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Reis MB, Zoccal KF, Gardinassi LG, Faccioli LH. Scorpion envenomation and inflammation: Beyond neurotoxic effects. Toxicon 2019; 167:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sifi A, Adi-Bessalem S, Laraba-Djebari F. Development of a new approach of immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming: Avian IgYs an alternative to equine IgGs. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:256-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Miyamoto JG, Andrade FB, Ferraz CR, Cândido DM, Knysak I, Venancio ÉJ, Verri WA, Landgraf MA, Landgraf RG, Kwasniewski FH. A comparative study of pathophysiological alterations in scorpionism induced by Tityus serrulatus and Tityus bahiensis venoms. Toxicon 2018; 141:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Expanding biological activities of Ts19 Frag-II toxin: Insights into IL-17 production. Toxicon 2017; 134:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Jacob-Ferreira AL, Nogueira-Santos CG, Casare-Ogasawara TM, Pereira-Crott LS, Sampaio SV. Effects of Bothrops atrox venom and two isolated toxins on the human complement system: Modulation of pathways and generation of anaphylatoxins. Mol Immunol 2016; 80:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ayres LR, Récio ADR, Burin SM, Pereira JC, Martins AC, Sampaio SV, de Castro FA, Pereira-Crott LS. Bothrops snake venoms and their isolated toxins, an L-amino acid oxidase and a serine protease, modulate human complement system pathways. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:29. [PMID: 26273289 PMCID: PMC4535386 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the complement system plays an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory reactions, and contributes to inflammatory responses triggered by envenomation provoked by Bothrops snakes. The present study aimed to assess whether Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops pirajai crude venoms and their isolated toxins, namely serine protease (BjussuSP-I) and L-amino acid oxidase (BpirLAAO-I), modulate human complement system pathways. Methods Lyophilized venom and toxin samples solubilized in phosphate buffered saline were diluted in appropriate buffers to evaluate their hemolytic activity on the alternative and classical pathways of the complement system. Venom- and toxin-treated normal human serum was added to the erythrocyte suspension, and the kinetic of hemolysis was measured spectrophotometrically at 700 nm. The kinetic 96-well microassay format was used for this purpose. We determined the t½ values (time required to lyse 50 % of target erythrocytes), which were employed to calculate the percentage of inhibition of the hemolytic activity promoted by each sample concentration. To confirm complement system activation, complement-dependent human neutrophil migration was examined using the Boyden chamber model. Results At the highest concentration tested (120 μg/mL), B. jararacussu and B. pirajai crude venoms inhibited the hemolytic activity of the classical pathway (65.3 % and 72.4 %, respectively) more strongly than they suppressed the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (14.2 and 13.6 %, respectively). BjussuSP-I (20 μg/mL) did not affect the hemolytic activity of the classical pathway, but slightly decreased the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (13.4 %). BpirLAAO-I (50 μg/mL) inhibited 24.3 and 12.4 % of the hemolytic activity of the classical and alternative pathways, respectively. Normal human serum treated with B. jararacussu and B. pirajai crude venoms induced human neutrophil migration at a level similar to that induced by zymosan-activated normal human serum. Conclusion Together, the results of the kinetics of hemolysis and the neutrophil chemotaxis assay suggest that pre-activation of the complement system by B. jararacussu and B. pirajai crude venoms consumes complement components and generates the chemotactic factors C3a and C5a. The kinetic microassay described herein is useful to assess the effect of venoms and toxins on the hemolytic activity of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rocha Ayres
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Alex Dos Reis Récio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Sandra Mara Burin
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Juliana Campos Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Andrea Casella Martins
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Fabíola Attié de Castro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Luciana Simon Pereira-Crott
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
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Biological characterization of compounds from Rhinella schneideri poison that act on the complement system. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:25. [PMID: 26273286 PMCID: PMC4535373 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The skin secretions of toads of the family Bufonidae contain biogenic amines, alkaloids, steroids (bufotoxins), bufodienolides (bufogenin), peptides and proteins. The poison of Rhinella schneideri, formerly classified as Bufo paracnemis, presents components that act on different biological systems, including the complement system. The aim of this study was to isolate and examine the activity of Rhinella schneideri poison (RsP) components on the complement system. Methods The components active on the complement system were purified in three chromatographic steps, using a combination of cation-exchange, anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The resulting fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and screened for their activity in the hemolytic assay of the classical/lectin complement pathways. Fractions active on the complement system were also assessed for their ability to generate C3 fragments evaluated by two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis assay, C3a and C5a by neutrophil chemotaxis assay and SC5b-9 complex by ELISA assay. Results The fractionation protocol was able to isolate the component S5 from the RsP, as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and the RP-FPLC profile. S5 is a protein of about 6000 Da, while S2 presents components of higher molecular mass (40,000 to 50,000 Da). Fractions S2 and S5 attenuated the hemolytic activity of the classical/lectin pathways after preincubation with normal human serum. Both components stimulated complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis and the production of C3 fragments, as shown by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. S2 showed a higher capacity to generate the SC5b-9 complex than the other fractions. This action was observed after the exposure of normal human serum to the fractions. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the activity of RsP components on the complement system. Fractions S2 and S5 reduced the complement hemolytic activity, stimulated complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis and stimulated the production of C3 fragments, indicating that they were able to activate the complement cascade. Furthermore, fraction S2 was also able to generate the SC5b-9 complex. These components may be useful tools for studying dysfunction of the complement cascade.
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Villas Boas IM, Pidde-Queiroz G, Magnoli FC, Gonçalves-de-Andrade RM, van den Berg CW, Tambourgi DV. A serine protease isolated from the bristles of the Amazonic caterpillar, Premolis semirufa, is a potent complement system activator. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118615. [PMID: 25760458 PMCID: PMC4356561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The caterpillar of the moth Premolis semirufa, commonly named pararama, is found in the Brazilian Amazon region. Accidental contact with the caterpillar bristles causes an intense itching sensation, followed by symptoms of an acute inflammation, which last for three to seven days after the first incident. After multiple accidents a chronic inflammatory reaction, called “Pararamose”, characterized by articular synovial membrane thickening with joint deformities common to chronic synovitis, frequently occurs. Although complement mediated inflammation may aid the host defense, inappropriate or excessive activation of the complement system and generation of anaphylatoxins can lead to inflammatory disorder and pathologies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, whether the Premolis semirufa’s bristles extract could interfere with the human complement system. Results The bristles extract was able to inhibit the haemolytic activity of the alternative pathway, as well as the activation of the lectin pathway, but had no effect on the classical pathway, and this inhibition seemed to be caused by activation and consumption of complement components. The extract induced the production of significant amounts of all three anaphylatoxins, C3a, C4a and C5a, promoted direct cleavage of C3, C4 and C5 and induced a significant generation of terminal complement complexes in normal human serum. By using molecular exclusion chromatography, a serine protease of 82 kDa, which activates complement, was isolated from P. semirufa bristles extract. The protease, named here as Ps82, reduced the haemolytic activity of the alternative and classical pathways and inhibited the lectin pathway. In addition, Ps82 induced the cleavage of C3, C4 and C5 and the generation of C3a and C4a in normal human serum and it was capable to cleave human purified C5 and generate C5a. The use of Phenanthroline, metalloprotease inhibitor, in the reactions did not significantly interfere with the activity of the Ps82, whereas the presence of PMSF, serine protease inhibitor, totally blocked the activity. Conclusion These data show that a serine protease present in the Premolis semirufa’s bristles extract has the ability to activate the complement system, which may contribute to the inflammatory process presented in humans after envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen W. van den Berg
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Denise V. Tambourgi
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ortiz E, Gurrola GB, Schwartz EF, Possani LD. Scorpion venom components as potential candidates for drug development. Toxicon 2015; 93:125-35. [PMID: 25432067 PMCID: PMC7130864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scorpions are well known for their dangerous stings that can result in severe consequences for human beings, including death. Neurotoxins present in their venoms are responsible for their toxicity. Due to their medical relevance, toxins have been the driving force in the scorpion natural compounds research field. On the other hand, for thousands of years, scorpions and their venoms have been applied in traditional medicine, mainly in Asia and Africa. With the remarkable growth in the number of characterized scorpion venom components, several drug candidates have been found with the potential to tackle many of the emerging global medical threats. Scorpions have become a valuable source of biologically active molecules, from novel antibiotics to potential anticancer therapeutics. Other venom components have drawn attention as useful scaffolds for the development of drugs. This review summarizes the most promising candidates for drug development that have been isolated from scorpion venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Georgina B Gurrola
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico.
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Tambourgi DV, van den Berg CW. Animal venoms/toxins and the complement system. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:153-62. [PMID: 24998802 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nature is a wealthy source of agents that have been shown to be beneficial to human health, but nature is also a rich source of potential dangerous health damaging compounds. This review will summarise and discuss the agents from the animal kingdom that have been shown to interact with the human complement (C) system. Most of these agents are toxins found in animal venoms and animal secretions. In addition to the mechanism of action of these toxins, their contribution to the field of complement, their role in human pathology and the potential benefit to the venomous animal itself will be discussed. Potential therapeutic applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen W van den Berg
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Isolation, Functional Characterization and Proteomic Identification of CC2-PLA2 from Cerastes cerastes Venom: A Basic Platelet-Aggregation-Inhibiting Factor. Protein J 2014; 33:61-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Hmed B, Serria HT, Mounir ZK. Scorpion peptides: potential use for new drug development. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:958797. [PMID: 23843786 PMCID: PMC3697785 DOI: 10.1155/2013/958797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several peptides contained in scorpion fluids showed diverse array of biological activities with high specificities to their targeted sites. Many investigations outlined their potent effects against microbes and showed their potential to modulate various biological mechanisms that are involved in immune, nervous, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases. Because of their important structural and functional diversity, it is projected that scorpion-derived peptides could be used to develop new specific drugs. This review summarizes relevant findings improving their use as valuable tools for new drugs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- BenNasr Hmed
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medicine Faculty of Sfax, Street of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hammami Turky Serria
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medicine Faculty of Sfax, Street of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zeghal Khaled Mounir
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medicine Faculty of Sfax, Street of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
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Pucca MB, Zoccal KF, Roncolato EC, Bertolini TB, Campos LB, Cologna CT, Faccioli LH, Arantes EC, Barbosa JE. Serrumab: a human monoclonal antibody that counters the biochemical and immunological effects of Tityus serrulatus venom. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:173-83. [PMID: 22424317 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.649220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the species Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most severe cases of scorpion envenomation. There is currently a need for new scorpion anti-venoms that are more effective and less harmful. This study attempted to produce human monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting the activity of T. serrulatus venom (TsV), using the Griffin.1 library of human single-chain fragment-variable (scFv) phage antibodies. Four rounds of phage antibody selection were performed, and the round with the highest phage antibody titer was chosen for the production of monoclonal phage antibodies and for further analysis. The scFv 2A, designated serrumab, was selected for the production and purification of soluble antibody fragments. In a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line (J774.1), in vitro assays of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 were performed. In male BALB/c mice, in vivo assays of plasma urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and glucose were performed, as well as of neutrophil recruitment and leukocyte counts. It was found that serrumab inhibited the TsV-induced increases in the production of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10 in J774.1 cells. The in vivo inhibition assay showed that serrumab also prevented TsV-induced increases in the plasma levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and glucose, as well as preventing the TsV-induced increase in neutrophil recruitment. The results indicate that the human monoclonal antibody serrumab is a candidate for inclusion in a mixture of specific antibodies to the various toxins present in TsV. Therefore, serrumab shows promise for use in the production of new anti-venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Suntravat M, Yusuksawad M, Sereemaspun A, Pérez JC, Nuchprayoon I. Effect of purified Russell's viper venom-factor X activator (RVV-X) on renal hemodynamics, renal functions, and coagulopathy in rats. Toxicon 2011; 58:230-8. [PMID: 21704055 PMCID: PMC3304456 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the most frequent and a serious complication in victims of Russell's viper snakebites. Russell's viper venom-factor X activator (RVV-X) has been identified as a main procoagulant enzyme involving coagulopathy, which might be responsible for changes in renal hemodynamics and renal functions. Here, we purified RVV-X from crude Russell's viper venom to study renal hemodynamics, renal functions, intravascular clot, and histopathological changes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in renal hemodynamics and renal functions were evaluated by measuring the mean arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), effective renal blood flow (ERBF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), and fractional excretion of electrolytes. After 10 min, rats receiving both crude venom and purified RVV-X decreased GFR, ERPF, and ERBF and increased RVR. These changes correlated to renal lesions. Along with the determination of intravascular clot, rats injected with purified RVV-X increased the average D-dimer level and reached a peak at 10 min, declined temporarily, and then reached another peak at 30 min. The temporal association between clots and renal dysfunction was observed in rats within 10 min after the injection of purified RVV-X. These findings suggested RVV-X as a major cause of renal failure through intravascular clotting in the renal microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montamas Suntravat
- Snake bite and Venom Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biology Department, National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Mariem Yusuksawad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - John C. Pérez
- Biology Department, National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Issarang Nuchprayoon
- Snake bite and Venom Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Fialho EMS, Maciel MCG, Silva ACB, Reis AS, Assunção AKM, Fortes TS, Silva LA, Guerra RNM, Kwasniewski FH, Nascimento FRF. Immune cells recruitment and activation by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2011; 58:480-5. [PMID: 21893076 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite several studies showed that the Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom (Tsv) induces an inflammatory response, just a few have investigated the effect of the venom on the immune response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate alterations of venom application on lymphoid organs and on the recruitment and activation of cells and also on the cytokine production. Swiss male mice (2-3 months, 20-25 g) received a non-lethal dose of crude Tsv (200 μg/kg), diluted in sterile PBS by subcutaneous route. Control animals received only sterile PBS. The animals were sacrificed after 30, 120 and 360 min. The inflammatory parameters studied were skin histology at the site of venom application, leukocyte count, and blood cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Inguinal lymph node, spleen and bone marrow cellularity was determined for evaluation of the Tsv effect on immune system organs. The results showed that Tsv caused no local inflammation, but it induced an increase of blood neutrophils and serum IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. After 360 min of envenomation there was a reduction in the cells number from peritoneum and spleen, but there was an increase in the cell number from lymph nodes. In conclusion, the Tsv induces systemic alterations characterized by changes in the cell number in lymphoid organs, increase pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder M S Fialho
- Imunofisiologia of Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Cusinato DAC, Souza AM, Vasconcelos F, Guimarães LFL, Leite FP, Gregório ZMO, Giglio JR, Arantes EC. Assessment of biochemical and hematological parameters in rats injected with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:1477-86. [PMID: 20837041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the hematological changes induced by Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV). Blood of Wistar rats was collected 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 h after i.p. injection of TsV (0.5 mg/kg) or saline (controls). Two additional groups were injected with 0.67 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg of TsV and the blood was collected after 0.5 and 2 h, respectively. The results showed an increase on hematocrit (Ht), red blood cells (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), albumin and total protein, mainly 2-6 h after envenoming. Increase in serum activities of amylase, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were also observed, indicating tecidual damages. Hyperglycemia was observed at all times analyzed, as a consequence of catecholamine release. No significant changes were detected in the urea, [Na(+)] and [Ca(2+)], but an increase of [Mg(2+)], [K(+)] and conductivity was observed. TsV induced a reduction of erythrocytes osmotic fragility as consequence of dehydration and increase in plasma electrolytes concentration, as evidenced by its higher conductivity. This study demonstrated that TsV is able to induce severe hematological changes, that appear within the first hours after envenoming, justifying the seeking of medical attention as soon as possible to avoid worsening of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A C Cusinato
- Depto. Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Adi-Bessalem S, Hammoudi-Triki D, Laraba-Djebari F. Pathophysiological effects of Androctonus australis hector scorpion venom: tissue damages and inflammatory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:373-80. [PMID: 18519162 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of sublethal dose of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom on the enzymatic activities (creatine phospho-kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and histopathological changes of heart and lungs' organs were determined 24h following envenoming NMRI mice. The effects of Aah venom on the lytic activity of the complement system, plasma cytokine rates (IL1-beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10) and the peripheral blood cell infiltration were also studied. Microscopically, treated animals showed severe myocardial edema, hemorrhages and necroses and severe acute bronchopneumonia with alveolar edema and hemorrhages. High serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase correlate to the tissue lesions. The results showed fast kinetics of production of pro-inflammatory (IL1-beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines at 30min in blood sera. An increase in serum lytic activity of envenomed animals and leucocytosis in peripheral blood with predominance of mononuclear and neutrophil cells were also observed. In conclusion, the results reported in the present study suggest that pathophysiological manifestations of Aah envenomation may be mediated sequentially or simultaneously by cytokines and the complement system, which in turn activate leukocyte to produce tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Adi-Bessalem
- Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédienne Bab Ezzouar, 16111, BP 63, El Alia, Alger, Algeria
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