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López-Vallejo S, Burneo-Garcés C, Pérez-García M. Development of working memory and inhibitory control in early childhood: Cross-sectional analysis by age intervals and gender in Ecuadorian preschoolers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299394. [PMID: 38743790 PMCID: PMC11093310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC) play a crucial role in learning during early childhood. The literature suggests a non-linear developmental trajectory of executive functions (EFs) with varied results according to gender, usually attributed to environmental factors. However, there is insufficient and inconclusive data on whether this pattern is reproduced in the Latin American preschool population since most studies have been conducted in English-speaking, European, and Asian environments. Thus, objectively comparing children's executive performance across diverse international geographical contexts becomes challenging. This study aimed to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of the performance in WM and IC of 982 Ecuadorian preschoolers aged between 42 and 65 months (M = 53.71; SD = 5.714) and belonging to medium-high, medium, and low-medium socioeconomic strata. The participants consisted of 496 boys (M = 53.77; SD = 5.598) and 486 girls (M = 53.65; SD = 5.834), representing nine cities in Ecuador. To assess the effect of age and gender on performance in these two domains, the sample was divided into four 6-month age intervals. Two tests were administered to the participants, and a survey was conducted with 799 of their usual caregivers. Viewing the cross-sectional mean scores of the WM and IC tests as a temporal continuum reveals an upward trend in each age interval studied. Girls outperformed boys on the IC test, showing statistically significant differences in the earliest age interval. The gender differences in executive performance reported in the literature emphasize the need to explore the modulating effect of environmental variables on early childhood development. This information could offer valuable insights for adapting and optimizing cognitive and didactic strategies in early childhood tailored to the characteristics and needs of the preschool population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía López-Vallejo
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain
- The Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center at the University of Granada (CIMCYC-UGR), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Burneo-Garcés
- University of Otavalo, Dirección de Posgrado, Otavalo, Ecuador
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Pérez-García
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain
- The Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center at the University of Granada (CIMCYC-UGR), Granada, Spain
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Cartier L, Guérin M, Saulnier F, Cotocea I, Mohammedi A, Moussaoui F, Kheloui S, Juster RP. Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38191503 PMCID: PMC10773055 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually polymorphic cognition (SPC) results from the interaction between biological (birth-assigned sex (BAS), sex hormones) and socio-cultural (gender identity, gender roles, sexual orientation) factors. The literature remains quite mixed regarding the magnitude of the effects of these variables. This project used a battery of classic cognitive tests designed to assess the influence of sex hormones on cognitive performance. At the same time, we aimed to assess the inter-related and respective effects that BAS, sex hormones, and gender-related factors have on SPC. METHODS We recruited 222 adults who completed eight cognitive tasks that assessed a variety of cognitive domains during a 150-min session. Subgroups were separated based on gender identity and sexual orientation and recruited as follows: cisgender heterosexual men (n = 46), cisgender non-heterosexual men (n = 36), cisgender heterosexual women (n = 36), cisgender non-heterosexual women (n = 38), gender diverse (n = 66). Saliva samples were collected before, during, and after the test to assess testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychosocial variables were derived from self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Cognitive performance reflects sex and gender differences that are partially consistent with the literature. Interestingly, biological factors seem to better explain differences in male-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., spatial), while psychosocial factors seem to better explain differences in female-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., verbal). CONCLUSION Our results establish a better comprehension of SPC over and above the effects of BAS as a binary variable. We highlight the importance of treating sex as a biological factor and gender as a socio-cultural factor together since they collectively influence SPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Cartier
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mina Guérin
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fanny Saulnier
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ioana Cotocea
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - Amine Mohammedi
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fadila Moussaoui
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Kheloui
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Oz M, Ozel Asliyuce Y, Demirel A, Cetin H, Ulger O. Determination of cognitive status and influencing variables in patients with chronic neck pain: A cross-sectional study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023; 30:764-771. [PMID: 34597197 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1980795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate cognitive function in individuals with chronic neck pain (CNP) and investigate the effects of different variables on cognition. METHODS The sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals who participated in this study were recorded. Pain intensity of the individuals was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale, pain-related disability was evaluated with the Neck Disability Index and cognitive function was evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS For this study, 95 patients with CNP were recruited. The mean age was 45.61 ± 11.14, and the median MoCA score was 24 (20-26), and 64.2% of the patients scored below the original cutoff (<26/30 points). The regression analysis showed that higher age and lower education levels were associated with lower MoCA scores. Education appeared to be the most influential variable. Younger participants (18-45) performed systematically better on naming, attention and language domains than their older counterparts (over 45). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that age and education play an important role in MoCA total and domain scores in these patients. While treating these patients, assessment of cognitive function can be useful for effective pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzeyyen Oz
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozel Asliyuce
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aynur Demirel
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Cetin
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ulger
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Davidson PSR, Jensen A. Executive function and episodic memory composite scores in older adults: relations with sex, mood, and subjective sleep quality. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:778-801. [PMID: 37624047 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2086682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Executive function and episodic memory processes are particularly vulnerable to aging. We sought to learn the degree to which sex, mood, and subjective sleep quality might be related to executive function and episodic memory composite scores in community-dwelling older adults. We replicated Glisky and colleagues' two-factor (i.e., executive function [N=263] versus episodic memory [N=151]) structure, and found that it did not significantly differ between males and females. Moderation analyses revealed no interactions between sex, mood, and sleep in predicting either composite score. However, females significantly outperformed males on the episodic memory composite, and on all the individual tests comprising it. Ours is the first study to look at sex differences in this battery's factor structure and its potential relations with mood and sleep. Future longitudinal studies in both healthy and clinical populations will help us further probe the possible influence of these variables on executive function and episodic memory in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adelaide Jensen
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ibbotson P, Roque-Gutierrez E. The Development of Working Memory: Sex Differences in Accuracy and Reaction Times. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2023.2178437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Vos H, Marinova M, De Léon SC, Sasanguie D, Reynvoet B. Gender differences in young adults' mathematical performance: Examining the contribution of working memory, math anxiety and gender-related stereotypes. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Liu H, Li Y, Li Y, Wang J, Su N, Cui N, Xu K, Sun Y, Cao F. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health in patients with cancer. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:5. [PMID: 36597052 PMCID: PMC9811687 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve is a modifiable factor that could prevent cognitive decline in patients with cancer. The Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH) is an instrument used to assess cognitive reserve. This study aims to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the CRASH for patients with cancer. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 167 cancer patients from four wards of two hospitals in China. Thirty-one patients were re-assessed to examine the test-retest reliability. Four translators and three reviewers developed the Chinese version of the scale. We assessed its structural validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, and floor/ceiling effects. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit with the four-factor structure of the original CRASH. The CRASH scores were statistically significantly associated with neuropsychological test scores, indicating sufficient concurrent validity. The internal consistency was acceptable, except for leisure activities, with standardized Cronbach's alphas (0.64-0.94) and standardized Omega (0.66-0.95). There was excellent test-retest reliability, with a high intraclass correlation coefficient (0.914-0.993) of total scores and scores for each domain. The measurement error was acceptable, and no floor or ceiling effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese version of the CRASH is a valid and reliable instrument to assess cognitive reserve in patients with cancer. Moreover, cognitive reserve measured by the CRASH was associated with low cognitive performance in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Nursing Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan city, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Yanyan Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Jianwen Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Nursing Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan city, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Na Su
- grid.440144.10000 0004 1803 8437Imaging Department, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Naixue Cui
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Nursing Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan city, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Kun Xu
- grid.440144.10000 0004 1803 8437Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Nursing Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan city, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- Department of Nursing Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan city, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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López-Martos D, Brugulat-Serrat A, Cañas-Martínez A, Canals-Gispert L, Marne P, Gramunt N, Suárez-Calvet M, Milà-Alomà M, Minguillon C, Fauria K, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Gispert JD, Molinuevo JL, Grau-Rivera O, Sánchez-Benavides G. Reference Data for Attentional, Executive, Linguistic, and Visual Processing Tests Obtained from Cognitively Healthy Individuals with Normal Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Levels. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:237-249. [PMID: 37483000 PMCID: PMC10578268 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional neuropsychological norms likely include cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals with preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology (amyloid-β, tau, and neurodegeneration) since they are based on cohorts without AD biomarkers data. Due to this limitation, population-based norms would lack sensitivity for detecting subtle cognitive decline due to AD, the transitional stage between healthy cognition and mild cognitive impairment. We have recently published norms for memory tests in individuals with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker levels. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to provide further AD biomarker-based cognitive references covering attentional, executive function, linguistic, and visual processing tests. METHODS We analyzed 248 CU individuals aged between 50-70 years old with normal CSF Aβ, p-tau, and neurodegeneration (t-tau) biomarker levels. The tests included were the Trail Making Test (TMT), Semantic Fluency Test, Digit and Symbol Span, Coding, Matrix Reasoning, Judgement of Line Orientation and Visual Puzzles. Normative data were developed based on regression models adjusted for age, education, and sex when needed. We present equations to calculate z-scores, the corresponding normative percentile tables, and online calculators. RESULTS Age, education, and sex were associated with performance in all tests, except education for the TMT-A, and sex for the TMT-B, Coding, and Semantic Fluency. Cut-offs derived from the current biomarker-based reference data were higher and more sensitive than standard norms. CONCLUSION We developed reference data obtained from individuals with evidence of non-pathologic AD biomarker levels that may improve the objective characterization of subtle cognitive decline in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David López-Martos
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Brugulat-Serrat
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Global Brain Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alba Cañas-Martínez
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Canals-Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Marne
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Minguillon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau-Rivera
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kim H, Jung J, Lee S. Therapeutic Application of Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. VISION (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 6:vision6040068. [PMID: 36412649 PMCID: PMC9680273 DOI: 10.3390/vision6040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to quantify the effect of therapeutic application of virtual reality (VR) on cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We searched for randomized controlled trials involving VR in the interventions provided to individuals with MCI. After searching four international electronic databases, we analyzed six studies involving 279 individuals with MCI. RevMan 5.4 was used for quality assessment and quantitative analysis. Therapeutic application of VR in individuals with MCI resulted in a significant improvement in cognitive function (mean difference = -1.46; 95% confidence interval: -2.53 to -0.39; heterogeneity: χ2 = 970.56, df = 18, I2 = 98%; and overall effect: Z = 2.67, p = 0.008). However, there was no significant improvement in the subcategories such as global cognition, working memory, executive function, memory function, and attention. In conclusion, feedback stimulation through VR has a potential value in improving cognitive function in individuals with MCI. However, on the basis of the results of the subcategories, a personalized VR program is required for the individual subcategories of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoong Kim
- Seogwangju Chung Yeon Rehabilitation Hospital, Gwangju 72070, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gwangju Health University, Gwangju 62287, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Jung
- Institute of SMART Rehabilitation, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Effects of grade, academic performance, and sex on spatial working memory and attention in primary school children: a cross-sectional observational study. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Solé B, Varo C, Torrent C, Montejo L, Jiménez E, Bonnin CDM, Clougher D, Verdolini N, Amoretti S, Piazza F, Borràs R, Pomarol-Clotet E, Sáiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Vieta E, Martínez-Arán A. Sex differences in neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:208-215. [PMID: 34610515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences influence the clinical characteristics and course of illness of bipolar disorder (BD). OBJECTIVE Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the role of sex differences in neurocognitive performance and psychosocial functioning in a large sample of euthymic patients suffering from BD. METHODS The sample included 462 individuals, 347 patients with BD (148 males and 199 females) and 115 healthy controls (HC) (45 males and 70 females). Performance on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing six cognitive domains and psychosocial functioning was compared between groups using linear mixed models, with sex and group as main effects, group by sex interactions and center as a random effect. RESULTS Males performed better than females in working memory (p < 0.001), whereas females outperformed males in the verbal learning (p = 0.03) and memory recognition (p = 0.03) tasks. No significant group by sex interactions were detected in cognitive performance. There were no overall sex differences or group by sex interactions in psychosocial functioning. LIMITATIONS Lack of assessment of visuo-spatial working memory. CONCLUSIONS There were no overall sex differences in neurocognition and psychosocial functioning. However, small sex differences in some measures of working memory and verbal memory were found. Individual differences of each patient, including sex perspective, should be considered in order to perform a tailored intervention plan adjusted to specific needs in the context of personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Solé
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Varo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Torrent
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Montejo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Jiménez
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Caterina Del Mar Bonnin
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Derek Clougher
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Norma Verdolini
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Flavia Piazza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Borràs
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar A Sáiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria P García-Portilla
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Anabel Martínez-Arán
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Chen L, Qu L. Opportunity or Risk? Appraisal and Affect Mediate the Effect of Task Framing on Working Memory Performance in University Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:615329. [PMID: 34539473 PMCID: PMC8440793 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.615329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is crucial for reasoning, learning, decision-making and academic achievement. In diverse contexts, how a task is framed pertaining to its demands and consequences can influence participants' task performance by modifying their cognitive appraisals. However, less is known about the effect of task framing on WM performance and the mechanisms. This study examined whether opportunity- and risk-focused task framing would influence university students' WM performance by altering their cognitive appraisals and affective experiences. Ninety-seven university students were randomly assigned to one of the three framing conditions (Opportunity, Risk, vs. Null), and received instructions that differed in consequences (gain for top performers, loss for poor performers, vs. null), goals (approach, avoidance, vs. neutral), and feedback on personal competence (adequate, inadequate, vs. null). Challenge and threat appraisals, affect, and WM performance were measured before and after task framing. Results showed that opportunity-focused task framing improved students' WM performance, whilst risk-focused task framing increased threat appraisal and decreased positive affect, and that challenge appraisal was not altered in any condition. Female students were influenced by task framing to a greater extent than were male students. Mediation analysis revealed that the alteration of threat appraisal and the change in positive affect mediated the effect of task framing on WM performance. Findings highlight the important role of modifying cognitive appraisals and affective responses in optimizing cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Chen
- Centre for Family and Population Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Qu
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Fox-Fuller JT, Artola A, Chen K, Pulsifer M, Ramirez D, Londono N, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Vila-Castelar C, Baena A, Martinez J, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Langbaum JB, Tariot PN, Reiman EM, Lopera F, Quiroz YT. Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities Among Children With the Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease Presenilin 1 E280A Variant From a Colombian Cohort. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2121697. [PMID: 34463747 PMCID: PMC8408665 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We previously reported that children with the autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A variant had early life plasma biomarker findings consistent with amyloid β overproduction. However, the cognitive functioning of children with this variant has not been characterized vs those without the variant. OBJECTIVE To test whether cognitive functioning of children with and without the PSEN1 E280A variant in the same ADAD cohort differed by genetic status (ie, PSEN1 variant) and sex. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was conducted among 1354 children (including 265 children with the variant) aged 6 to 16 years recruited from the Alzheimer Prevention Initiative Colombia Registry. Participants from the city of Medellín and surrounding suburban areas traveled to the University of Antioquia to undergo all procedures. Participants were administered a Spanish version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) to measure general cognitive functioning. Data were analyzed from July through November 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Univariate general linear models were used to characterize differences on WISC-IV cognitive performance by genetic status, sex, and the interaction of genetic status with sex. Urbanity, socioeconomic status, and education were entered as covariates. RESULTS Among 1354 children with ADAD (695 [51.3%] girls; mean [SD] age, 11.64 [2.64] years), there were 265 children with the variant (19.6%) and 1089 children without the variant (80.4%). Children with and without the variant did not differ by demographic variables or performance on WISC-IV indices. Irrespective of genetic status, boys had statistically significantly decreased mean scores on indices for working memory (90.27 [95% CI, 89.21-91.34] vs 92.99 [95% CI, 91.98-93.99]; mean difference = -2.72; P < .001), perceptual reasoning (91.56 [95% CI, 90.47-92.65] vs. 93.27 [95% CI, 91.23-94.30]; mean difference = -1.71; P = .03), and verbal comprehension (88.69 [95% CI, 87.54-89.84] vs. 90.81 [95% CI, 89.73-91.90]; mean difference = -2.12; P = .009) compared with girls. In the interaction between sex and genetic status, boys with the variant had worse mean working memory index performance (88.78 [95% CI, 86.86-90.70]) than girls with the variant (93.75 [95% CI, 91.95-95.55]; mean difference = -4.97; P = .001), as well as boys (91.77 [95% CI, 90.85-92.70]; mean difference = -2.99; P = .04) and girls (92.22 [95% CI, 91.32-93.13]; mean difference = -3.44; P = .009) without the variant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that boys with the PSEN1 variant had decreased working memory abilities compared with girls with the variant and boys and girls without the variant, suggesting a sex-specific genetic risk in early life cognitive performance among individuals with the PSEN1 variant. This increased risk of future cognitive difficulties among boys with the variant may have important downstream implications for learning and academic achievement and could be associated with sex differences seen in adulthood on episodic memory measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Fox-Fuller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arabiye Artola
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Tempe
| | - Margaret Pulsifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Dora Ramirez
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Natalia Londono
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Clara Vila-Castelar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Jairo Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joseph F. Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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14
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Manoochehri M. Up to the magical number seven: An evolutionary perspective on the capacity of short term memory. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06955. [PMID: 34013087 PMCID: PMC8113705 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory and its components are among the most determinant factors in human cognition. However, in spite of their critical importance, many aspects of their evolution remain underinvestigated. The present study is devoted to reviewing the literature of memory studies from an evolutionary, comparative perspective, focusing particularly on short term memory capacity. The findings suggest the limited capacity to be the common attribute of different species of birds and mammals. Moreover, the results imply an increasing trend of capacity from our non-human ancestors to modern humans. The present evidence shows that non-human mammals and birds, regardless of their limitations, are capable of performing memory strategies, although there seem to be some differences between their ability and that of humans in terms of flexibility and efficiency. These findings have several implications relevant to the psychology of memory and cognition, and are likely to explain differences between higher cognitive abilities of humans and non-humans. The adaptive benefits of the limited capacity and the reasons for the growing trend found in the present study are broadly discussed.
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15
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Rendall M, MacMahon K. Influences on understanding of a verbally presented police caution amongst adults involved in the criminal justice system: a systematic review. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:70-93. [PMID: 34552380 PMCID: PMC8451675 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1767711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review systematically examines the literature exploring comprehension of a verbally presented police caution and the suggested factors influencing this, amongst adults within the criminal justice system. An electronic literature search returned 438 titles, with screening leaving 13 articles considered appropriate for the review question. The majority of these were USA studies, with two UK and two Canadian studies. Heterogeneous study methodologies permit only a narrative approach to pooling the data. Findings indicate that a considerable proportion of this population have difficulty fully understanding the caution. Higher IQs and verbal comprehension are positively associated with performance. The studies also indicate that some factors that may appear intuitively related to comprehension, such as prior caution exposure, education, age and mental health, may not be linked to performance. The literature generally used broad inclusion criteria, which increased potential for confounders and reduced opportunity to draw out probable predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rendall
- Intellectual Disability Psychology Service, NHS Dumfries and Galloway, Dumfries, UK
- Section of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ken MacMahon
- Section of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Psychological Services, NHS Ayrshire & Arran, Irvine, UK
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16
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D'Antuono G, Maini M, Marin D, Boccia M, Piccardi L. Effect of ageing on verbal and visuo-spatial working memory: Evidence from 880 individuals. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2020; 29:193-202. [PMID: 32125884 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1732979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that ageing is associated with a decrease in working memory abilities. It is not so clear at what age the decline begins and if there are differences in the decline of verbal and visuo-spatial working memory. This study investigates the effect of ageing on verbal and visuo-spatial working memory by comparing the performance of 880 subjects aged between 15- and 80-year old who were subdivided into five groups. The results show that age is negatively correlated with performance on both verbal and visuo-spatial working memory tasks. Specifically, we observed a gradual deterioration in performance with increasing age starting at 36-year old. Comparing the performance of the five groups, it is possible to observe a clear decline in both verbal and visuo-spatial working memory domains in subjects over 66-year old. However, in the next youngest age group, it is possible to notice differences in performance depending on the type of material being processed and the cognitive load required. This variability is discussed by analyzing the factors that may have influenced test performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Maini
- Nucleo Speciale per le Gravissime Disabilità Acquisite, CRA "Virginia Grandi," Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Marin
- SOC Neuropsichiatria ASUIUD, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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17
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Pezzuti L, Tommasi M, Saggino A, Dawe J, Lauriola M. Gender differences and measurement bias in the assessment of adult intelligence: Evidence from the Italian WAIS-IV and WAIS-R standardizations. INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Fillbrandt A, Frank B. Gender differences in cognitive outcome after cardiac arrest: A retrospective cohort study. Brain Inj 2019; 34:122-130. [PMID: 31664859 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1680866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies have suggested gender disparities in neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest (CA). However, the relation between gender and cognitive outcome has been rarely examined. Here we investigated whether sex is associated with cognitive outcome after CA events.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data collected at our institution from January 2006 to May 2017. Patients were included if they had a documented CA and were able to participate in structured neuropsychological testing. Cognitive status was assessed at about 2.1 month after CA and included tests of attention as well as short and long-term memory. Gender was used as the main predictor of outcome and was studied in relation to age, depressive mood, therapeutic hypothermia (TH), and other potential confounders.Results: Males were more likely to show favorable cognitive outcome in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Women were more likely to exhibit depressive mood. Patients who underwent TH (31% of the patients) did not show any gender differences in benefits from the treatment. Among males and females, no significant differences between age groups could be observed.Conclusions: Male sex was associated with favorable cognitive outcome after CA which could not be attributed to baseline characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Fillbrandt
- Centre of Early Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation, Helios Clinic Leezen, Leezen, Germany
| | - Bernd Frank
- Centre of Early Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation, Helios Clinic Leezen, Leezen, Germany
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19
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New Evidence for Gender Differences in Performing the Corsi Test but Not the Digit Span: Data from 208 Individuals. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-019-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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20
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Steinmayr R, Spinath B. Why Time Constraints Increase the Gender Gap in Measured Numerical Intelligence in Academically High Achieving Samples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Gender differences in the numerical domain vary greatly according to the assessment method used. We suggest that strict time constraints, as employed on most numerical intelligence tests but not on mathematical competency tests, unduly increase the gender gap in measured numerical intelligence if the test focuses reasoning. Two studies were conducted. First, 666 11th and 12th graders were randomly assigned to speeded or nonspeeded versions of verbal, figural, and numerical reasoning tests. Extending the test time reduced gender differences in numerical but not in verbal and figural reasoning. To rule out ceiling effects and to test for potential motivational and emotional effects on test performance, a second sample of 542 students completed both a speeded and a nonspeeded numerical reasoning test as well as several motivational and emotional questionnaires. In the nonspeeded condition, girls increased their performance more than boys. This effect was especially strong for female students with medium and high performances and was largely but not fully explained by emotional and motivational factors. We conclude that girls are prevented from showing their actual potential on speeded numerical reasoning tests.
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21
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Fernandez-Baizan C, Arias J, Mendez M. Spatial memory in young adults: Gender differences in egocentric and allocentric performance. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Webber TA, Critchfield EA, Soble JR. Convergent, Discriminant, and Concurrent Validity of Nonmemory-Based Performance Validity Tests. Assessment 2018; 27:1399-1415. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191118804874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To supplement memory-based Performance Validity Tests (PVTs) in identifying noncredible performance, we examined the validity of the two most commonly used nonmemory-based PVTs—Dot Counting Test (DCT) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth edition (WAIS-IV) Reliable Digit Span (RDS)—as well as two alternative WAIS-IV Digit Span (DS) subtest PVTs. Examinees completed DCT, WAIS-IV DS, and the following criterion PVTs: Test of Memory Malingering, Word Memory Test, and Word Choice Test. Validity groups were determined by passing 3 (valid; n = 69) or failing ⩾2 (noncredible; n = 30) criterion PVTs. DCT, RDS, RDS–Revised (RDS-R), and WAIS-IV DS Age-Corrected Scaled Score (ACSS) were significantly correlated (but uncorrelated with memory-based PVTs). Combining RDS, RDS-R, and ACSS with DCT improved classification accuracy (particularly for DCT/ACSS) for detecting noncredible performance among valid-unimpaired, but largely not valid-impaired examinees. Combining DCT with ACSS may uniquely assess and best supplement memory-based PVTs to identify noncredible neuropsychological test performance in cognitively unimpaired examinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Webber
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Jason R. Soble
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Pliatsikas C, Veríssimo J, Babcock L, Pullman MY, Glei DA, Weinstein M, Goldman N, Ullman MT. Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1308-1327. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021818791994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample ( N = 754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pliatsikas
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - João Veríssimo
- Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Babcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Dana A Glei
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maxine Weinstein
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Noreen Goldman
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael T Ullman
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Human R, Henry M, Jacobs WJ, Thomas KGF. Elevated Cortisol Leaves Working Memory Unaffected in Both Men and Women. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:299. [PMID: 30087603 PMCID: PMC6066520 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (as might occur, for example, when the organism encounters a threat to allostatic balance) leads to the release of cortisol into the bloodstream and, ultimately, to altered neural functioning in particular brain regions (e.g., the prefrontal cortex (PFC)). Although previous studies suggest that exposure to acute psychosocial stress (and hence, presumably, elevation of circulating cortisol levels) enhances male performance on PFC-based working memory (WM) tasks, few studies have adequately investigated female performance on WM tasks under conditions of elevated cortisol. Hence, we compared associations between elevated (relative to baseline) levels of circulating cortisol and n-back performance in a South African sample (38 women in the late luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, 38 men). On Day 1, participants completed practice n-back tasks. On Day 2, some completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), whereas others experienced a relaxation period, before completing 1-back and 3-back tasks. We measured self-reported anxiety and salivary cortisol at baseline, post-manipulation and end of session. We reconstituted group assignment so that all women with elevated cortisol were in one group (EC-Women; n = 17), all men with elevated cortisol were in another (EC-Men; n = 19), all women without elevated cortisol were in a third (NoEC-Women; n = 21), and all men without elevated cortisol were in a fourth (NoEC-Men; n = 19) group. Analyses suggested this reconstitution was effective: in EC, but not NoEC, groups cortisol levels rose significantly from baseline to post-manipulation. Analyses of n-back data detected significant relations to task load (i.e., better performance on 1-back than on 3-back tasks), but no significant relations to sex, performance accuracy/speed, or cortisol variation. The data patterns are inconsistent with reports describing sex differences in effects of stress on WM performance. We speculate that cross-study methodological differences account for these inconsistencies, and, particularly, that between-study variation in the magnitude of baseline cortisol levels might affect outcomes. For instance, diurnal cortisol rhythms of South African samples might have flatter curves, and lower baseline values, than predominantly Caucasian samples from the United States and western Europe due to greater prenatal and lifetime stress, more socioeconomic disadvantage and faster ancestral life history (LH) strategies. We describe ways to disconfirm this hypothesis, and urge further cross-national research exploring these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Human
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Michelle Henry
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.,Academic Development Programme, Centre for Higher Education Development, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - W Jake Jacobs
- Anxiety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kevin G F Thomas
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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25
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Abstract
People with superior mathematical abilities turn out to have an autism spectrum disorder more often than others do. The empathising-systemising theory proposes that this link is mediated by these individuals’ stronger tendency to systemise (detect patterns, derive rules), along with the fact that mathematics is the perfect example of a rule-based, lawful system. This account, however, requires that individuals from the general population who are more inclined to systemise be better at maths than those who are less inclined to do so. Based on the scant available evidence, this has been argued not to be the case. The data presented here show, for the first time, that systemising tendencies do predict both self-assessed maths skills (201 participants) and mathematical intelligence (151 participants), before and after controlling for nonmathematical intelligence, sex, and occupation (social sciences vs biological/physical fields). These findings support the empathising-systemising theory and the “hyper-systemising” explanation of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bressan
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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26
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Abstract
Past studies have independently shown associations of working memory and degree of handedness with episodic memory retrieval. The current study takes a step ahead by examining whether handedness and working memory independently predict episodic memory. In agreement with past studies, there was an inconsistent-handed advantage for episodic memory; however, this advantage was absent for working memory tasks. Furthermore, regression analyses showed handedness, and complex working memory predicted episodic memory performance at different times. Results are discussed in light of theories of episodic memory and hemispheric interaction.
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27
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Jérémy Virgo, Jonathan Pillon, Jordan Navarro, Emanuelle Reynaud, François Osiurak. Are You Sure You're Faster When Using a Cognitive Tool? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.4.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Steinmayr R, Kessels U. Good at school = successful on the job? Explaining gender differences in scholastic and vocational success. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Pelczarski KM, Yaruss JS. Phonological memory in young children who stutter. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2016; 62:54-66. [PMID: 27280891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated phonological memory in 5- and 6-year old children who stutter. Participants were 11 children who stutter matched on general language abilities, maternal education level, and sex to 11 typically fluent children. Participants completed norm-referenced nonword repetition and digit span tasks, as well as measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary and articulation. The nonword repetition task included stimuli that ranged from 1 to 7 syllables, while the digit naming task contained number strings containing 2-10 digits. Standardized tests of vocabulary and articulation abilities were tested as well. Groups were comparable on measures expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, and articulation. Despite the fact that the majority of participants scored within typical limits, young children who stutter still performed significantly less well than children who do not stutter on the nonword repetition task. No between-group differences were revealed in the digit naming task. Typically fluent children demonstrated strong correlations between phonological memory tasks and language measures, while children who stutter did not. These findings indicate that young children who stutter may have sub-clinical differences in nonword repetition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Pelczarski
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Kansas State University, 237 Campus Creek Complex, Manhattan, KS 66503, USA.
| | - J Scott Yaruss
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4033 Forbes Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Piccardi L, Matano A, D’Antuono G, Marin D, Ciurli P, Incoccia C, Verde P, Guariglia P. Persistence of Gender Related-Effects on Visuo-Spatial and Verbal Working Memory in Right Brain-Damaged Patients. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:139. [PMID: 27445734 PMCID: PMC4923148 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify if gender differences in verbal and visuo-spatial working memory would persist following right cerebral lesions. To pursue our aim we investigated a large sample (n. 346) of right brain-damaged patients and healthy participants (n. 272) for the presence of gender effects in performing Corsi and Digit Test. We also assessed a subgroup of patients (n. 109) for the nature (active vs. passive) of working memory tasks. We tested working memory (WM) administering the Corsi Test (CBT) and the Digit Span (DS) using two different versions: forward (fCBT and fDS), subjects were required to repeat stimuli in the same order that they were presented; and backward (bCBT and bDS), subjects were required to repeat stimuli in the opposite order of presentation. In this way, passive storage and active processing of working memory were assessed. Our results showed the persistence of gender-related effects in spite of the presence of right brain lesions. We found that men outperformed women both in CBT and DS, regardless of active and passive processing of verbal and visuo-spatial stimuli. The presence of visuo-spatial disorders (i.e., hemineglect) can affect the performance on Corsi Test. In our sample, men and women were equally affected by hemineglect, therefore it did not mask the gender effect. Generally speaking, the persistence of the men's superiority in visuo-spatial tasks may be interpreted as a protective factor, at least for men, within other life factors such as level of education or kind of profession before retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piccardi
- Life, Health and Environmental Science Department, University of L’Aquila, L’AquilaItaly
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuropsychology UnitRome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paola Ciurli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuropsychology UnitRome, Italy
| | - Chiara Incoccia
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuropsychology UnitRome, Italy
| | - Paola Verde
- Aerospace Medicine Department, Italian Air Force Experimental Flight CentrePratica di Mare, Italy
| | - Paola Guariglia
- Dipartimento Scienze dell’Uomo e della Società, UKE UniversityEnna, Italy
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Sex-related differences in attention and memory. Medicina (B Aires) 2016; 52:372-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Pelegrina S, Lechuga MT, García-Madruga JA, Elosúa MR, Macizo P, Carreiras M, Fuentes LJ, Bajo MT. Normative data on the n-back task for children and young adolescents. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1544. [PMID: 26500594 PMCID: PMC4597481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-back task is a frequently used measure of working memory (WM) in cognitive neuroscience research contexts, and it has become widely adopted in other areas over the last decade. This study aimed to obtain normative data for the n-back task from a large sample of children and adolescents. To this end, a computerized verbal n-back task with three levels of WM load (1-back, 2-back, and 3-back) was administered to 3722 Spanish school children aged 7–13 years. Results showed an overall age-related increase in performance for the different levels of difficulty. This trend was less pronounced at 1-back than at 2-back when hits were considered. Gender differences were also observed, with girls outperforming boys although taking more time to respond. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed. Normative data stratified by age and gender for the three WM load levels are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan A García-Madruga
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, National University of Distance Education , Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rosa Elosúa
- Department of Basic Psychology, National University of Distance Education , Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Macizo
- Research Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- Basque Center of Cognition, Brain and Language , San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
| | - Luis J Fuentes
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Bajo
- Research Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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Lepach AC, Reimers W, Pauls F, Petermann F, Daseking M. Geschlechtseffekte bei Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diese Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge von Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen in der Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV und der Wechsler Memory Scale-IV unter Berücksichtigung des Geschlechts (N = 137 Gesunde, 63 w/74 m). Ein Vorteil der weiblichen Testpersonen im verbalen episodischen Gedächtnis sowie in einzelnen Aufgaben zur Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit konnte beobachtet werden. Die männlichen Testpersonen schnitten in den Untertests Allgemeines Wissen und Visuelle Puzzles besser ab. Wie gut Gedächtnisleistungen Intelligenzleistungen erklären beziehungsweise vorhersagen, ist aufgrund unserer Ergebnisse nicht nur abhängig von den Aufgaben, sondern auch vom Geschlecht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Lepach
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Wiebke Reimers
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Pauls
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Monika Daseking
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
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Hill AC, Laird AR, Robinson JL. Gender differences in working memory networks: a BrainMap meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 2014; 102:18-29. [PMID: 25042764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in psychological processes have been of great interest in a variety of fields. While the majority of research in this area has focused on specific differences in relation to test performance, this study sought to determine the underlying neurofunctional differences observed during working memory, a pivotal cognitive process shown to be predictive of academic achievement and intelligence. Using the BrainMap database, we performed a meta-analysis and applied activation likelihood estimation to our search set. Our results demonstrate consistent working memory networks across genders, but also provide evidence for gender-specific networks whereby females consistently activate more limbic (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and prefrontal structures (e.g., right inferior frontal gyrus), and males activate a distributed network inclusive of more parietal regions. These data provide a framework for future investigations using functional or effective connectivity methods to elucidate the underpinnings of gender differences in neural network recruitment during working memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Hill
- Auburn University, Department of Psychology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Angela R Laird
- Florida International University, Department of Physics, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, CP 295, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- Auburn University, Department of Psychology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Auburn University, Department of Kinesiology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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Frischknecht MC, Reimann G, Gut J, Ledermann T, Grob A. Wie genau können Mütter die Mathematik- und Sprachleistungen ihrer Kinder einschätzen? ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENTWICKLUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE UND PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Es wurde geprüft, wie genau Mütter die Mathematik- und Sprachleistungen ihrer 6- bis 10-jährigen Kinder (N = 382) einzuschätzen vermögen. Die mütterliche Einschätzung wurde verglichen mit der Testleistung in den Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS). Die Einschätzungen der Mütter korrelierten substantiell positiv mit den Testleistungen der Kinder. Mütter überschätzten die Leistungen der Kinder. Die Mütter schätzten die Mathematikleistungen von Jungen höher ein als jene von Mädchen, wogegen sie die Deutschleistungen von Mädchen höher einschätzten als jene von Jungen. Gemessen an den Testleistungen wurden Mädchen und Jungen von den Müttern gleich häufig über-, unter- und genau eingeschätzt. Die vorliegenden Resultate bestätigen die Überschätzung seitens der Eltern, welche in der Literatur zu allgemeinen Entwicklungsbereichen häufig berichtet und wiederholt repliziert wurde. Mit dieser Untersuchung kann dieses Wissen auf die schulischen Leistungsfächer erweitert werden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janine Gut
- Institut für Psychologie der Universität Basel
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Eng GK, Lam M, Bong YL, Subramaniam M, Bautista D, Rapisarda A, Kraus M, Lee J, Collinson SL, Chong SA, Keefe RSE. Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: normative data in an English-speaking ethnic Chinese sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:845-58. [PMID: 23912998 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of non-Western normative data for neuropsychological batteries designed to measure cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Here, we provide normative data for English-speaking ethnic Chinese on the widely used Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia acquired from 595 healthy community participants between ages 14 and 55. Means and standard deviations of subtests and composite scores were stratified by age group and sex. We also explored linear regression approaches to generate continuous norms adjusted for age, sex, and education. Notable differences in subtest performances were found against a Western comparison sample. Normative data established in the current sample are essential for clinical and research purposes as it serves as a reference source of cognition for ethnic Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goi Khia Eng
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health (Singapore), Singapore, Singapore
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Buelow MT, Frakey LL. Math Anxiety Differentially Affects WAIS-IV Arithmetic Performance in Undergraduates. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:356-62. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ishak I, Jufri NF, Lubis SH, Saat NZM, Omar B, Arlin R, Hazdi K, Mohamed N. The Study of Working Memory and Academic Performance of Faculty of Health Sciences Students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Poltavski DV, Petros TV, Holm JE. Lower but not higher doses of transdermal nicotine facilitate cognitive performance in smokers on gender non-preferred tasks. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:423-33. [PMID: 22691869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used treatments for smoking cessation is nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). There is some evidence that smokers experience abstinence-induced deficits in cognitive function, which are attenuated by NRTs. Additionally it's been suggested that the degree of reversal of cognitive deficits may depend on the NRT dose and the smoker's gender. In the present placebo-controlled study we investigated effects of three doses of transdermal nicotine (7 mg, 14 mg and 21 mg) on cognitive performance of 48 male and 48 female smokers after overnight abstinence and 6h of patch application. Cognitive tasks used in the study included the Conners' CPT, emotional Stroop, mental arithmetic, and verbal recall of affective prose passages. The results showed greater probability of attentional problems in the male sample compared to females as identified by the Conners' CPT. Within gender women showed improved performance in the 7 mg and 14 mg conditions on several measures of the Conners' CPT, and faster hit reaction time on the emotional Stroop test compared to women in the placebo and 21 mg of nicotine groups. Conversely, males showed a moderate overall advantage on the mental arithmetic task and were differentially sensitive to nicotine treatment on the prose recall task, on which the greatest improvement in recall of affective material was observed for the 14 mg group compared to the 21 mg group. The results are explained on the basis of an inverted U-shaped relationship between nicotinic stimulation and cognitive performance as well as greater sensitivity to nicotine dose manipulation on gender non-preferred cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Poltavski
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, 319 Harvard St. Stop #8380, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Redick TS, Broadway JM, Meier ME, Kuriakose PS, Unsworth N, Kane MJ, Engle RW. Measuring Working Memory Capacity With Automated Complex Span Tasks. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in working memory capacity are related to a variety of behaviors both within and outside of the lab. Recently developed automated complex span tasks have contributed to increasing our knowledge concerning working memory capacity by making valid and reliable assessments freely available for use by researchers. Combining the samples from three testing locations yielded data from over 6,000 young adult participants who performed at least one of three such tasks (Operation, Symmetry, and Reading Span). Normative data are presented here for researchers interested in applying cutoffs for their own applications, and information on the validity and reliability of the tasks is also reported. In addition, the data were analyzed as a function of sex and college status. While automated complex span tasks are just one way to measure working memory capacity, the use of a standardized procedure for administration and scoring greatly facilitates comparison across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt E. Meier
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J. Kane
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Burgaleta M, Head K, Álvarez-Linera J, Martínez K, Escorial S, Haier R, Colom R. Sex differences in brain volume are related to specific skills, not to general intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sex differences in arithmetical performance scores: Central tendency and variability. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Syzmanowicz A, Furnham A. Gender differences in self-estimates of general, mathematical, spatial and verbal intelligence: Four meta analyses. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Keith TZ, Reynolds MR, Roberts LG, Winter AL, Austin CA. Sex differences in latent cognitive abilities ages 5 to 17: Evidence from the Differential Ability Scales—Second Edition. INTELLIGENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Teixeira RAA, Zachi EC, Roque DT, Taub A, Ventura DF. Memory span measured by the spatial span tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in a group of Brazilian children and adolescents. Dement Neuropsychol 2011; 5:129-134. [PMID: 29213735 PMCID: PMC5619309 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642011dn05020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropsychological tests of spatial span are designed to measure attention
and working memory. The version of the spatial span test in the Cambridge
Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) evaluates these functions
through the recall of sequences of spatial locations presented to the
subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anita Taub
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Vista A, Care E. Gender differences in variance and means on the Naglieri Non-verbal Ability Test: data from the Philippines. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 81:292-308. [PMID: 21542820 DOI: 10.1348/000709910x514004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on gender differences in intelligence has focused mostly on samples from Western countries and empirical evidence on gender differences from Southeast Asia is relatively sparse. AIMS This article presents results on gender differences in variance and means on a non-verbal intelligence test using a national sample of public school students from the Philippines. SAMPLE More than 2,700 sixth graders from public schools across the country were tested with the Naglieri Non-verbal Ability Test (NNAT). METHODS Variance ratios (VRs) and log-transformed VRs were computed. Proportion ratios for each of the ability levels were also calculated and a chi-square goodness-of-fit test was performed. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the overall gender difference in mean scores as well as within each of three age subgroups. RESULTS Our data show non-existent or trivial gender difference in mean scores. However, the tails of the distributions show differences between the males and females, with greater variability among males in the upper half of the distribution and greater variability among females in the lower half of the distribution. Descriptions of the results and their implications are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Results on mean score differences support the hypothesis that there are no significant gender differences in cognitive ability. The unusual results regarding differences in variance and the male-female proportion in the tails require more complex investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Vista
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Corbacio M, Brown S, Dubois S, Goulet D, Prato FS, Thomas AW, Legros A. Human cognitive performance in a 3 mT power-line frequency magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 32:620-33. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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