity of these agents. Currently available antifungal agents have several drawbacks in efficiency, efficacy, toxicity, activity spectrum, and selectivity. It has already been demonstrated with numerous metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) that these nanoparticles can serve as an effective and alternative solution as fungicidal agents. MNPs have great potential owing to their intrinsic antifungal properties and potential to deliver antifungal drugs. For instance, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the capacity to disturb mitochondrial calcium homeostasis induced AuNP-mediated cell death in Candida albicans. In addition, both copper nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles exerted significant suppressive properties against pathogenic fungi. Silver nanoparticles showed strong antifungal properties against numerous pathogenic fungi, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, Mortierella alpina, Chaetomium globosum, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, Trichophyton rubrum, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans. Iron oxide nanoparticles showed potent antifungal activities against A. niger and P. chrysogenum. It has also been reported that zinc oxide nanoparticles can significantly inhibit fungal growth. These NPs have already exerted potent antifungal properties against a number of pathogenic fungal species including Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and many others. Several strategies are currently used for the research and development of antifungal NPs including chemical modification of NPs and combination with the available drugs. This review has comprehensively presented the current and innovative antifungal approach using MNPs. Moreover, different types of MNPs, their physicochemical characteristics, and production techniques have been summarized in this review.

Synthesis, characterization and antifungal potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles against fungal disease (Ustilago tritici) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Nanoparticles (NPs) preparation using a green as well as environmentally acceptable processes has achieved a lot of attention in recent decade. The current study compared the synthesis of titania (TiO₂) nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extracts of two plant species (Trianthema portulacastrum, Chenopodium quinoa) and traditional approach by chemical preparation. The effects of no calcination on the physical characteristics of TiO₂ NPs as well as their antifungal effects were examined and compared with the already reported calcinated TiO₂ NPs. The produced TiO₂ NPs were evaluated using high-tech techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental mapping. TiO₂ NPs prepared by sol-gel technique (T1) and prepared from extractions from leaves of T. portulacastrum (T2), and C. quinoa (T3) were either calcinated or non calcinated and tested against fungal disease (Ustilago tritici) of wheat for antifungal efficacy. The -peak (2θ) at 25.3 was confirmed by XRD to be connected with the anatase (101) form in both cases but before calcination, NPs were lacking the rutile and brookite peaks. The results showed that all types of TiO₂ NPs examined had good antifungal activity against U. tritici, but those made from C. quinoa plant extract have good antifungal activity against disease. TiO₂ NPs which are produced by the green methods (T2, T3) have the highest antifungal activity (58%, 57% respectively), while minimal activity (19%) was recorded when NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method (T1) with 25 μl/mL. Non calcinated TiO₂ NPs have less antifungal potential than calcined TiO₂ NPs. It can be concluded that calcination may be preferred for efficient antifungal activity when using titania nanoparticles. The green technology may be used on a larger scale with less damaging TiO₂ NP production and can be utilized against fungal disease on wheat crop to reduce crop losses worldwide.

Recent advances in the use of inorganic nanomaterials as anti caries agents

Caries is the most prevalent and widespread chronic oral disease. Traditional caries filling materials, due to their lack of anti-caries capabilities, can readily develop secondary caries. Nanomaterials proposed as an effective approach for caries treatment can inhibit biofilm formation. It also can not only reduce demineralization but also promote remineralization. In recent years, nanotechnology in anti-caries materials, particularly nano-adhesive and nano-composite resin, has advanced rapidly. Because inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) interfere with bacterial metabolism and inhibit biofilm development, inorganic NPs have emerged as a new trend in dental applications. Metal and metal oxide NPs by releasing metal ions, oxidative stress induction, and non-oxidative mechanisms showed significant antimicrobial activity. For applying metal and metal oxide NPs as anti caries agents, silver, zinc, titanium, copper, and calcium ions have been shown significant attention. Moreover, fluoride functionalized inorganic NPs were also employed to improve their efficacy of them. The fluoride-functionalized NPs can promote remineralization, and inhibit demineralization by enhancing apatite formation. In this review, we have provided an overview and recent advances in the use of inorganic NPs as anti caries agents. Furthermore, their antimicrobial, remineralizing, and mechanical impacts on dental materials were discussed.

Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with organic molecules and their biological applications

In recent years, titanium(IV) dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) have shown promising potential in various biological applications such as antimicrobials, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, biosensors, and tissue engineering. For employing TiO₂NPs in these fields, their nanosurface must be coated or conjugated with organic and/or inorganic agents. This modification can improve their stability, photochemical properties, biocompatibility, and even surface area for further conjugation with other molecules such as drugs, targeting molecules, polymers, etc. This review describes the organic-based modification of TiO₂NPs and their potential applications in the mentioned biological fields. In the first part of this review, around 75 recent publications (2017-2022) are mentioned on the common TiO₂NP modifiers including organosilanes, polymers, small molecules, and hydrogels, which improve the photochemical features of TiO₂NPs. In the second part of this review, we presented 149 recent papers (2020-2022) about the use of modified TiO₂NPs in biological applications, in which specific bioactive modifiers are introduced in this part with their advantages. In this review, the following information is presented: (1) the common organic modifiers for TiO₂NPs, (2) biologically important modifiers and their benefits, and (3) recent publications on biological studies on the modified TiO₂NPs with their achievements. This review shows the paramount significance of the organic-based modification of TiO₂NPs to enhance their biological effectiveness, paving the way toward the development of advanced TiO₂-based nanomaterials in nanomedicine.

Antifungal Effect of Nanoparticles against COVID-19 Linked Black Fungus: A Perspective on Biomedical Applications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that has caused a 'coronavirus disease 2019' (COVID-19) pandemic in multiple waves, which threatens human health and public safety. During this pandemic, some patients with COVID-19 acquired secondary infections, such as mucormycosis, also known as black fungus disease. Mucormycosis is a serious, acute, and deadly fungal infection caused by Mucorales-related fungal species, and it spreads rapidly. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to avoid high mortality and morbidity rates. Major risk factors for this disease include uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression that can also facilitate increases in mucormycosis infections. The extensive use of steroids to prevent the worsening of COVID-19 can lead to black fungus infection. Generally, antifungal agents dedicated to medical applications must be biocompatible, non-toxic, easily soluble, efficient, and hypoallergenic. They should also provide long-term protection against fungal growth. COVID-19-related black fungus infection causes a severe increase in fatalities. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of novel and efficient antimicrobial agents. Recently, nanoparticle-containing products available in the market have been used as antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial growth, but little is known about their efficacy with respect to preventing fungal growth, especially black fungus. The present review focuses on the effect of various types of metal nanoparticles, specifically those containing silver, zinc oxide, gold, copper, titanium, magnetic, iron, and carbon, on the growth of various types of fungi. We particularly focused on how these nanoparticles can impact the growth of black fungus. We also discussed black fungus co-infection in the context of the global COVID-19 outbreak, and management and guidelines to help control COVID-19-associated black fungus infection. Finally, this review aimed to elucidate the relationship between COVID-19 and mucormycosis.