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Zhu J, Zhou T, Menggen M, Aimulajiang K, Wen H. Ghrelin regulating liver activity and its potential effects on liver fibrosis and Echinococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324134. [PMID: 38259969 PMCID: PMC10800934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin widely exists in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, and has biological activities such as maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, immune response, gastrointestinal physiological activities, cognition, memory, circadian rhythm and reward effects. In many benign liver diseases, it may play a hepatoprotective role against steatosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, and improve liver cell autophagy and immune response to improve disease progression. However, the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis is currently unclear. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which Ghrelin regulates liver growth metabolism, immune-inflammation, fibrogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis, as well as its protective effects in liver fibrosis diseases, and further proposes the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis infection. During the infectious process, it may promote the parasitism and survival of parasites on the host by improving the immune-inflammatory microenvironment and fibrosis state, thereby accelerating disease progression. However, there is currently a lack of targeted in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence for this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tanfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Menggen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Sato T, Hirohara A, Izumi Y, Nakatomi T, Iwayama K, Ohtaki KI, Hayase N. Effects of Minocycline on H2O2-induced Cell Death and Interleukin-8 Production in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.509.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The potential probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 strain protects the intestinal barrier by stimulating both mucus production and cytoprotective response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5398. [PMID: 30931953 PMCID: PMC6443702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier plays an important role in human health. When barrier function is impaired, altered permeability and barrier dysfunction can occur, leading to inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome or obesity. Several bacteria, including pathogens and commensals, have been found to directly or indirectly modulate intestinal barrier function. The use of probiotic strains could be an important landmark in the management of gut dysfunction with a clear impact on the general population. Previously, we found that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 can protect intestinal barrier functions in mice inflammation model. Here, we investigated its mechanism of action. Our results show that CNCM I-3690 can (i) physically maintain modulated goblet cells and the mucus layer and (ii) counteract changes in local and systemic lymphocytes. Furthermore, mice colonic transcriptome analysis revealed that CNCM I-3690 enhances the expression of genes related to healthy gut permeability: motility and absorption, cell proliferation; and protective functions by inhibiting endogenous proteases. Finally, SpaFED pili are clearly important effectors since an L. rhamnosus ΔspaF mutant failed to provide the same benefits as the wild type strain. Taken together, our data suggest that CNCM I-3690 restores impaired intestinal barrier functions via anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective responses.
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Zhu Q, Zeng D, Li F. Ghrelin combined with sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate pretreatment reduces apoptosis and fractalkine expression induced by high-dose glucose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2019; 45:36-42. [PMID: 30848111 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.19.02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the regulatory role of ghrelin combined with sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) pretreatment in cell apoptosis and fractalkine (FKN) expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced with high-dose glucose. METHODS HUVECs were assigned into control group, high-dose glucose group (HG group), high-dose glucose with ghrelin group (Gr+HG group), and high-dose glucose companied with ghrelin and STS group (Gr+STS+HG group). The apoptosis of HUVECs was determined by Hoechst 33258 straining and flow cytometry (FCM). Nitric oxide (NO) level was measured by total NO assay kit. The mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin, p-GSK-3β and FKN were accessed by Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. RESULTS High-dose glucose significantly accelerated apoptosis in HUVECs. The apoptotic rate was lower in Gr+HG group and much lower in Gr+STS+HG group than control group. NO level was significantly reduced in the HG group, which was partly inhibited in Gr+HG group and obviously increased in Gr+STS+HG group than controls. In addition, mRNA levels of GSK-3β and FKN in HUVECs decreased in Gr+HG group, which was more obviously decreased in Gr+STS+HG group. However, ghrelin treatment upregulated β-catenin and p-GSK-3β (Ser9), but downregulated FKN during high-dose glucose treatment, which was more obvious in Gr+STS+HG group. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment of ghrelin combined with STS reduces the apoptosis rate of HUVECs induced by high glucose environment and inhibits the expression of FKN via β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dekang Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Faqi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China -
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Iwayama K, Kusakabe A, Ohtsu K, Nawano T, Tatsunami R, Ohtaki KI, Tampo Y, Hayase N. Long-term treatment of clarithromycin at a low concentration improves hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in human small airway epithelial cells by increasing Nrf2 mRNA expression. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:15. [PMID: 28235416 PMCID: PMC5326501 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clarithromycin (CAM), a representative macrolide antibiotic, has been used widely at low doses for long-term therapy of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics were first discovered in clinical practice. Although oxidative stress is known as a key pathogenesis factor in chronic airway inflammatory diseases, the mechanism of action of low-dose, long-term CAM therapy remains unclear. We aimed to examine the cytoprotective action of CAM against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell dysfunction, focusing on CAM dose and treatment duration, and using human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), the main cells involved in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Methods SAECs were pretreated with CAM (1, 5 or 10 μM) for 24, 48 or 72 h, and were subsequently exposed to H2O2 for 0.5–4 h. Levels of interleukin (IL)-8, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and the activities of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) were assayed using specific methods. IL-8 mRNA and NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression were measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used for analysis of statistical significance. Results Pretreatment with low-dose (1 or 5 μM), long-term (72 h) CAM inhibited H2O2-induced IL-8 levels, NF-κB activity, and IL-8 mRNA expression, and improved the GSH/GSSG ratio via the maintenance of γ-GCS expression levels. Similar to its enhancing effect on the GSH/GSSG ratio, pretreatment with low-dose CAM for 72 h significantly increased Nrf2 mRNA expression (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). In contrast, these alterations were not observed after pretreatment with high-dose (10 μM) or short-term (24 and 48 h) CAM. Conclusions CAM is efficacious against cell dysfunction caused by oxidative stress under low-dose, long-term treatment conditions. This effect depended on the suppression of NF-κB activation and improvement of the H2O2-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance that is achieved by increasing Nrf2 mRNA expression in SAECs. The present study may provide the first evidence of why low-dose, long-term administration of macrolides is effective for treating chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-017-0119-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuninori Iwayama
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ayuko Kusakabe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Shin-Sapporo Towakai Hospital, Sapporo, 004-0041, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohtsu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Dispensary, Rainbow Community Pharmacy, Sapporo, 062-0012, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nawano
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tatsunami
- Department of Public & Health, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Ko-Ichi Ohtaki
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Tampo
- Department of Public & Health, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hayase
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.
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Wang H, Yang T, Shen Y, Wan C, Li X, Li D, Liu Y, Wang T, Xu D, Wen F, Ying B. Ghrelin Inhibits Interleukin-6 Production Induced by Cigarette Smoke Extract in the Bronchial Epithelial Cell Via NF-κB Pathway. Inflammation 2016; 39:190-198. [PMID: 26277356 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation is the main pathogenesis of COPD. The present study was designed to evaluate whether ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, can affect the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) production induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in the human bronchial epithelial cell line (16-HBE) and its possible mechanism. 16-HBE cells were pre-incubated with vehicle or ghrelin (0.1 to 1000 ng/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner, and then CSE (0 to 16 %) was added. The protein levels of IL-6 in the medium were determined by ELISA, and the mRNA expressions of IL-6 was detected by RT-PCR. We also detected the phosphorylation of IKKα/β/p65 protein and the degradation of inhibitory protein-κB (I-κB) by Western blot analysis. And the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 16-HBE was evaluated by labeling specific fluorescence probes DCFH-DA. 16-HBE Cells treated with CSE (8 %) exhibited significantly higher IL-6 production compared with cells treated with vehicle alone (P < 0.05). Ghrelin suppressed CSE-induced IL-6 production at both mRNA and protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Moreover, ghrelin attenuated CSE-triggered NF-κB activation in 16-HBE, but the intracellular ROS level after application of CSE was not affected by ghrelin (0.1 to 1000 ng/mL). Together, these results suggest that ghrelin inhibits CSE-induced IL-6 production in 16-HBE cells by targeting on NF-κB pathway, but not by scavenging intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chun Wan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoou Li
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Diandian Li
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yang Liu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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LU HUIXIA, WU QI, YANG HUIJUN. DUOX2 promotes the elimination of the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain K5 from T24 cells through the reactive oxygen species pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:551-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Dobutovic B, Sudar E, Tepavcevic S, Djordjevic J, Djordjevic A, Radojcic M, Isenovic ER. Effects of ghrelin on protein expression of antioxidative enzymes and iNOS in the rat liver. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:806-16. [PMID: 25276168 PMCID: PMC4175782 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.44872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effects of ghrelin on protein expression of the liver antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (Akt) are involved in ghrelin-regulated liver antioxidant enzymes and iNOS protein expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with ghrelin (0.3 nmol/5 µl) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle every 24 h for 5 days, and 2 h after the last treatment the animals were sacrificed and the liver excised. The Western blot method was used to determine expression of antioxidant enzymes, iNOS, phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) subunits 50 and 65. RESULTS There was significantly higher protein expression of CuZnSOD (p < 0.001), MnSOD (p < 0.001), CAT (p < 0.001), GPx, (p < 0.001), and GR (p < 0.01) in the liver isolated from ghrelin-treated animals compared with control animals. In contrast, ghrelin significantly (p < 0.01) reduced protein expression of iNOS. In addition, phosphorylation of NFκB subunits p65 and p50 was significantly (p < 0.001 for p65; p < 0.05 for p50) reduced by ghrelin when compared with controls. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and of Akt was significantly higher in ghrelin-treated than in control animals (p < 0.05 for ERK1/2; p < 0.01 for Akt). CONCLUSIONS The results show that activation of Akt and ERK1/2 is involved in ghrelin-mediated regulation of protein expression of antioxidant enzymes and iNOS in the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Dobutovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Tepavcevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Radojcic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Wang Y, Shen Y, Zuo Q, Zhao L, Wan C, Tian P, Chen L, Wen F. Evaluation of ghrelin level and appetite regulation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:863-70. [PMID: 25152618 PMCID: PMC4140176 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s65195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Appetite reduction is a major cause of cachexia in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study tested the correlation of appetite and circulating levels of acylated ghrelin in patients with AECOPD. Methods Thirty-six patients with AECOPD and 23 healthy adults were enrolled in this study. Circulating total ghrelin, acylated ghrelin, and obestatin levels, Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) score, and caloric intake were compared in patients and healthy controls. Additionally, the above parameters were compared between admission and discharge in the patients with AECOPD. Results Compared with healthy controls, SNAQ scores and caloric intake were significantly lower in patients with AECOPD, but there were no significant differences in total ghrelin, acyl ghrelin, or obestatin levels. In patients with AECOPD, the total ghrelin level was significantly higher at admission than on discharge, the SNAQ score and caloric intake were significantly increased at discharge when compared with admission, and there was no significant difference in acylated ghrelin level between admission and discharge. Conclusion We demonstrated lower appetite scores and caloric intake in patients with AECOPD, but could not confirm that these effects were caused by insufficient levels of the orexigenic peptide, acyl ghrelin. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to determine the mechanism regulating appetite in patients with AECOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiunan Zuo
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou People's Hospital, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Panwen Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Upregulation and nuclear translocation of testicular ghrelin protects differentiating spermatogonia from ionizing radiation injury. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1248. [PMID: 24853426 PMCID: PMC4047875 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Proper control of apoptotic signaling is important for maintenance of testicular homeostasis after ionizing radiation (IR). Herein, we challenged the hypothesis that ghrelin, a pleiotropic modulator, is potentially involved in IR-induced germ cell injury. Lower body exposure to 2 Gy of IR induced a notable increase of ghrelin expression in the nuclear of differentiating spermatogonia at defined stages, with an impairment in the Leydig cells (LCs)-expressing ghrelin. Unexpectedly, inhibition of the ghrelin pathway by intraperitoneal injection of a specific GHS-R1α antagonist enhanced spermatogonia elimination by apoptosis during the early recovery following IR, and thereafter resulted in impaired male fertility, suggesting that the anti-apoptotic effects of evoked ghrelin, although transient along testicular IR injury, have a profound influence on the post-injury recovery. In addition, inhibition of ghrelin signaling resulted in a significant increase in the intratesticular testosterone (T) level at the end of 21 days after IR, which should stimulate the spermatogenic recovery from surviving spermatogonia to a certain extent during the late stage. We further demonstrated that the upregulation and nuclear trafficking of ghrelin, elaborately regulated by IR-elicited antioxidant system in spermatogonia, may act through a p53-dependent mechanism. The elicitation of ghrelin expression by IR stress, the regulation of ghrelin expression by IR-induced oxidative stress and the interaction between p53 and ghrelin signaling during IR injury were confirmed in cultured spermatogonia. Hence, our results represent the first evidence in support of a radioprotective role of ghrelin in the differentiating spermatogonia. The acutely, delicate regulation of local-produced ghrelin appears to be a fine-tune mechanism modulating the balance between testicular homeostasis and early IR injury.
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Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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12
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Tsubouchi H, Yanagi S, Miura A, Iizuka S, Mogami S, Yamada C, Hattori T, Nakazato M. Rikkunshito ameliorates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in a ghrelin-independent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L233-45. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical syndrome consisting of acute respiratory failure associated with extensive pulmonary infiltrates. The pathological characterization of ALI includes injuries of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), alveolar neutrophilic infiltration, and increases in proinflammatory cytokines, which cause destruction of the alveolar capillary barrier and subsequent devastating lung fibrosis. Rikkunshito (RKT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, is widely used for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and is known to stimulate ghrelin secretion. The therapeutic effects of RKT on organ inflammation and fibrosis remain unknown. We investigated the pharmacological potential of RKT in the treatment of ALI by using a bleomycin-induced ALI model in mice. RKT or distilled water (DW) was given to mice daily starting 12 h after bleomycin administration. The RKT-treated mice showed a definitively higher survival rate than the DW-treated mice after injury. They also had smaller reductions in body weight and food intake. The amelioration of neutrophil alveolar infiltration, pulmonary vascular permeability, induction of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of the NF-κB pathway, apoptosis of AECs, and subsequent lung fibrosis were notable in the RKT-treated mice. RKT administration increased the plasma ghrelin levels in wild-type mice, and it also mitigated the ALI response in both ghrelin-deficient mice and growth hormone secretagogue receptor-deficient mice after lung injury. Our results indicate that RKT administration exerts protective effects against ALI by protecting the AECs and regulating lung inflammation independently of the ghrelin system, and they highlight RKT as a promising therapeutic agent for the management of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Tsubouchi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
| | - Shigehisa Yanagi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
| | - Ayako Miura
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
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Chopin LK, Seim I, Walpole CM, Herington AC. The ghrelin axis--does it have an appetite for cancer progression? Endocr Rev 2012; 33:849-91. [PMID: 22826465 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is a peptide hormone with diverse physiological roles. Ghrelin regulates GH release, appetite and feeding, gut motility, and energy balance and also has roles in the cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Ghrelin and the GHSR are expressed in a wide range of normal and tumor tissues, and a fluorescein-labeled, truncated form of ghrelin is showing promise as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Plasma ghrelin levels are generally inversely related to body mass index and are unlikely to be useful as a biomarker for cancer, but may be useful as a marker for cancer cachexia. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ghrelin and GHSR genes have shown associations with cancer risk; however, larger studies are required. Ghrelin regulates processes associated with cancer, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell invasion, inflammation, and angiogenesis; however, the role of ghrelin in cancer is currently unclear. Ghrelin has predominantly antiinflammatory effects and may play a role in protecting against cancer-related inflammation. Ghrelin and its analogs show promise as treatments for cancer-related cachexia. Further studies using in vivo models are required to determine whether ghrelin has a role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
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14
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de Lima CDM, Calegari-Silva TC, Pereira RMS, Santos SADOL, Lopes UG, Plotkowski MCM, Saliba AM. ExoU activates NF-κB and increases IL-8/KC secretion during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41772. [PMID: 22848596 PMCID: PMC3406076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin injected into host cytosol by type III secretion system, exhibits a potent proinflammatory activity that leads to a marked recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissues. To evaluate the mechanisms that account for neutrophil infiltration, we investigated the effect of ExoU on IL-8 secretion and NF-κB activation. We demonstrate that ExoU increases IL-8 mRNA and protein levels in P. aeruginosa-infected epithelial and endothelial cell lines. Also, ExoU induces the nuclear translocation of p65/p50 NF-κB transactivator heterodimer as well as NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. ChIP assays clearly revealed that ExoU promotes p65 binding to NF-κB site in IL-8 promoter and the treatment of cultures with the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 led to a significant reduction in IL-8 mRNA levels and protein secretion induced by ExoU. These results were corroborated in a murine model of pneumonia that revealed a significant reduction in KC secretion and neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage when mice were treated with Bay 11-7082 before infection with an ExoU-producing strain. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ExoU activates NF-κB, stimulating IL-8 expression and secretion during P. aeruginosa infection, and unveils a new mechanism triggered by this important virulence factor to interfere in host signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diettrich Mallet de Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Calegari-Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Meirelles Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cristina Maciel Plotkowski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mattos Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sfikas A, Batsi C, Tselikou E, Vartholomatos G, Monokrousos N, Pappas P, Christoforidis S, Tzavaras T, Kanavaros P, Gorgoulis VG, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. The canonical NF-κB pathway differentially protects normal and human tumor cells from ROS-induced DNA damage. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2007-23. [PMID: 22750558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage responses (DDR) invoke senescence or apoptosis depending on stimulus intensity and the degree of activation of the p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) axis; but the functional impact of NF-κB signaling on these different outcomes in normal vs. human cancer cells remains poorly understood. We investigated the NF-κB-dependent effects and mechanism underlying reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DDR outcomes of normal human lung fibroblasts (HDFs) and A549 human lung cancer epithelial cells. To activate DDR, ROS accumulation was induced by different doses of H(2)O(2). The effect of ROS induction caused a G2 or G2-M phase cell cycle arrest of both human cell types. However, ROS-mediated DDR eventually culminated in different end points with HDFs undergoing premature senescence and A549 cancer cells succumbing to apoptosis. NF-κB p65/RelA nuclear translocation and Ser536 phosphorylation were induced in response to H(2)O(2)-mediated ROS accumulation. Importantly, blocking the activities of canonical NF-κB subunits with an IκBα super-repressor or suppressing canonical NF-κB signaling by IKKβ knock-down accelerated HDF premature senescence by up-regulating the p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) axis; but inhibiting the canonical NF-κB pathway exacerbated H(2)O(2)-induced A549 cell apoptosis. HDF premature aging occurred in conjunction with γ-H2AX chromatin deposition, senescence-associated heterochromatic foci and beta-galactosidase staining. p53 knock-down abrogated H(2)O(2)-induced premature senescence of vector control- and IκBαSR-expressing HDFs functionally linking canonical NF-κB-dependent control of p53 levels to ROS-induced HDF senescence. We conclude that IKKβ-driven canonical NF-κB signaling has different functional roles for the outcome of ROS responses in the contexts of normal vs. human tumor cells by respectively protecting them against DDR-dependent premature senescence and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Sfikas
- Cell and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Association of obestatin, ghrelin, and inflammatory cytokines in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obes Surg 2012; 21:1750-7. [PMID: 21744131 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three protein products of ghrelin gene (acylated ghrelin, des-acylated ghrelin, and obestatin) are involved in appetite stimulation and suppression. Additionally, there is some evidence suggesting their involvement in metabolic and inflammatory pathways which may be implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of ghrelin gene products in patients with NAFLD. METHODS We included 75 morbidly obese patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD (41 with histologic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) with clinical and laboratory data as well as frozen serum samples from the time of liver biopsy. Fasting serum was assayed for obestatin as well as acylated and des-acyl-ghrelin concentrations using ELISA. Bio-Plex inflammatory cytokine assays were used to profile expression of 17 inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, G-CSF, CCL2, and MIP-1β. RESULTS Patients with NASH had twofold higher concentration of des-acyl-ghrelin than patients with non-NASH (2.58 vs. 1.24 pg/ml, P < 0.02). Ghrelin concentrations in NASH patients with fibrosis stage ≥2 were almost double the concentration of NASH patients with fibrosis stage <2 (8.73 vs. 4.22 pg/ml, P < 0.04). Obestatin levels also increased with the fibrosis stage (2.54 vs. 3.46 pg/ml, P < 0.03). NAFLD patients with higher fibrosis stage had lower IL-7 concentrations (16.89 vs. 10.68 pg/ml, P = 0.014). Obestatin levels at baseline significantly correlated with rate of weight loss after bariatric surgery at various time points. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that products of the GHRL gene may be important for the pathogenesis of NASH and fibrosis. Additional confirmatory studies are needed.
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Imazu Y, Yanagi S, Miyoshi K, Tsubouchi H, Yamashita SI, Matsumoto N, Ashitani JI, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. Ghrelin ameliorates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury by protecting alveolar epithelial cells and suppressing lung inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 672:153-8. [PMID: 21996315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a critical illness syndrome consisting of acute respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates that is refractory to current therapies. Acute lung injury is characterized by injury of the alveolar capillary barrier, neutrophil accumulation, and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by devastating lung fibrosis. Ghrelin, an acylated peptide produced in the stomach, increases food intake and growth hormone secretion, suppresses inflammation, and promotes cell survival. We investigated the pharmacological potential of ghrelin in the treatment of acute lung injury by using a bleomycin-induced acute lung injury model in mice. Ghrelin or saline was given to mice daily starting 1 day after bleomycin administration. Ghrelin-treated mice showed a definitively higher survival rate than saline-treated ones. They also had smaller reductions in body weight and food intake. The amelioration of neutrophil alveolar infiltration, pulmonary vascular permeability, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and subsequent lung fibrosis were notable in ghrelin-treated mice. Additionally, ghrelin administration reduced the injury-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells. Our results indicate that ghrelin administration exerts a protective effect against acute lung injury by protecting the alveolar epithelial cells and regulating lung inflammation, and highlight ghrelin as a promising therapeutic agent for the management of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Imazu
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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18
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Chen JH, Huang SM, Chen CC, Tsai CF, Yeh WL, Chou SJ, Hsieh WT, Lu DY. Ghrelin induces cell migration through GHS-R, CaMKII, AMPK, and NF-κB signaling pathway in glioma cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2931-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Xu YP, Zhu JJ, Cheng F, Jiang KW, Gu WZ, Shen Z, Wu YD, Liang L, Du LZ. Ghrelin ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension via phospho-GSK3 β/β-catenin signaling in neonatal rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:33-43. [PMID: 21504941 DOI: 10.1530/jme-10-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment and/or prevention strategies for neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) have been an important topic in neonatal medicine. However, mechanisms of impaired pulmonary vascular structure in hypoxia-induced PPHN are poorly understood and consequently limit the development of effective treatment. In this study, we aimed to explore the molecular signaling cascades in the lungs of a PPHN animal model and used primary cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells to analyze the physiological benefits of ghrelin during the pathogenesis of PPHN. Randomly selected newborn rats were exposed to hypoxia (10-12%) or room air and received daily s.c. injections of ghrelin (150 μg/kg) or saline. After 2 weeks, pulmonary hemodynamics and morphometry were assessed in the rats. Compared with the control, hypoxia increased pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, and arteriolar wall thickness. Ghrelin treatment reduced both the magnitude of PH and the RV/(left ventricle+septum (Sep)) weight ratio. Ghrelin protected neonatal rats from hypoxia-induced PH via the upregulation of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β)/β-catenin signaling and associated with β-catenin translocation to the nucleus in the presence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a. Our findings suggest that s.c. administration of ghrelin improved PH and attenuated pulmonary vascular remodeling after PPHN. These beneficial effects may be mediated by the regulation of p-GSK3β/β-catenin expression. We propose ghrelin as a novel potential therapeutic agent for PPHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Xu
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, Hibi T. Ghrelin and oxidative stress in gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 48:122-5. [PMID: 21373264 PMCID: PMC3045684 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-16gfr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major cause of the gastrointestinal damage under physical or psychological stress. Ghrelin exhibits gastroprotective effects and they are supposed to be derived from antioxidant effects. In gastroduodenal mucosal injury, the plasma ghrelin levels increase in response to the demand for gastroduodenal cytoprotection. However, in the condition of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal severe atrophy, the plasma ghrelin concentration shifted to lower levels. In diabetic gastroparesis, the regulation of ghrelin secretion is impaired with vagal nerve dysfunction. Selective ghrelin agonist is expected to represent a new class of prokinetic agent. In addition, the plasma ghrelin levels are also enhanced by systemic oxidative stress, and ghrelin exhibits antioxidant effects in many organs, such as heart, pancreas, and lung. This suggests that ghrelin would be an important player as a sensor of systemic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Zhang Q, Huang WD, Lv XY, Yang YM. Ghrelin protects H9c2 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through NF-κB and mitochondria-mediated signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:142-9. [PMID: 21194528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Herein we investigate the protective effects of ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms involved. To study apoptosis, the cells were assessed by morphologic examination, MTS assay, Annexin V-propidium iodide dual staining and TUNEL analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential were also measured. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, active caspase-9 and NF-κB were assessed by Western blotting, and caspase-3 activity was determined by a colorimetric activity assay kit. After stimulation with H(2)O(2) for 18h, H9c2 cells viability decreased significantly; a large fraction of cells underwent apoptosis. We observed a dose-dependent rescue of H9c2 cells from H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in the presence of different ghrelin concentrations. Preincubation with ghrelin also restored the ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential levels that had been altered by H(2)O(2) treatment. Moreover, ghrelin decreased H(2)O(2)-induced Bax production and caspase-9 activation, and increased Bcl-2 levels. NF-κB phosphorylation was also significantly inhibited by ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-treated cells. Caspase-3 activation was suppressed by ghrelin in H(2)O(2)-treated H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, ghrelin protects H9c2 cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through downregulation of Bax expression, caspase-9 activation and NF-κB phosphorylation, and upregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Caspase-3 activation was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that ghrelin might protect against cardiovascular disease by protecting the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Liu L, Xu H, Jiang H, Wang J, Song N, Xie J. Ghrelin prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced cytotoxicity through antioxidation and NF-κB modulation in MES23.5 cells. Exp Neurol 2010; 222:25-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ghrelin and obestatin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 339:173-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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