1
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Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Ronchetti S. GILZ as a Regulator of Cell Fate and Inflammation. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010122. [PMID: 35011684 PMCID: PMC8750894 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the human body’s initial responses to stress is the adrenal response, involving the release of mediators that include adrenaline and glucocorticoids (GC). GC are involved in controlling the inflammatory and immune response mechanisms. Of these, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to anti-inflammatory effects warrant more investigation. Previously, we found that GC induced GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper) quickly and widely in thymocytes, T lymphocytes, and other leukocytes. GILZ regulates the activation of cells and is an essential mediator of endogenous GC and the majority of GC anti-inflammatory effects. Further research in this regard could lead to the development of an anti-inflammatory treatment that yields the therapeutic outcomes of GC but without their characteristic adverse effects. Here, we examine the mechanisms of GILZ in the context of GC. Specifically, we review its role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells and in apoptosis. We also examine its involvement in immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes), and in non-immune cells, including cancer cells. In conclusion, GILZ is an anti-inflammatory molecule that could mediate the immunomodulatory activities of GC, with less adverse effects, and could be a target molecule for designing new therapies to treat inflammatory diseases.
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2
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Ricci E, Roselletti E, Gentili M, Sabbatini S, Perito S, Riccardi C, Migliorati G, Monari C, Ronchetti S. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper-Mediated TLR2 Downregulation Accounts for Reduced Neutrophil Activity Following Acute DEX Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:2228. [PMID: 34571877 PMCID: PMC8472062 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the most powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive pharmacological drugs available, despite their adverse effects. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a glucocorticoid-induced gene that shares several anti-inflammatory properties with glucocorticoids. Although immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids on neutrophils remain poorly understood, we previously demonstrated that GILZ suppresses neutrophil activation under glucocorticoid treatment. Here, we sought to explore the regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on neutrophils and the associated GILZ involvement. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from wild type and GILZ-knock-out (KO) mice. TLR2 was found to be downregulated by the in vivo administration of glucocorticoids in wild type but not in GILZ-KO neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of GILZ in TLR2 downregulation. Accordingly, the TLR2-associated anti-fungal activity of neutrophils was reduced by DEX treatment in wild type but not GILZ-KO neutrophils. Furthermore, GILZ did not interact with NF-κB but was found to bind with STAT5, a pivotal factor in the regulation of TLR2 expression. A similar modulation of TLR2 expression, impaired phagocytosis, and killing activity was observed in circulating human neutrophils treated in vitro with DEX. These results demonstrate that glucocorticoids reduce the ability of neutrophils to respond to infections by downregulating TLR2 via GILZ, thereby reducing critical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ricci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Elena Roselletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Marco Gentili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefano Perito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
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3
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Cannarile L, Delfino DV, Adorisio S, Riccardi C, Ayroldi E. Implicating the Role of GILZ in Glucocorticoid Modulation of T-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1823. [PMID: 31440237 PMCID: PMC6693389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a protein with multiple biological roles that is upregulated by glucocorticoids (GCs) in both immune and non-immune cells. Importantly, GCs are immunosuppressive primarily due to their regulation of cell signaling pathways that are crucial for immune system activity. GILZ, which is transcriptionally induced by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mediates part of these immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby controlling immune cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The primary immune cells targeted by the immunosuppressive activity of GCs are T cells. Importantly, the effects of GCs on T cells are partially mediated by GILZ. In fact, GILZ regulates T-cell activation, and differentiation by binding and inhibiting factors essential for T-cell function. For example, GILZ associates with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), c-Fos, and c-Jun and inhibits NF-κB-, and AP-1-dependent transcription. GILZ also binds Raf and Ras, inhibits activation of Ras/Raf downstream targets, including mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1). In addition GILZ inhibits forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) without physical interaction. GILZ also promotes the activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Ultimately, these actions inhibit T-cell activation and modulate the differentiation of T helper (Th)-1, Th-2, Th-17 cells, thereby mediating the immunosuppressive effects of GCs on T cells. In this mini-review, we discuss how GILZ mediates GC activity on T cells, focusing mainly on the therapeutic potential of this protein as a more targeted anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Cannarile
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico V Delfino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Adorisio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emira Ayroldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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4
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Flynn JK, Dankers W, Morand EF. Could GILZ Be the Answer to Glucocorticoid Toxicity in Lupus? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 31379872 PMCID: PMC6652235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are used globally to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Their anti-inflammatory actions are mainly mediated via binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), creating a GC/GR complex, which acts in both the cytoplasm and nucleus to regulate the transcription of a host of target genes. As a result, signaling pathways such as NF-κB and AP-1 are inhibited, and cell activation, differentiation and survival and cytokine and chemokine production are suppressed. However, the gene regulation by GC can also cause severe side effects in patients. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, characterized by a poorly regulated immune response leading to chronic inflammation and dysfunction of multiple organs, for which GC is the major current therapy. Long-term GC use, however, can cause debilitating adverse consequences for patients including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis and contributes to irreversible organ damage. To date, there is no alternative treatment which can replicate the rapid effects of GC across multiple immune cell functions, effecting disease control during disease flares. Research efforts have focused on finding alternatives to GC, which display similar immunoregulatory actions, without the devastating adverse metabolic effects. One potential candidate is the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). GILZ is induced by low concentrations of GC and is shown to mimic the action of GC in several inflammatory processes, reducing immunity and inflammation in in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, GILZ has, similar to the GC-GR complex, the ability to bind to both NF-κB and AP-1 as well as DNA directly, to regulate immune cell function, while potentially lacking the GC-related side effects. Importantly, in SLE patients GILZ is under-expressed and correlates negatively with disease activity, suggesting an important regulatory role of GILZ in SLE. Here we provide an overview of the actions and use of GC in lupus, and discuss whether the regulatory mechanisms of GILZ could lead to the development of a novel therapeutic for lupus. Increased understanding of the mechanisms of action of GILZ, and its ability to regulate immune events leading to lupus disease activity has important clinical implications for the development of safer anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Dankers
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hoppstädter J, Diesel B, Linnenberger R, Hachenthal N, Flamini S, Minet M, Leidinger P, Backes C, Grässer F, Meese E, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Huwer H, Kiemer AK. Amplified Host Defense by Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Downregulation of the Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3111. [PMID: 30723476 PMCID: PMC6349698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a pivotal role in the host defense against bacteria and results in the activation of NF-κB-mediated transcription of proinflammatory mediators. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is an anti-inflammatory mediator, which inhibits NF-κB activity in macrophages. Thus, we aimed to investigate the regulation and role of GILZ expression in primary human and murine macrophages upon TLR activation. Treatment with TLR agonists, e.g., Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2) or LPS (TLR4) rapidly decreased GILZ mRNA and protein levels. In consequence, GILZ downregulation led to enhanced induction of pro-inflammatory mediators, increased phagocytic activity, and a higher capacity to kill intracellular bacteria (Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium), as shown in GILZ knockout macrophages. Treatment with the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] did not affect GILZ mRNA levels, although GILZ protein expression was decreased. This effect was paralleled by sensitization toward TLR1/2- and TLR4-agonists. A bioinformatics approach implicated more than 250 miRNAs as potential GILZ regulators. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression of several potentially GILZ-targeting miRNAs was increased after Poly(I:C) treatment in primary human macrophages. We tested the ability of 11 of these miRNAs to target GILZ by luciferase reporter gene assays. Within this small set, four miRNAs (hsa-miR-34b*,−222,−320d,−484) were confirmed as GILZ regulators, suggesting that GILZ downregulation upon TLR3 activation is a consequence of the synergistic actions of multiple miRNAs. In summary, our data show that GILZ downregulation promotes macrophage activation. GILZ downregulation occurs both via MyD88-dependent and -independent mechanisms and can involve decreased mRNA or protein stability and an attenuated translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Britta Diesel
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rebecca Linnenberger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hachenthal
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sara Flamini
- Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marie Minet
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Petra Leidinger
- Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grässer
- Virology, Department of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Völklingen Heart Centre, Völklingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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6
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Gu R, Ding X, Tang W, Lei B, Jiang C, Xu G. A Synthesized Glucocorticoid- Induced Leucine Zipper Peptide Inhibits Retinal Müller Cell Gliosis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29681857 PMCID: PMC5897418 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The anti-inflammatory activities of protein glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) have been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Here, we examined the potential effect of a synthetic peptide derived from the leucine zipper motif and proline-rich region of GILZ on suppressing inflammatory responses in primary cultured rat Müller cells. Methods: Peptides were selected from amino acids 98–134 of the GILZ protein (GILZ-p). Solid-phase peptide synthesis was used to generate the cell-penetrating peptide TAT, which was bound to the amino terminus of GILZ-p. Primary cultured retinal Müller cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with different concentrations of GILZ-p, and the interaction of GILZ-p with nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 in Müller cells was investigated by western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. The expression of the Müller cell gliosis marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), functional protein aquaporin (AQP)-4, and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was measured by Western Blotting. The concentration of those cytokines in culture medium was measured by using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: The synthesized GILZ-p, which was water-soluble, entered cells and bound with NF-κB p65, inhibiting p65 nuclear translocation. GILZ-p inhibited the LPS-induced expression of GFAP, IL-1β, TNFα, ICAM-1, and MCP-1 in Müller cells and prevented the LPS-induced downregulation of AQP4. Conclusions: These results indicate that GILZ-p interacted with NF-κB p65 and suppressed p65 nuclear translocation, thereby inhibiting inflammatory cytokine release and Müller cell gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boya Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Angelousi A, Nasiri-Ansari N, Spilioti E, Mantzou E, Kalotyxou V, Chrousos G, Kaltsas G, Kassi E. Altered expression of circadian clock genes in polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III. Endocrine 2018; 59:109-119. [PMID: 28884339 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circadian timing system is a highly conserved, ubiquitous molecular "clock" which creates internal circadian rhythmicity. Dysregulation of clock genes expression is associated with various diseases including immune dysregulation. In this study we investigated the circadian pattern of Clock-related genes in patients with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III (PAS type III). METHODS Nineteen patients diagnosed with PAS type III and 12 healthy controls were enrolled. mRNA and protein expression of Clock-related genes (CLOCK, BMAL1, ROR and Per-1,-2,-3), as well as the GR-a and the GILZ genes were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis from blood samples drawn at 8 pm and 8am. Serum cortisol and TSH, as well as plasma ACTH, were measured by chemiluminescence. RESULTS There were no statistical significant differences in the metabolic profile, cortisol, ACTH and TSH levels between patients and controls. Patients with PAS type III expressed higher transcript levels of CLOCK, BMAL1 and Per-1 in the evening than in the morning (p = 0.03, p = 0.029, p = 0.013, respectively), while the ratios (Rpm/am) of GR-a, CLOCK, BMAL1, and Per-3 mRNA levels were statistically different between patients and controls. Cortisol circadian variation (Fpm/am) was positively correlated with GILZ mRNA circadian pattern (Rpm/am) in the patient group and with the GR-a mRNA (Rpm/am) in the control group. CONCLUCIONS Our findings suggest that there is an aberrant circadian rhythm of Clock-related genes in patients with PAS type III. The disruption of the expression of 4 circadian Clock-related genes could indicate a possible association with the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Eliana Spilioti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Emilia Mantzou
- Unit on Clinical and Translational Research in Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kalotyxou
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.
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8
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Mohammadi S, Ebadpour MR, Sedighi S, Saeedi M, Memarian A. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper expression is associated with response to treatment and immunoregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:1765-1772. [PMID: 28601944 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder in which cytokine balance is disturbed. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are shown to balance immune response by transcriptional regulation of glucocorticoid receptor target genes such as Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) which has been introduced as an endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator. In the present study, we assessed the expression of GILZ in association with interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukine-10 (IL-10), and B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) plasma levels in SLE patients. A total of 40 female patients (18 under treatment and 22 newly diagnosed) were recruited in this study. Real-time RT PCR was conducted to quantify the mRNA expression of GILZ. The plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and BLyS were evaluated using ELISA method. GILZ was overexpressed among under treatment SLE patients. The mRNA expression of GILZ was significantly correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score. IFN-γ and BLyS were downregulated in response to therapies with negative correlations to GILZ. Moreover, IL-10 was upregulated among treated patients. The levels of IFN-γ and BLyS were correlated with the severity of disease, while IL-10 was negatively correlated with SLEDAI score. GILZ could be introduced as one of the acting molecules in mediating the regulatory effects of GCs on producing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadpour
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sima Sedighi
- Joint, Bone and Connective tissue Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeedi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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9
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Ng HP, Jennings S, Wang J, Molina PE, Nelson S, Wang G. Non-canonical Glucocorticoid Receptor Transactivation of gilz by Alcohol Suppresses Cell Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28638383 PMCID: PMC5461336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute alcohol exposure suppresses cell inflammatory response. The underlying mechanism has not been fully defined. Here we report that alcohol was able to activate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling in the absence of glucocorticoids (GCs) and upregulated glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (gilz), a prominent GC-responsive gene. Such a non-canonical activation of GR was not blocked by mifepristone, a potent GC competitor. The proximal promoter of gilz, encompassing five GC-responsive elements (GREs), was incorporated and tested in a luciferase reporter system. Deletion and/or mutation of the GREs abrogated the promoter responsiveness to alcohol. Thus, the GR–GRE interaction transduced the alcohol action on gilz. Alcohol induced GR nuclear translocation, which was enhanced by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor fomepizole, suggesting that it was alcohol, not its metabolites, that engendered the effect. Gel mobility shift assay showed that unliganded GR was able to bind GREs and such interaction withstood clinically relevant levels of alcohol. GR knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting or GILZ depletion via small RNA interference diminished alcohol suppression of cell inflammatory response to LPS. Thus, a previously unrecognized, non-canonical GR activation of gilz is involved in alcohol modulation of cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pong Ng
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Scott Jennings
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jack Wang
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Steve Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Guoshun Wang
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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10
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Cisalpino D, Fagundes CT, Brito CB, Ascenção FR, Queiroz-Junior CM, Vieira AT, Sousa LP, Amaral FA, Vieira LQ, Nicoli JR, Teixeira MM, Souza DG. Microbiota-Induced Antibodies Are Essential for Host Inflammatory Responsiveness to Sterile and Infectious Stimuli. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4096-4106. [PMID: 28424241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The indigenous intestinal microbiota is frequently considered an additional major organ of the human body and exerts profound immunomodulating activities. Germ-free (GF) mice display a significantly different inflammatory responsiveness pattern compared with conventional (CV) mice, and this was dubbed a "hyporesponsive phenotype." Taking into account that the deposition of immune complexes is a major event in acute inflammation and that GF mice have a distinct Ig repertoire and B cell activity, we aimed to evaluate whether this altered Ig repertoire interferes with the inflammatory responsiveness of GF mice. We found that serum transfer from CV naive mice was capable of reversing the inflammatory hyporesponsiveness of GF mice in sterile inflammatory injury induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion, as well as in a model of lung infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae Transferring serum from Ig-deficient mice to GF animals did not alter their response to inflammatory insult; however, injecting purified Abs from CV animals restored inflammatory responsiveness in GF mice, suggesting that natural Abs present in serum were responsible for altering GF responsiveness. Mechanistically, injection of serum and Ig from CV mice into GF animals restored IgG deposition, leukocyte influx, NF-κB activation, and proinflammatory gene expression in inflamed tissues and concomitantly downregulated annexin-1 and IL-10 production. Thus, our data show that microbiota-induced natural Abs are pivotal for host inflammatory responsiveness to sterile and infectious insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cisalpino
- Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caio T Fagundes
- Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila B Brito
- Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Ascenção
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Laboratório de Biologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Angélica T Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leda Q Vieira
- Laboratório de Gnotobiologia e Imunologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Ecologia de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
| | - Danielle G Souza
- Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
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11
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Ricci E, Ronchetti S, Pericolini E, Gabrielli E, Cari L, Gentili M, Roselletti E, Migliorati G, Vecchiarelli A, Riccardi C. Role of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper gene in dexamethasone-induced inhibition of mouse neutrophil migration via control of annexin A1 expression. FASEB J 2017; 31:3054-3065. [PMID: 28373208 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene is a pivotal mediator of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) that are known to regulate the function of both adaptive and innate immunity cells. Our aim was to investigate the role of GILZ in GC-induced inhibition of neutrophil migration, as this role has not been investigated before. We found that GILZ expression was induced by dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic GC, in neutrophils, and that it regulated migration of these cells into inflamed tissues under DEX treatment. Of note, inhibition of neutrophil migration was not observed in GILZ-knockout mice with peritonitis that were treated by DEX. This was because DEX was unable to up-regulate annexin A1 (Anxa1) expression in the absence of GILZ. Furthermore, we showed that GILZ mediates Anxa1 induction by GCs by transactivating Anxa1 expression at the promoter level via binding with the transcription factor, PU.1. The present findings shed light on the role of GILZ in the mechanism of induction of Anxa1 by GCs. As Anxa1 is an important protein for the resolution of inflammatory response, GILZ may represent a new pharmacologic target for treatment of inflammatory diseases.-Ricci, E., Ronchetti, S., Pericolini, E., Gabrielli, E., Cari, L., Gentili, M., Roselletti, E., Migliorati, G., Vecchiarelli, A., Riccardi, C. Role of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper gene in dexamethasone-induced inhibition of mouse neutrophil migration via control of annexin A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ricci
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Diagnostic, Clinic, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Gabrielli
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Cari
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gentili
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Roselletti
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Vecchiarelli
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy;
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12
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Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in immuno suppression: master regulator or bystander? Oncotarget 2016; 6:38446-57. [PMID: 26498359 PMCID: PMC4770713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) by glucocorticoids has been reported to be essential for their anti-inflammatory actions. At the same time, GILZ is actively downregulated under inflammatory conditions, resulting in an enhanced pro-inflammatory response. Two papers published in the recent past showed elevated GILZ expression in the late stage of an inflammation. Still, the manuscripts suggest seemingly contradictory roles of endogenous GILZ: one of them suggested compensatory actions by elevated corticosterone levels in GILZ knockout mice, while our own manuscript showed a distinct phenotype upon GILZ knockout in vivo. Herein, we discuss the role of GILZ in inflammation with a special focus on the influence of endogenous GILZ on macrophage responses and suggest a cell-type specific action of GILZ as an explanation for the conflicting results as presented in recent reports.
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13
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Hoppstädter J, Hachenthal N, Valbuena-Perez JV, Lampe S, Astanina K, Kunze MM, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Schmid T, Diesel B, Kiemer AK. Induction of Glucocorticoid-induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) Contributes to Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Natural Product Curcumin in Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22949-22960. [PMID: 27629417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper) is inducible by glucocorticoids and plays a key role in their mode of action. GILZ attenuates inflammation mainly by inhibition of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation but does not seem to be involved in the severe side effects observed after glucocorticoid treatment. Therefore, GILZ might be a promising target for new therapeutic approaches. The present work focuses on the natural product curcumin, which has previously been reported to inhibit NF-κB. GILZ was inducible by curcumin in macrophage cell lines, primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The up-regulation of GILZ was neither associated with glucocorticoid receptor activation nor with transcriptional induction or mRNA or protein stabilization but was a result of enhanced translation. Because the GILZ 3'-UTR contains AU-rich elements (AREs), we analyzed the role of the mRNA-binding protein HuR, which has been shown to promote the translation of ARE-containing mRNAs. Our results suggest that curcumin treatment induces HuR expression. An RNA immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that HuR can bind GILZ mRNA. In accordance, HuR overexpression led to increased GILZ protein levels but had no effect on GILZ mRNA expression. Our data employing siRNA in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages show that curcumin facilitates its anti-inflammatory action by induction of GILZ in macrophages. Experiments with LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type and GILZ knock-out mice demonstrated that curcumin inhibits the activity of inflammatory regulators, such as NF-κB or ERK, and subsequent TNF-α production via GILZ. In summary, our data indicate that HuR-dependent GILZ induction contributes to the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hachenthal
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Lampe
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Ksenia Astanina
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael M Kunze
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Britta Diesel
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany,
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14
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Antenatal endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids and their impact on immune ontogeny and long-term immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:739-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Vago JP, Tavares LP, Garcia CC, Lima KM, Perucci LO, Vieira ÉL, Nogueira CRC, Soriani FM, Martins JO, Silva PMR, Gomes KB, Pinho V, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Beaulieu E, Morand EF, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. The role and effects of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in the context of inflammation resolution. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4940-50. [PMID: 25876761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) has been shown to mediate or mimic several actions of GC. This study assessed the role of GILZ in self-resolving and GC-induced resolution of neutrophilic inflammation induced by LPS in mice. GILZ expression was increased during the resolution phase of LPS-induced pleurisy, especially in macrophages with resolving phenotypes. Pretreating LPS-injected mice with trans-activator of transcription peptide (TAT)-GILZ, a cell-permeable GILZ fusion protein, shortened resolution intervals and improved resolution indices. Therapeutic administration of TAT-GILZ induced inflammation resolution, decreased cytokine levels, and promoted caspase-dependent neutrophil apoptosis. TAT-GILZ also modulated the activation of the survival-controlling proteins ERK1/2, NF-κB and Mcl-1. GILZ deficiency was associated with an early increase of annexin A1 (AnxA1) and did not modify the course of neutrophil influx induced by LPS. Dexamethasone treatment resolved inflammation and induced GILZ expression that was dependent on AnxA1. Dexamethasone-induced resolution was not altered in GILZ(-/-) mice due to compensatory expression and action of AnxA1. Our results show that therapeutic administration of GILZ efficiently induces a proapoptotic program that promotes resolution of neutrophilic inflammation induced by LPS. Alternatively, a lack of endogenous GILZ during the resolution of inflammation is compensated by AnxA1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C Garcia
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Kátia M Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza O Perucci
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica L Vieira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila R C Nogueira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Frederico M Soriani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M R Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; and
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; and
| | - Elaine Beaulieu
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
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16
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Ronchetti S, Migliorati G, Riccardi C. GILZ as a Mediator of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 26617572 PMCID: PMC4637413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a dexamethasone-inducible gene that mediates glucocorticoid (GC) actions in a variety of cell types, including many cells of immune system. In particular, GILZ can control T cell activities, such as activation and differentiation, mainly through its ability to homo- and hetero-dimerize with partner proteins, such as NF-κB, Ras, and C/EBP. These protein-protein interactions control the regulation of pro-inflammatory target genes. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies using mouse models of inflammatory diseases demonstrate an anti-inflammatory role for GILZ. Here, authors summarize the studies that make GILZ eligible as an anti-inflammatory protein through which GCs can act. These findings permit the future development of pharmacological tools that mimic the therapeutic effects of GCs while avoiding the detrimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ronchetti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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17
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Cheng Q, Morand E, Yang YH. Development of novel treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases-similarities and divergence between glucocorticoids and GILZ. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:169. [PMID: 25100999 PMCID: PMC4102084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the most commonly prescribed medications for patients with inflammatory diseases, despite their well-known adverse metabolic effects. Previously, it was understood that the anti-inflammatory effects of the GC/GC receptor (GR) complex were mediated via transrepression, whilst the adverse metabolic effects were mediated via transactivation. It has recently become clear that this “divergent actions” paradigm of GC actions is likely insufficient. It has been reported that the GC/GR-mediated transactivation also contributes to the anti-inflammatory actions of GC, via up-regulation of key anti-inflammatory proteins. One of these is glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), which inhibits inflammatory responses in a number of important immune cell lineages in vitro, as well as in animal models of inflammatory diseases in vivo. This review aims to compare the GILZ and GC effects on specific cell lineages and animal models of inflammatory diseases. The fact that the actions of GILZ permit a GILZ-based gene therapy to lack GC-like adverse effects presents the potential for development of new strategies to treat patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuan Hang Yang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
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18
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Glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper inhibits apoptosis of cardiomyocytes by doxorubicin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:55-62. [PMID: 24480152 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is an indispensable chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various forms of neoplasia such as lung, breast, ovarian, and bladder cancers. Cardiotoxicity is a major concern for patients receiving Dox therapy. Previous work from our laboratory indicated that glucocorticoids (GCs) alleviate Dox-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Here we have found glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) to be a mediator of GC-induced cytoprotection. GILZ was found to be induced in cardiomyocytes by GC treatment. Knocking down of GILZ using siRNA resulted in cancelation of GC-induced cytoprotection against apoptosis by Dox treatment. Overexpressing GILZ by transfection was able to protect cells from apoptosis induced by Dox as measured by caspase activation, Annexin V binding and morphologic changes. Western blot analyses indicate that GILZ overexpression prevented cytochrome c release from mitochondria and cleavage of caspase-3. When bcl-2 family proteins were examined, we found that GILZ overexpression causes induction of the pro-survival protein Bcl-xL. Since siRNA against Bcl-xL reverses GC induced cytoprotection, Bcl-xL induction represents an important event in GILZ-induced cytoprotection. Our data suggest that GILZ functions as a cytoprotective gene in cardiomyocytes.
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19
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Cheng Q, Fan H, Ngo D, Beaulieu E, Leung P, Lo CY, Burgess R, van der Zwan YG, White SJ, Khachigian LM, Hickey MJ, Morand EF. GILZ Overexpression Inhibits Endothelial Cell Adhesive Function through Regulation of NF-κB and MAPK Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:424-33. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Ayroldi E, Cannarile L, Migliorati G, Nocentini G, Delfino DV, Riccardi C. Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids: genomic and nongenomic interference with MAPK signaling pathways. FASEB J 2012; 26:4805-20. [PMID: 22954589 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-216382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal gland and regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. GCs mediate effects that mostly result in transcriptional regulation of glucocorticoid receptor target genes. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a family of signaling proteins that convert extracellular stimuli into the activation of intracellular transduction pathways via phosphorylation of a cascade of substrates. They modulate a variety of physiological cell processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and development. However, when MAPKs are improperly activated by proinflammatory and/or extracellular stress stimuli, they contribute to the regulation of proinflammatory transcription factors, thus perpetuating activation of the inflammatory cascade. One of the mechanisms by which GCs exert their anti-inflammatory effects is negative interference with MAPK signaling pathways. Several functional interactions between GCs and MAPK signaling have been discovered and studied. Some of these interactions involve the GC-mediated up-regulation of proteins that in turn interfere with the activation of MAPK, such as glucocorticoid-induced-leucine zipper, MAPK phosphatase-1, and annexin-1. Other mechanisms include activated GR directly interacting with components of the MAPK pathway and negatively regulating their activation. The multiple interactions between GCs and MAPK pathways and their potential biological relevance in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Ayroldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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Transcriptomic and physiological responses to fishmeal substitution with plant proteins in formulated feed in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:363. [PMID: 22853566 PMCID: PMC3526460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaculture of piscivorous fish is in continual expansion resulting in a global requirement to reduce the dependence on wild caught fish for generation of fishmeal and fish oil. Plant proteins represent a suitable protein alternative to fish meal and are increasingly being used in fish feed. In this study, we examined the transcriptional response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to a high marine protein (MP) or low fishmeal, higher plant protein replacement diet (PP), formulated to the same nutritional specification within previously determined acceptable maximum levels of individual plant feed materials. RESULTS After 77 days of feeding the fish in both groups doubled in weight, however neither growth performance, feed efficiency, condition factor nor organ indices were significantly different. Assessment of histopathological changes in the heart, intestine or liver did not reveal any negative effects of the PP diet. Transcriptomic analysis was performed in mid intestine, liver and skeletal muscle, using an Atlantic salmon oligonucleotide microarray (Salar_2, Agilent 4x44K). The dietary comparison revealed large alteration in gene expression in all the tissues studied between fish on the two diets. Gene ontology analysis showed, in the mid intestine of fish fed PP, higher expression of genes involved in enteritis, protein and energy metabolism, mitochondrial activity/kinases and transport, and a lower expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis compared to fish fed MP. The liver of fish fed PP showed a lower expression of immune response genes but a higher expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis processes that may lead to cell reorganization in this tissue. The skeletal muscle of fish fed PP vs MP was characterized by a suppression of processes including immune response, energy and protein metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis which may reflect a more energy efficient tissue. CONCLUSIONS The PP diet resulted in significant effects on transcription in all the 3 tissues studied. Despite of these alterations, we demonstrated that high level of plant derived proteins in a salmon diet allowed fish to grow with equal efficiency as those on a high marine protein diet, and with no difference in biometric quality parameters.
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Mittelstadt PR, Monteiro JP, Ashwell JD. Thymocyte responsiveness to endogenous glucocorticoids is required for immunological fitness. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2384-94. [PMID: 22653054 DOI: 10.1172/jci63067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of a self-tolerant but antigen-responsive T cell repertoire occurs in the thymus. Although glucocorticoids are usually considered immunosuppressive, there is also evidence that they play a positive role in thymocyte selection. To address the question of how endogenous glucocorticoids might influence the adaptive immune response, we generated GRlck-Cre mice, in which the glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR) is deleted in thymocytes prior to selection. These mice were immunocompromised, with reduced polyclonal T cell proliferative responses to alloantigen, defined peptide antigens, and viral infection. This was not due to an intrinsic proliferation defect, because GR-deficient T cells responded normally when the TCR was cross-linked with antibodies or when the T cell repertoire was "fixed" with αβ TCR transgenes. Varying the affinity of self ligands in αβ TCR transgenic mice showed that affinities that would normally lead to thymocyte-positive selection caused negative selection, and alterations in the TCR repertoire of polyclonal T cells were confirmed by analysis of TCR Vβ CDR3 regions. Thus, endogenous glucocorticoids are required for a robust adaptive immune response because of their promotion of the selection of T cells that have sufficient affinity for self, and the absence of thymocyte glucocorticoid signaling results in an immunocompromised state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Mittelstadt
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tacchi L, Bron JE, Taggart JB, Secombes CJ, Bickerdike R, Adler MA, Takle H, Martin SAM. Multiple tissue transcriptomic responses toPiscirickettsia salmonisin Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1241-54. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00086.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), a severe disease that causes major economic losses to the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry every year. Little is known about the infective strategy of P. salmonis, which is able to infect, survive within, and replicate inside salmonid macrophages as an intracellular parasite. Similarly there is little knowledge concerning the fish host's response to invasion by this pathogen. We have examined the transcriptional response of postsmolt Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) to P. salmonis at 48 h following infection in three tissues, liver, head kidney, and muscle, using an Atlantic salmon oligonucleotide microarray (Salar_2, Agilent 4x44K). The infection led to a large alteration of transcriptional activity in all the tissues studied. In infected salmon 886, 207, and 153 transcripts were differentially expressed in liver, head kidney, and muscle, respectively. Assessment of enrichment for particular biological pathways by gene ontology analysis showed an upregulation of genes involved in oxidative and inflammatory responses in infected fish, indicative of the activation of the innate immune response. The downregulation of genes involved in the adaptive immune response, G protein signaling pathway, and apoptotic process in infected fish may be reflective of mechanisms used by P. salmonis to survive, replicate, and escape host defenses. There was also evidence of differential responses between studied tissues, with protein metabolism being decreased in muscle of infected fish and with a concomitant increase being shown in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tacchi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen
| | - James E. Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling
| | | | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen
| | | | | | - Harald Takle
- Nofima, Aas, Norway; and
- AVS Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen
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Srinivasan M, Janardhanam S. Novel p65 binding glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper peptide suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44799-810. [PMID: 21965677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. The immune-mediated inflammation involves well orchestrated intermolecular interactions that exhibit rapid binding kinetics. The binding interfaces of transient interactions frequently include proline residues that favor an extended conformation for molecular recognition. Linear interface peptides are excellent lead inhibitors of specific protein-protein interactions because only small segments of the interface contribute to the binding. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a recently identified molecule exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties. Mechanistically, a proline-rich segment in the carboxyl terminus of GILZ physically binds the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB and inhibits the transactivation of inflammatory cytokines. Integrating knowledge derived from the mechanism of action of GILZ with in silico structure prediction identified an immunomodulatory peptide, the GILZ-P. Treatment with GILZ-P exhibited therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for human MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Role of GILZ in immune regulation, glucocorticoid actions and rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:340-8. [PMID: 21556028 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been exploited therapeutically for more than six decades through the use of synthetic glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory agents, and are still used in as many as 50% of patients suffering from inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Better understanding of the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids could enable the development of therapies that dissociate the broad-spectrum benefits of glucocorticoids from their adverse metabolic effects. The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ; also known as TSC22 domain family protein 3) is a glucocorticoid-responsive molecule whose interactions with signal transduction pathways, many of which are operative in RA and other inflammatory diseases, suggest that it is a key endogenous regulator of the immune response. The overlap between the observed effects of GILZ on the immune system and those of glucocorticoids strongly suggest GILZ as a critical mediator of the therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids. Observations of the immunomodulatory effects of GILZ in human RA synovial cells, and in an in vivo model of RA, support the hypothesis that GILZ is a key glucocorticoid-induced regulator of inflammation in RA. Moreover, evidence that the effect of GILZ on bone loss might be in contrast to those of glucocorticoids suggests manipulation of GILZ as a potential means of dissociating the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids from their negative metabolic repercussions.
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Coutinho AE, Chapman KE. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:2-13. [PMID: 20398732 PMCID: PMC3047790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1070] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of glucocorticoids in the 1940s and the recognition of their anti-inflammatory effects, they have been amongst the most widely used and effective treatments to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their clinical efficacy is compromised by the metabolic effects of long-term treatment, which include osteoporosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been invested in identifying compounds that separate the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects from the adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, with limited effect. It is clear that for these efforts to be effective, a greater understanding is required of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Recent research is shedding new light on some of these mechanisms and has produced some surprising new findings. Some of these recent developments are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131 242 6736; fax: +44 131 242 6779.
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Analysis of an artificially selected GS-NS0 variant with increased resistance to apoptosis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:880-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Glucocorticoid-induced activation of caspase-8 protects the glucocorticoid-induced protein Gilz from proteasomal degradation and induces its binding to SUMO-1 in murine thymocytes. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:183-90. [PMID: 20671745 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the possible cross-talk between glucocorticoid (GC)-induced leucine zipper (Gilz) and caspase-8 in dexamethasone (Dex)-treated thymocytes. We determined that expression of Dex-induced Gilz protein was reduced when caspase-8 activity was inhibited, and this effect was not partially due to altered Gilz mRNA expression. Inhibition of the proteasome abrogated this reduction in Gilz expression, suggesting that Dex-induced caspase-8 activation protects Gilz from degradation. We hypothesized that the caspase-8-dependent protection of Gilz could be due to caspase-8-driven sumoylation. As a putative small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-binding site was identified in the Gilz sequence, we assessed whether SUMO-1 interacted with Gilz. We identified a 30-kDa protein that was compatible with the size of a Gilz-SUMO-1 complex and was recognized by the anti-SUMO-1 and anti-Gilz antibodies. In addition, Gilz bound to SUMO ubiquitin-conjugating (E2)-conjugating enzyme Ube21 (Ubc9), the specific SUMO-1 E2-conjugating enzyme, in vitro and coimmunoprecipitated with Ubc9 in vivo. Furthermore, Gilz coimmunoprecipitated with SUMO-1 both in vitro and in vivo, and this interaction depended on caspase-8 activation. This requirement for caspase-8 was further evaluated in caspase-8-deficient thymocytes and lymphocytes in which Gilz expression was reduced. In summary, our results suggest that caspase-8 activation protects Gilz from proteasomal degradation and induces its binding to SUMO-1 in GC-treated thymocytes.
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Gluderer S, Brunner E, Germann M, Jovaisaite V, Li C, Rentsch CA, Hafen E, Stocker H. Madm (Mlf1 adapter molecule) cooperates with Bunched A to promote growth in Drosophila. J Biol 2010; 9:9. [PMID: 20149264 PMCID: PMC2871527 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TSC-22 domain family (TSC22DF) consists of putative transcription factors harboring a DNA-binding TSC-box and an adjacent leucine zipper at their carboxyl termini. Both short and long TSC22DF isoforms are conserved from flies to humans. Whereas the short isoforms include the tumor suppressor TSC-22 (Transforming growth factor-beta1 stimulated clone-22), the long isoforms are largely uncharacterized. In Drosophila, the long isoform Bunched A (BunA) acts as a growth promoter, but how BunA controls growth has remained obscure. RESULTS In order to test for functional conservation among TSC22DF members, we expressed the human TSC22DF proteins in the fly and found that all long isoforms can replace BunA function. Furthermore, we combined a proteomics-based approach with a genetic screen to identify proteins that interact with BunA. Madm (Mlf1 adapter molecule) physically associates with BunA via a conserved motif that is only contained in long TSC22DF proteins. Moreover, Drosophila Madm acts as a growth-promoting gene that displays growth phenotypes strikingly similar to bunA phenotypes. When overexpressed, Madm and BunA synergize to increase organ growth. CONCLUSIONS The growth-promoting potential of long TSC22DF proteins is evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, we provide biochemical and genetic evidence for a growth-regulating complex involving the long TSC22DF protein BunA and the adapter molecule Madm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gluderer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Seznec J, Weit S, Naumann U. Gene expression profile in a glioma cell line resistant to cell death induced by a the chimeric tumor suppressor-1 (CTS-1), a dominant-positive variant of p53—the role of NFκB. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:411-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Ayroldi E, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ): a new important mediator of glucocorticoid action. FASEB J 2009; 23:3649-58. [PMID: 19567371 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-134684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) represent the mainstay of current anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive strategies, mediating effects that mostly result in transcriptional regulation of glucocorticoid receptor target genes. A variety of actions are tied together in the response to GC treatment. Dissecting the beneficial from the detrimental actions in GC therapy is a major challenge in basic research, raising the critical issue of whether a single target gene or gene family might eventually be linked to a specific GC function. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) was originally discovered in studies aimed at characterizing genes targeted by dexamethasone. The first suggestion that GILZ plays an important role in GC immunomodulation came from observations of GILZ up-regulation by GCs, mainly in lymphoid organs, and inhibition of anti-CD3-induced activation and apoptosis. The identification of GILZ interaction with and inhibition of NF-kappaB provided a first molecular mechanistic basis for explaining GILZ effects on T cells. Subsequently, other GILZ targets have been identified, including AP-1, Raf-1, and Ras, all involved in GC effects. The finding that GILZ silencing abrogates the antiproliferative activity of dexamethasone and reduces GC inhibition of cytokine-induced COX-2 expression clearly gained GILZ a distinguished reputation within the critical mediators of GC effects. The multiple functions of GILZ and their potential biological relevance are here reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Ayroldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia Italy.
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Mechanisms regulating the susceptibility of hematopoietic malignancies to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 101:127-248. [PMID: 19055945 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies owing to their ability to induce apoptosis of these cancerous cells. Whereas some types of lymphoma and leukemia respond well to this drug, others are resistant. Also, GC-resistance gradually develops upon repeated treatments ultimately leading to refractory relapsed disease. Understanding the mechanisms regulating GC-induced apoptosis is therefore uttermost important for designing novel treatment strategies that overcome GC-resistance. This review discusses updated data describing the complex regulation of the cell's susceptibility to apoptosis triggered by GCs. We address both the genomic and nongenomic effects involved in promoting the apoptotic signals as well as the resistance mechanisms opposing these signals. Eventually we address potential strategies of clinical relevance that sensitize GC-resistant lymphoma and leukemia cells to this drug. The major target is the nongenomic signal transduction machinery where the interplay between protein kinases determines the cell fate. Shifting the balance of the kinome towards a state where Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha (GSK3alpha) is kept active, favors an apoptotic response. Accumulating data show that it is possible to therapeutically modulate GC-resistance in patients, thereby improving the response to GC therapy.
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Gluderer S, Oldham S, Rintelen F, Sulzer A, Schütt C, Wu X, Raftery LA, Hafen E, Stocker H. Bunched, the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian tumor suppressor TSC-22, promotes cellular growth. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:10. [PMID: 18226226 PMCID: PMC2253523 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 stimulated clone-22 (TSC-22) is assumed to act as a negative growth regulator and tumor suppressor. TSC-22 belongs to a family of putative transcription factors encoded by four distinct loci in mammals. Possible redundancy among the members of the TSC-22/Dip/Bun protein family complicates a genetic analysis. In Drosophila, all proteins homologous to the TSC-22/Dip/Bun family members are derived from a single locus called bunched (bun). RESULTS We have identified bun in an unbiased genetic screen for growth regulators in Drosophila. Rather unexpectedly, bun mutations result in a growth deficit. Under standard conditions, only the long protein isoform BunA - but not the short isoforms BunB and BunC - is essential and affects growth. Whereas reducing bunA function diminishes cell number and cell size, overexpression of the short isoforms BunB and BunC antagonizes bunA function. CONCLUSION Our findings establish a growth-promoting function of Drosophila BunA. Since the published studies on mammalian systems have largely neglected the long TSC-22 protein version, we hypothesize that the long TSC-22 protein is a functional homolog of BunA in growth regulation, and that it is antagonized by the short TSC-22 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gluderer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str, 16, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Steroid-induced posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) exhibit three main distinctive characteristics: (i) association only with steroids possessing glucocorticoid activity, (ii) involvement of aberrant migrating lens epithelial cells, and (iii) a central posterior location. The first characteristic suggests a key role for glucocorticoid receptor activation and subsequent changes to the transcription of specific genes. Glucocorticoid receptor activation is associated in many cell types with proliferation, suppressed differentiation, a reduced susceptibility to apoptosis, altered transmembrane transport, and enhancement of reactive oxygen species activity. Glucocorticoids may be capable of inducing changes to the transcription of genes in lens epithelial cells that are related to many of these cellular processes. This review examines the various mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the development of PSC in the context of recent DNA array studies. Additionally, given that the glucocorticoid receptor can also engender wide-ranging indirect activities, glucocorticoids could also indirectly affect the lens through the responses of other cells within the ocular compartment and/or through effects on cells at more remote locations. These indirect mechanisms, which, for example, could be mediated through alterations to the intraocular levels of growth factors that normally orchestrate lens development and maintain lens homeostasis, are also discussed. Although the mechanism of steroid cataract induction remains unknown, glucocorticoid-induced gene transcription events in lens epithelial cells, and also other intraocular or systemic cells, likely interact to generate steroid cataracts. Finally, although evidence for glucocorticoid-protein adduct formation in the lens is inconclusive, the generation of such adducts cannot yet be discounted as a contributing factor and must necessarily be retained in discussions of the etiology of steroid cataract.
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Clark AR. Anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoid-induced genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:79-97. [PMID: 17561338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that glucocorticoids (GCs) exert anti-inflammatory effects largely by inhibiting the function of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and consequently the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. In contrast, side effects are thought to be largely dependent on GC-induced gene expression. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the positive and negative effects of GCs on transcription can be uncoupled from one another. Hence, novel GC-related drugs that mediate inhibition of NFkappaB but do not activate gene expression are predicted to retain therapeutic effects but cause fewer or less severe side effects. Here, we critically re-examine the evidence in favor of the consensus, binary model of GC action and discuss conflicting evidence, which suggests that anti-inflammatory actions of GCs depend on the induction of anti-inflammatory mediators. We propose an alternative model, in which GCs exert anti-inflammatory effects at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, both by activating and inhibiting expression of target genes. The implications of such a model in the search for safer anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
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Bodor J, Fehervari Z, Diamond B, Sakaguchi S. ICER/CREM-mediated transcriptional attenuation of IL-2 and its role in suppression by regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:884-95. [PMID: 17372992 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that inducible cAMP early repressor/cAMP response element modulator (ICER/CREM) is induced early in CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cell (T(R)) assays mainly in activated Foxp3(-) effector T cells and this induction correlates with sharp decrease in number of IL-2-expressing T cells. Importantly, RNAi targeting of ICER/CREM in responder CD25(-)CD4(+) T cells antagonizes T(R)-mediated suppression. Moreover, forced expression of Foxp3 in naive CD25(-) T cells induces constitutive expression of ICER/CREM in T cells with a regulatory phenotype. Foxp3 facilitates expression of ICER/CREM both in Foxp3 transductants as well as CD25(-) responder T cells suggesting that induction of T(R) function in suppression assays may utilize contact-dependent interaction. Indeed, CTLA-4 blockade or use of B7-deficient CD25(-) responder T cells prevents ICER/CREM accumulation and leads to the rescue of IL-2 expression. Therefore, we propose that CTLA-4 binding to B7 ligands expressed on activated ligand-bearing Foxp3(-) effector T cells results in ICER/CREM-mediated transcriptional attenuation of IL-2. Collectively, these data suggest that Foxp3 expression in T(R) cells imposes suppression in contact-dependent fashion by induction of constitutive ICER/CREM expression in activated CD25(+) Foxp3(-) T cell effectors thus preventing them from producing IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Bodor
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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