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Lajiness JD, Cook-Mills JM. Catching Our Breath: Updates on the Role of Dendritic Cell Subsets in Asthma. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200296. [PMID: 36755197 PMCID: PMC10293089 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), as potent antigen presenting cells, are known to play a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. The understanding of DC biology has evolved over the years to include multiple subsets of DCs with distinct functions in the initiation and maintenance of asthma. Furthermore, asthma is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous disease with potentially diverse underlying mechanisms. The goal of this review is to summarize the role of DCs and the various subsets therein in the pathophysiology of asthma and highlight some of the crucial animal models shaping the field today. Potential future avenues of investigation to address existing gaps in knowledge are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1030 West Michigan Street, Suite C 4600, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5201, USA
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pediatric Pulmonary, Asthma, and Allergy Basic Research Program, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, R4-202A, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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2
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Wu M, Gao L, He M, Liu H, Jiang H, Shi K, Shang R, Liu B, Gao S, Chen H, Gong F, Gelfand EW, Huang Y, Han J. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell deficiency in neonates enhances allergic airway inflammation via reduced production of IFN-α. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:519-532. [PMID: 31853001 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma, a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with type 2 cytokines, often originates in early life. Immune responses at an early age exhibit a Th2 cell bias, but the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which play a regulatory role in allergic asthma, were shown to be deficient in neonatal mice. We report here that this pDC deficiency renders neonatal mice more susceptible to severe allergic airway inflammation than adult mice in an OVA-induced experimental asthma model. Adoptive transfer of pDCs or administration of IFN-α to neonatal mice prevented the development of allergic inflammation in wild type but not in IFNAR1-/- mice. Similarly, adult mice developed more severe allergic inflammation when pDCs were depleted. The protective effects of pDCs were mediated by the pDC-/IFN-α-mediated negative regulation of the secretion of epithelial cell-derived CCL20, GM-CSF, and IL-33, which in turn impaired the recruitment of cDC2 and ILC2 cells to the airway. In asthmatic patients, the percentage of pDCs and the level of IFN-α were lower in children than in adults. These results indicate that impairment of pDC-epithelial cell crosstalk in neonates is a susceptibility factor for the development of allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liuchuang Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hangyu Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ketai Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Runshi Shang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hebin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyan Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Murine germinal center B cells require functional Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 signaling for IgG1 class-switch recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6644-53. [PMID: 26627255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514191112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Switched antibody classes are important for efficient immune responses. Aberrant antibody production to otherwise harmless antigens may result in autoimmunity. The protein kinase fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (Flt3) has an important role during early B-cell development, but the role of Flt3 in peripheral B cells has not been assessed before. Herein we describe a previously unappreciated role for Flt3 in IgG1 class-switch recombination (CSR) and production. We show that Flt3 is reexpressed on B-cell lymphoma 6(+) germinal center B cells in vivo and following LPS activation of peripheral B cells in vitro. Absence of Flt3 signaling in Flt3 ligand-deficient mice results in impaired IgG1 CSR and accumulation of IgM-secreting plasma cells. On activated B cells, Flt3 is coexpressed and functions in synergy with the common-gamma chain receptor family. B cells from Flt3 ligand-deficient mice have impaired IL-4R signaling, with reduced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 6, and demonstrate a failure to initiate CSR to IgG1 with low expression of γ1 germ-line transcripts, resulting in impaired IgG1 production. Thus, functional synergy between Flt3 and IL-4R signaling is critical for Stat-mediated regulation of sterile γ1 germ-line transcripts and CSR to IgG1.
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Dong C, Wang G, Li B, Xiao K, Ma Z, Huang H, Wang X, Bai C. Anti-asthmatic agents alleviate pulmonary edema by upregulating AQP1 and AQP5 expression in the lungs of mice with OVA-induced asthma. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 181:21-8. [PMID: 22226856 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mouse lungs causes changes in the mRNA and protein levels of aquaporins (AQPs). AQP expression was examined in the presence of various anti-asthmatic agents, including dexamethasone, ambroxol, and terbutaline. The influence of these agents on OVA-induced airway inflammation was also evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of AQP1, 4, and 5 were significantly reduced and that of AQP3 was significantly increased 24h after the last OVA exposure. The protein levels of AQP1, 3, and 5 mirrored the mRNA expression profiles, but AQP4 did not exhibit any changes. Only the mRNA and protein expression levels of AQP1 and AQP5 were significantly increased by these three anti-asthmatic agents. Dexamethasone and ambroxol improved the eosinophil infiltration, mucus secretion, and pulmonary edema caused by OVA, but terbutaline only alleviated pulmonary edema. These results indicate that AQP1 and AQP5 are closely related to pulmonary edema but not to eosinophil infiltration or mucus secretion during asthma. Anti-asthmatic agents could alleviate pulmonary edema through upregulating the expression of AQP1 and AQP5 in mouse lungs that have OVA-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Research Institute of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kool M, van Nimwegen M, Willart MAM, Muskens F, Boon L, Smit JJ, Coyle A, Clausen BE, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. An anti-inflammatory role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1074-82. [PMID: 19553531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that administration of recombinant human Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-3 ligand (Flt3L) before allergen challenge of sensitized mice suppresses the cardinal features of asthma through unclear mechanisms. Here, we show that Flt3L dramatically alters the balance of conventional to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the lung favoring the accumulation of pDCs. Selective removal of pDCs abolished the antiinflammatory effect of Flt3L, suggesting a regulatory role for these cells in ongoing asthmatic inflammation. In support, we found that immature pDCs are recruited to the lungs of allergen-challenged mice irrespective of Flt3L treatment. Selective removal of pDCs during allergen challenge enhanced airway inflammation, whereas adoptive transfer of cultured pDCs before allergen challenge suppressed inflammation. Experiments in which TLR9 agonist CpG motifs were administered in vitro or in vivo demonstrated that pDCs were antiinflammatory irrespective of their maturation state. These effects were mediated through programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 interactions, but not through ICOS ligand, IDO, or IFN-alpha. These findings suggest a specialized immunoregulatory role for pDCs in airway inflammation. Enhancing the antiinflammatory properties of pDCs could be employed as a novel strategy in asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Shao Z, Bharadwaj AS, McGee HS, Makinde TO, Agrawal DK. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand increases a lung DC subset with regulatory properties in allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:917-924.e2. [PMID: 19348927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC) subsets display different functional roles in regulating immune responses and lead to various outcomes, including T(H)1 versus T(H)2 or regulatory versus immunologic responses. Administration of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) ligand prevents and reverses allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE We characterized and examined the role of lung DC subsets in the therapeutic effect of Flt3 ligand. METHODS DCs were isolated from the lungs of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice treated with recombinant human Flt3 ligand. Two populations of CD11c+ cells labeled with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies were sorted. The ability of the purified cells to stimulate T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion patterns by different DC subsets was examined. Also, DCs were adoptively transferred in mice to examine their effect on pulmonary function. RESULTS Two DC populations, CD11c(high)CD11b(low) and CD11c(low)CD11b(high), were identified in the lungs of naive and OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice with and without treatment with Flt3 ligand. The expression levels of CD8alpha, B220, CD19, F4/80, MHC II, CCR7, CD40, programmed death ligand 1, programmed death ligand 2, CD80, and CD86 were distinctly different between the 2 DC populations, which supports the notion that CD11c(high)CD11b(low) and CD11c(low)CD11b(high) DCs potentially have regulatory and immunogenic properties, respectively. Administration of Flt3 ligand increased the DCs with regulatory potential in the lungs of antigen-sensitized mice, and CD11c(high)CD11b(low) DCs acquired a maximum degree of regulatory capacity after Flt3 ligand treatment. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Flt3 ligand reverses airway hyperresponsiveness by regulating the function of lung DCs in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University of School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Ohbayashi M, Manzouri B, Flynn T, Toda M, Ikeda Y, Nakamura T, Ono SJ. Dynamic changes in conjunctival dendritic cell numbers, anatomical position and phenotype during experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:216-23. [PMID: 17560570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a subset of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are involved in the initiation and control of the immune response to antigens present at the interface with the environment. A limited number of groups have studied DCs in human and animal conjunctiva but no data is available concerning the different DC subsets present in the conjunctival tissue. The aims of this study are to characterize the phenotypes and numbers of DCs present in the murine model of allergic conjunctivitis using the technique of immunohistochemistry so as to aid the understanding of the mechanisms involved in allergic eye disease. A double immunofluorescence method was used to analyze the phenotypic distribution and density of DC subsets in the mouse conjunctival tissues of the allergic model using a panel of antibodies: CD11c, as a general marker of DCs, coupled with another DC subset marker such as Langerin for Langerhans cells (LCs), CD11b for myeloid DCs (mDCs) and mPDCA-1 for plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In the naïve conjunctiva, mDCs were consistently detected in the subepithelial layer and substantia propria. In the epithelium and the subepithelial layer, very few LCs and virtually no pDCs were observed. Following allergen challenge, there was a marked influx of mDCs and pDCs, but no LCs, into the subepithelial layer and throughout the substantia propria. These results indicate that conjunctival DC subsets may play an important role in the immune-regulatory processes involved in the inflammatory component of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Ohbayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine & Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Bharadwaj AS, Agrawal DK. Flt3 ligand generates morphologically distinct semimature dendritic cells in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:17-24. [PMID: 17182033 PMCID: PMC2745173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are unique antigen presenting cells that are immature prior to their encounter with an antigen. Exposure to allergens induces the maturation of DCs with changes in morphology and presence of dendrites. Here, we demonstrate that the DCs in the lungs of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mice are more mature owing to their pronounced dendrites than the DCs in the lungs and spleen of PBS-treated mice, which are immature and possess cytoplasmic veils. Intermediate to these two groups are the DCs in the Flt3 ligand-treated group that exhibit comparatively fewer dendrites and cytoplasmic veils and hence are classified as semimature. Presence of large numbers of well-developed mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in myeloid DCs from both lungs and spleen of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice indicate greater functional activity. Additionally, DCs from the OVA-sensitized and challenged mice also exhibit fat and glycogen stores, which are indicative of a mature population. In addition, treatment of the animals with Flt3 ligand attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. These data suggest that morphological features could be indicative of the maturation and distinct functional state of DCs, and this could be associated with underlying mechanisms of Flt3 ligand-induced immunomodulation in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita S Bharadwaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Lin JY, Chen ML, Lin BF. Ganoderma tsugae in vivo modulates Th1/Th2 and macrophage responses in an allergic murine model. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:2025-32. [PMID: 16905232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that Ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge model with female BALB/c mice. However, the effects of G. tsugae supplementation in vivo on serum antibody levels, splenocyte and peritoneal microphage immune responses have not yet been determined. In this study, serum antibody levels, cytokines and splenocyte chemical mediators and peritoneal macrophage cultures from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice were examined after continuously consuming G. tsugae supplementation diets for 5 weeks. The results showed that OVA sensitization and challenge significantly (P<0.05) decreased the spontaneous production of IL-2 (Th1) cytokine, but significantly (P<0.05) increased spontaneous and OVA-stimulated IL-4 (Th2) production in splenocyte cultures from experimental mice. OVA administration significantly decreased both spontaneous and LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated IL-1beta and IL-6 levels in peritoneal macrophage cultures from experimental mice. However, dietary supplementation with G. tsugae significantly increased spontaneous IL-2 level, but slightly decreased spontaneous IL-4 level in cultured splenocyte supernatants in the experimental groups. G. tsugae supplementation enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 production in cultured peritoneal macrophages. However, the nitric oxide level from cultured peritoneal macrophages and serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG(2a) antibody levels was not significantly affected. These results suggest that OVA sensitization and challenge induced a Th2-skewed splenocyte response and decreased peritoneal macrophage cytokine secretion. G. tsugae supplementation in vivo modulated the Th1/Th2 balance and enhanced macrophage immune responses. However, the supplementation diet could not fully reverse the Th2-skewed responses to level of Th1-skewed responses.
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MESH Headings
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/diet therapy
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/immunology
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/pathology
- Animals
- Dietary Supplements
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Female
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry
- Ganoderma/chemistry
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mycelium/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phytotherapy
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuarn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Weiss R, Scheiblhofer S, Gabler M, Ferreira F, Leitner WW, Thalhamer J. Is Genetic Vaccination against Allergy Possible? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 139:332-45. [PMID: 16534215 DOI: 10.1159/000091946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic immunization has proven a powerful method to induce antiallergic immune responses. The underlying functional principle has been described to be based on the recruitment of allergen-specific Th1 cells, CD8+ cells and the establishment of a Th1 cytokine milieu, which prevent the development of a Th2-biased response in a protective setup and can balance an ongoing Th2-type response in a therapeutic situation. Genetic immunization with plasmid DNA offers innovative solutions to the major problems associated with protein immunization, such as crosslinking of pre-existing immunoglobulin E on mast cells/basophils or induction of de novo synthesis of immunoglobulin E by the protein immunization itself. It easily enables the routine production of hypoallergenic vaccines, which do not translate native allergens, thus avoiding potential anaphylactic side effects. DNA vaccines can also be applied as mixtures of single vaccines, making them interesting candidates for treatment based on component-resolved diagnosis, followed by an individualized therapy with the relevant allergens. In addition to the description of up-to-date allergen gene vaccine approaches, this review gives an overview of animal studies dealing with the following topics: danger signals as the inherent adjuvant properties, methods to optimize the vaccine immunogenicity, modulation of the immune response, nonparenteral applications and low-dose vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Lin JY, Chen ML, Chiang BL, Lin BF. Ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:241-51. [PMID: 16399629 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma tsugae (a Chinese mushroom Songshan lingzhi) cultivated in Taiwan is extensively used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat different diseases. To determine whether G. tsugae has anti-inflammatory effects on bronchoalveolar inflammation in vivo, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of G. tsugae products, YK01 and YK07, on bronchoalveolar inflammation using an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. Female BALB/c mice were weekly sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) three times and challenged with aerosolized OVA twice. Differential cell counts of infiltrating leukocytes, inflammatory mediators, cytokines in bronchoalvelor lavage fluid (BALF) of OVA-challenged mice were examined after continuously consuming G. tsugae diets for 5 weeks. We found that supplementation of G. tsugae significantly decreased total infiltrating leukocytes and lymphocyte percentage in BALF in the experimental groups. Supplementation of G. tsugae also significantly reduced inflammatory mediators in BALF including histamine, prostaglandin E2, eotaxin, and protein levels, however the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, in BALF did not significantly change. These results suggest that both G. tsugae supplementation diets YK01 and YK07 might alleviate bronchoalveolar inflammation via decreasing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the secretion of inflammatory mediators into the local tissues of lungs and airways. Further, these results indicate that the relief of bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization murine model provides a possible therapeutic application for G. tsugae in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuarn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC).
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Epstein MM. Targeting memory Th2 cells for the treatment of allergic asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 109:107-36. [PMID: 16081161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th2 memory cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Evidence from patients and experimental models indicates that memory Th2 cells reside in the lungs during disease remission and, upon allergen exposure, become activated effectors involved in disease exacerbation. The inhibition of memory Th2 cells or their effector functions in allergic asthma influence disease progression, suggesting their importance as therapeutic targets. They are allergen specific and can potentially be suppressed or eliminated using this specificity. They have distinct activation, differentiation, cell surface phenotype, migration capacity, and effector functions that can be targeted singularly or in combination. Furthermore, memory Th2 cells residing in the lungs can be treated locally. Capitalizing on these unique attributes is important for drug development for allergic asthma. The aim of this review is to present an overview of therapeutic strategies targeting Th2 memory cells in allergic asthma, emphasizing Th2 generation, differentiation, activation, migration, effector function, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Epstein
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Lazarettgasse 19, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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