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Ma W, Ren FC, Wang XR, Li N. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xanthones from Hypericum beanii on Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells through Reduced NO Production and TNF- α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and COX-2 Expression. Molecules 2024; 29:3705. [PMID: 39125108 PMCID: PMC11313822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypericum beanii N. Robson, a perennial upright herb, predominantly inhabits temperate regions. This species has been utilized for the treatment of various inflammation-related diseases. One new xanthone 3,7-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethoxyxanthone (1) and twenty-three known xanthones (2-24) were isolated from the aerial parts of H. beanii. The structure of the new compound was determined based on high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV) spectroscopic data. The anti-inflammatory effects of all the isolates were assessed by measuring the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compounds 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone (15), 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (19), and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (22) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects at a concentration of 10 μM with higher potency compared to the positive control quercetin. Furthermore, compounds 15, 19, and 22 reduced inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, suggesting that these compounds may mitigate the synthesis of the aforementioned molecules at the transcriptional level, provisionally confirming their anti-inflammatory efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ning Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230032, China; (W.M.); (F.-C.R.); (X.-R.W.)
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Frazaei MH, Nouri R, Arefnezhad R, Pour PM, Naseri M, Assar S. A Review of Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals for the Management of Gout. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:223-240. [PMID: 37828678 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971268037230920072503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Gout, characterized by elevated uric acid levels, is a common inflammatory joint disease associated with pain, joint swelling, and bone erosion. Existing treatments for gout often result in undesirable side effects, highlighting the need for new, safe, and cost-effective anti-gout drugs. Natural products, including medicinal plants and phytochemicals, have gained attention as potential sources of anti-gout compounds. In this review, we examined articles from 2000 to 2020 using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on the effectiveness of medicinal plants and phyto-chemicals in managing gout. Our findings identified 14 plants and nine phytochemicals with anti-gout properties. Notably, Teucrium polium, Prunus avium, Smilax riparia, Rhus coriaria, Foenic-ulum vulgare, Allium cepa, Camellia japonica, and Helianthus annuus exhibited the highest xa-thine oxidase inhibitory activity, attributed to their unique natural bioactive compounds such as phenolics, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Herbal plants and their phytochemicals have demonstrated promising effects in reducing serum urate and inhibiting xanthine. This review aims to report recent studies on plants/phytochemicals derived from herbs beneficial in gout and their different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Frazaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Arefnezhad
- Anatomical Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shirin Assar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Hwang J, Jang B, Choi YW, Han IO, Oh ES. Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Chrysanthemum zawadskii Flower and Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Occur via Inhibition of the NF- κB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:8198228. [PMID: 37779580 PMCID: PMC10541301 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8198228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZ) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) are both traditional Korea herbal medicines, which is widely used to treat fever, cough, gastritis, and women's diseases that may be linked to inflammatory response. Although it has been used to treat diseases related to inflammation, there has been no case of the synergistic anti-inflammatory properties of both extracts. Our data revealed that ethanol extracts of dried whole CZ exhibited free radical-scavenging capacity in vitro, reduced LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species, and decreased the LPS-induced upregulations of the mRNAs encoding iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells, without significant cytotoxicity. This anti-inflammatory effect was most evident from flower extracts: ethanol extracts from flowers significantly reduced the LPS-induced upregulations of iNOS and COX-2 at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. An ethanol extract of the fruit from CT also exerted a radical scavenging capacity and suppressed LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression: 5.5 μg/ml of the ethanol extract significantly reduced the ability of LPS to induce the mRNA expression levels of iNOS and IL-6 without apparent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, as little as 1.0 μg/ml of the combined ethanol extracts of CZ flower and CT fruit reduced the LPS-induced changes monitored herein, decreasing the upregulations of iNOS and IL-6, and decreasing the nuclear localization of NF-κB p65. These results suggest that the observed synergistic anti-inflammatory effects may be mediated via inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that ethanol extracts from CZ flowers and CT fruits have synergistic anti-inflammatory effects and that a combination of the two extracts could prove useful for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohee Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Woo Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Lee DH, Son YH, Jang JH, Lee SY, Kim HJ. The Growth Characteristics and the Active Compounds of Cudrania tricuspidata Fruits in Different Cultivation Environments in South Korea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112107. [PMID: 37299087 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata is a traditional medicinal herb in East Asia. The compounds of plants vary depending on environmental factors, such as soil, temperature, drainage, and so on. However, few to no studies have been done on the correlation among environment, growth, and compounds in C. tricuspidata. Thus, we aimed to investigate their relationship. Samples of C. tricuspidata fruit and cultivation soil were collected from 28 cultivation sites in October 2021. Six growth characteristics, eleven soil physicochemical properties, seven meteorological data points, and three active compounds were investigated in this study. We developed and validated an optimized method for quantifying active compounds using UPLC and performed correlation analysis of the environment, growth characteristics, and active compounds. The UPLC-UV method for determining active compounds was validated by measuring the linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision, and accuracy using UPLC. The LOD and LOQ were 0.01-0.03 µg/mL and 0.04-0.09 µg/mL, respectively. The precision was acceptable with RSD% values less than 2%. The recoveries ranged from 97.25 to 104.98% with RSD values <2%, within the acceptable limits. The active compounds were negatively correlated with the size of the fruit, and the growth characteristics were negatively correlated with some environmental factors. The results of this study can be used as basic data for the standard cultural practices and quality control of C. tricuspidata fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Lee
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju-si 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Son
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju-si 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Jang
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju-si 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju-si 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Kim
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju-si 36040, Republic of Korea
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Peng F, Ren X, Du B, Yang Y. Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim 70% ethanol eluted fraction ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:458-469. [PMID: 36655082 PMCID: PMC9834841 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim (PUM) is a popular fruit among consumers, and also used as medical diet for dissolving phlegm and arresting cough. The present study aims to investigate the potential protective effect of P. ussuriensis Maxim 70% ethanol eluted fraction (PUM70) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar macrophages and acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. A total of 18 polyphenol compounds were tentatively identified in PUM70 by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The results in vivo suggested that PUM70 treatment could effectively alleviate the histological changes, and significantly inhibit the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)). The cell test results show that PUM70 exerted its protective effect by suppressing the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and decreasing nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2) contents. In addition, it also inhibited the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Furthermore, PUM70 induced the production of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), indicating that PUM70 could mitigate oxidative injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Moreover, PUM70 inhibited LPS-induced inflammation by blocking the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The above results indicate that PUM70 has protective effects on LPS-induced ALI, possibly be related to the inhibition of MAPK and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural ProductsHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hebei Chestnut IndustryHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
| | - Xin Ren
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural ProductsHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
| | - Bin Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural ProductsHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hebei Chestnut IndustryHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
| | - Yuedong Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural ProductsHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hebei Chestnut IndustryHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdaoChina
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Ko W, Kim KW, Liu Z, Dong L, Yoon CS, Lee H, Kim YC, Oh H, Lee DS, Kim SC. Macluraxanthone B inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 44:67-75. [PMID: 34821534 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.2006215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prenylated xanthones compounds, macluraxanthone B (MCXB) was isolated from the MeOH extracts of Cudrania tricuspidata. In this study, we investigated the effect of MCXB on inflammatory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory effects of MCXB were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. We observed their anti-inflammatory effects by ELISA, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS MCXB significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. MCXB also reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 proteins. Incubating cells with MCXB prevented subsequent activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by inhibiting the nuclear localization and DNA-binding activity of the p65 subunit induced by LPS. MCXB inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. MCXB induced the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protein, and the inhibitory effect of MCXB on nitric oxide production was partially reversed by a selective HO-1 inhibitor. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of MCXB is partly regulated by HO-1 induction. In conclusion, MCXB could be a useful candidate for the development of therapeutic and preventive agents to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmin Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Woo Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Linsha Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Su Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Cheol Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Cudrania tricuspidata Root Extract Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Regulation of the PKC-NOX4 Pathway in Human Kidney Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5511881. [PMID: 33859775 PMCID: PMC8026309 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular complication induced by diabetes, and methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive carbonyl species causing oxidative stress that contributes to the induction of inflammatory response in kidney cells. Cudrania tricuspidata (CT), cultivated in Northeast Asia, has been used as traditional medicine for treating various diseases, including neuritis, liver damage, and cancer. In this study, we determined whether a CT root extract (CTRE) can prevent MGO-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammation and assessed underlying mechanisms using a kidney epithelial cell line, HK-2. We observed that CTRE inhibited MGO-induced ROS production. Additionally, CTRE ameliorated the activation of MGO-induced inflammatory signaling pathways such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK). Consistent with these results, expressions of p-nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6, were decreased when compared with MGO-only exposed HK-2 cells. CTRE alleviated the MGO-induced decrease in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and antioxidant enzyme mRNA expressions. MGO induced the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4); CTRE pretreatment inhibited this induction. Further studies revealed that the NOX4 expression was inhibited owing to the suppression of MGO-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation following CTRE treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that CTRE attenuates MGO-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via inhibition of PKC activation and NOX4 expression, as well as upregulating the Nrf2-antioxidant enzyme pathway in HK-2 cells.
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Kwon HS, Jeong GS, Jang BC. Cudratricusxanthone A Inhibits Lipid Accumulation and Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020505. [PMID: 33419132 PMCID: PMC7825570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cudratricusxanthone A (CTXA) is a natural bioactive compound extracted from the roots of Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and hepatoprotective activities. However, at present, anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of CTXA on adipocytes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of CTXA on lipid accumulation and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, two known inflammatory enzymes, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Strikingly, CTXA at 10 µM markedly inhibited lipid accumulation and reduced triglyceride (TG) content during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation with no cytotoxicity. On mechanistic levels, CTXA at 10 µM suppressed not only expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin A, but also phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and STAT-5 during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, CTXA at 10 µM up-regulated phosphorylation levels of cAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) while down-regulating expression and phosphorylation levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Moreover, CTXA at 10 µM greatly attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced expression of iNOS, but not COX-2, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results collectively demonstrate that CTXA has strong anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on 3T3-L1 cells through control of the expression and phosphorylation levels of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, ACC, perilipin A, STAT-3/5, AMPK, and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Shin Kwon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-258-7404
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Kim GD, Park S. Effects of Cudrania tricuspidata on anti-senescence in high glucose-treated endothelial cells via the Akt/p53/p21 pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5999-6006. [PMID: 33282251 PMCID: PMC7684615 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) in the prevention of senescence and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In a high glucose (HG)-induced senescent endothelial cell (EC) culture, CT (20 µg/ml) reduced the number of senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells by 8.3% compared with the control group and increased the expression of p-Sirt1 by more than twofold compared with the control group. Moreover, 20 μg/ml CT treatment doubled the activity of p-Akt, which was inhibited by HG, compared with the control group. In addition, CT treatment decreased the expression of p53, p21, and Rb, which was increased by HG. Overall, CT delays HG-induced senescence via the Akt/p53/p21 pathway, suggesting its potential as a functional agent for the protection of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Dae Kim
- Department of Food and NutritionKyungnam UniversityChangwon‐siRepublic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Park
- Department of Biological ScienceSookmyung Women's UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Kim EN, Lee HS, Jeong GS. Cudratricusxanthone O Inhibits H 2O 2-Induced Cell Damage by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Human Chondrocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090788. [PMID: 32854434 PMCID: PMC7555960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint degenerative disease induced by oxidative stress in chondrocytes. Although induced-heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been found to protect cells against oxygen radical damage, little information is available regarding the use of bioactive compounds from natural sources for regulating the HO-1 pathway to treat OA. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effects of cudratricusxanthone O (CTO) isolated from the Maclura tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) on H2O2-induced damage of SW1353 chondrocytes via regulation of the HO-1 pathway. CTO promoted HO-1 expression by enhancing the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus without inducing toxicity. Pretreatment with CTO-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by inducing expression of antioxidant enzymes in H2O2-treated cells and maintained the functions of H2O2-damaged chondrocytes. Furthermore, CTO prevented H2O2-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor tin-protoporphyrin IX revealed that these protective effects were exerted due to an increase in HO-1 expression induced by CTO. In conclusion, CTO protects chondrocytes from H2O2-induced damages-including ROS accumulation, dysfunction, and apoptosis through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in chondrocytes and, therefore, is a potential therapeutic agent for OA treatment.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ribes diacanthum Pall Mediated via Regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages and a TPA-Induced Dermatitis Animal Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070622. [PMID: 32679895 PMCID: PMC7402139 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribes diacanthum Pall (RDP) is a Mongolian traditional medicine used to treat renal inflammation. In the present study, we initially investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of ethylacetate extract of RDP (EARDP) in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis in mice. We demonstrated that EARDP protected against LPS-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, as well as the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β. EARDP inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, indicating that the anti-inflammatory effect of EARDP was mediated via the suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation. In addition, EARDP induced the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating that EARDP induced HO-1 via the Nrf2 pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, EARDP significantly suppressed the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, ZnPP, a specific inhibitor of HO-1, reversed the EARDP-mediated inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. EARDP blocked the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the in vivo animal model, EARDP significantly and dose-dependently reduced TPA-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in mouse ear. Based on these results, EARDP represents a promising natural compound, protective against oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases.
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Ko W, Yoon CS, Kim KW, Lee H, Kim N, Woo ER, Kim YC, Kang DG, Lee HS, Oh H, Lee DS. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kuwanon C from Cudrania tricuspidata Are Mediated by Heme Oxygenase-1 in HT22 Hippocampal Cells, RAW264.7 Macrophage, and BV2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144839. [PMID: 32650596 PMCID: PMC7402286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a detoxifying phase II enzyme that plays a role in both inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Curdrania tricuspidata is widespread throughout East Asia and is used as a therapeutic agent in traditional medicine. We investigated whether treatment with sixteen flavonoid or xanthone compounds from C. tricuspidata could induce HO-1 expression in HT22 hippocampal cells, RAW264.7 macrophage, and BV2 microglia. In these compounds, kuwanon C showed the most remarkable HO-1 expression effects. In addition, treatment with kuwanon C reduced cytoplasmic nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) expression and increased Nrf2 expression in the nucleus. Significant inhibition of glutamate-induced oxidative injury and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred when HT22 hippocampal cells were pretreated with kuwanon C. The levels of inflammatory mediator and cytokine, which increased following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, were suppressed in RAW264.7 macrophage and BV2 microglia after kuwanon C pretreatment. Kuwanon C also attenuated p65 DNA binding and translocation into the nucleus in LPS-induced RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. The anti-inflammatory, anti-neuroinflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of kuwanon C were reversed when co-treatment with HO-1 inhibitor of tin protoporphyrin-IX (SnPP). These results suggest that the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of kuwanon C are regulated by HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmin Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (H.L.); (N.K.); (E.-R.W.)
| | - Chi-Su Yoon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (C.-S.Y.); (K.-W.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Kwan-Woo Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (C.-S.Y.); (K.-W.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (H.L.); (N.K.); (E.-R.W.)
| | - Nayeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (H.L.); (N.K.); (E.-R.W.)
| | - Eun-Rhan Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (H.L.); (N.K.); (E.-R.W.)
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (C.-S.Y.); (K.-W.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (C.-S.Y.); (K.-W.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (W.K.); (H.L.); (N.K.); (E.-R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-230-6386; Fax: +82-62-222-5414
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Feng Z, Lu X, Gan L, Zhang Q, Lin L. Xanthones, A Promising Anti-Inflammatory Scaffold: Structure, Activity, and Drug Likeness Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:E598. [PMID: 32019180 PMCID: PMC7037265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's self-protective response to multiple stimulus, from external harmful substances to internal danger signals released after trauma or cell dysfunction. Many diseases are considered to be related to inflammation, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Current therapeutic approaches include mainly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids, which are generally of limited effectiveness and severe side-effects. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Xanthones, a unique scaffold with a 9H-Xanthen-9-one core structure, widely exist in natural sources. Till now, over 250 xanthones were isolated and identified in plants from the families Gentianaceae and Hypericaceae. Many xanthones have been disclosed with anti-inflammatory properties on different models, either in vitro or in vivo. Herein, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of xanthones with anti-inflammatory properties, and analyzed their drug likeness, which might be potential therapeutic agents to fight against inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Z.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiuqiang Lu
- Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, China;
| | - Lishe Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Z.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Z.F.); (Q.Z.)
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Yang S, Lee BS, Lee C, Ku SK, Bae JS. Anti-Septic Effects of Cudratricusxanthone A Against HMGB1-Mediated Septic Responses. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19856793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Yang
- College of Pharmacy CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Lee
- College of Pharmacy CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Lee
- College of Pharmacy CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Kim BY, Son Y, Giang DH, Lee D, Eo SK, Kim K. 4'‑O‑Methylalpinumisoflavone inhibits the activation of monocytes/macrophages to an immunostimulatory phenotype induced by 27‑hydroxycholesterol. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2177-2186. [PMID: 30896858 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological, animal and cell effects of plant metabolites suggest versatile health benefits of flavonoids. However, whether flavonoids affect the deleterious biological activity of oxygenated cholesterol molecules remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of 4'‑O‑methylalpinumisoflavone (mAI) isolated from Maclura tricuspidata (Cudrania tricuspidata) on the 27‑hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol)‑induced activation of monocytes/macrophages using human THP‑1 cells. mAI dose‑dependently impaired the expression of C‑C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2 chemokine and the migration of monocytic cells enhanced by 27OHChol. mAI downregulated the surface and cellular levels of CD14 and inhibited the release of soluble CD14. This isoflavone significantly weakened the lipopolysaccharide responses that were enhanced in the presence of 27OHChol, and inhibited the transcription and secretion of the active gene product of matrix metalloproteinase‑9. mAI also suppressed the expression of C‑C motif chemokine receptor 5 ligands, including CL3 and CCL4, and M1‑phenotype markers induced by 27OHChol. Furthermore, mAI impaired phosphorylation of the nuclear factor‑κB p65 subunit without affecting the phosphorylation of Akt. These results indicate that mAI inhibits the activation of monocytes/macrophages to the immunostimulatory phenotype in a milieu rich in 27OHChol, suggesting potential benefits of the flavonoid for the treatment of diseases in which the pathogenesis is linked to 27OHChol‑induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonga Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoang Giang
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio‑Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
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Li X, Yao Z, Jiang X, Sun J, Ran G, Yang X, Zhao Y, Yan Y, Chen Z, Tian L, Bai W. Bioactive compounds from Cudrania tricuspidata: A natural anticancer source. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:494-514. [PMID: 30582344 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1541866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor is becoming a critical threat to our lives in these years. Searching for antitumor substances from natural products is a great interest of scientists. Cudrania tricuspidata (C. tricuspidata) is a regional plant containing 158 flavonoids and 99 xanthones, and others ingredients with favorable bioactivity. This review comprehensively analyzes the antitumor compounds from C. tricuspidata against different tumors, and 78 flavonoids plus xanthones are considered as underlying antineoplastic. Importantly, the structure of preylation groups is the primary source of antitumor activity among 45 flavonoids plus xanthones, which could be a direction of structural modification for a better antitumor ability. Additionally, the fruits are also preferable sources of antitumor compounds compared to the roots and barks due to the abundant isoflavones and sustainability. However, many studies only focused on the cells viability inhibition of the compounds, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the intracellular targets remain ambiguous. In conclusion, C. tricuspidata has a great potential for anti-tumor prevention or therapy, but more attention should be paid to deeper research in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zilan Yao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- >Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guojing Ran
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zisheng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, PR China
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Neuroprotection by Paeoniflorin against Nuclear Factor Kappa B-Induced Neuroinflammation on Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9865403. [PMID: 30627586 PMCID: PMC6304651 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9865403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most common and devastating causes of sensory or motor dysfunction. Nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)-mediated neuroinflammatory responses, in addition to nitric oxide (NO), are key regulatory pathways in SCI. Paeoniflorin (PF), a major active component extracted from Paeonia roots, has been suggested to exert neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. However, whether PF could improve the motor function after SCI in vivo is still unclear. Method Immunohistochemical analysis, western blot, real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and histopathological and behavioral evaluation were used to explore the effects of paeoniflorin after SCI for 14 days. Results In this study, PF treatment significantly inhibited NF-κB activation and downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), and Nogo-A. Comparing behavioral and histological changes in SCI and PF treatment groups, we found that PF treatment improved motor function recovery, attenuated the histopathological damage, and increased neuronal survival in the SCI model. PF treatment also reduced expression levels of Bax and c-caspase-3 and increased the expression level of Bcl-2 and cell viabilities. Upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β after injury was also prevented by PF. Conclusion These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of PF are related to the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. And PF may be a therapeutic strategy in spinal cord injury.
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Ethanol Extract of Cudrania tricuspidata Leaf Ameliorates Hyperuricemia in Mice via Inhibition of Hepatic and Serum Xanthine Oxidase Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8037925. [PMID: 30622611 PMCID: PMC6304516 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8037925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) (CT) is a dietary and medicinal plant distributed widely in Northeast Asia. There have been no studies on the effect of CT and/or its active constituents on in vivo xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, hyperuricemia, and gout. The aim of this study was to investigate XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of the ethanol extract of CT leaf (CTLE) and its active constituents in vitro and in vivo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were used to determine a chemical profile of CTLE. XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of CTLE given orally (30 and 100 mg/kg per day for 1 week) were examined in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic ICR mice. CTLE exhibited XO inhibitory activity in vitro with an IC50 of 368.2 μg/mL, significantly reduced serum uric acid levels by approximately 2-fold (7.9 nM in normal mice; 3.8 nM in 30 mg/kg CTLE; 3.9 nM in 100 mg/kg CTLE), and significantly alleviated hyperuricemia by reducing hepatic (by 39.1 and 41.8% in 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and serum XO activity (by 30.7 and 50.1% in 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) in hyperuricemic mice. Moreover, several XO inhibitory and/or antihyperuricemic phytochemicals, such as stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, vitamin E, rutin, and kaempferol, were identified from CTLE. Compared with rutin, kaempferol showed markedly higher XO inhibitory activity in vitro. Our present results demonstrate that CTLE may offer a promising alternative to allopurinol for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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Lee SB, Shin JS, Han HS, Lee HH, Park JC, Lee KT. Kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from the leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata inhibits LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators through inactivation of NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:101-111. [PMID: 29470957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucoside (KPG), a natural flavonol isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata, has been reported to exert anti-cancer effects; however, its anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been reported. In this study, we demonstrate the suppressive effect of KPG on the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. KPG downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein level and iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 at the mRNA level in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, we elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism, demonstrating that KPG attenuated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by decreasing p65 nuclear translocation, inhibiting κBα (IκBα) phosphorylation/degradation and IκB kinaseα/β (IKKα/β) phosphorylation. KPG additionally reduced LPS-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity by inhibiting c-Fos expression in the nucleus, though c-Jun was not affected. Furthermore, we revealed that KPG significantly abrogated the LPS-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 (Ser 727, Tyr 701) and STAT3 (Tyr 705) through inhibiting the phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and JAK2, its upstream activating proteins. Taken together, our data suggest that KPG induces anti-inflammatory activity by blocking NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, thus suppressing inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bin Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Life Science and Natural Resourses, Suncheon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Lee Y, Jeong GS, Kim KM, Lee W, Bae JS. Cudratricusxanthone A attenuates sepsis-induced liver injury via SIRT1 signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5441-5446. [PMID: 29226969 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cudratricusxanthone A (CTXA), a natural bioactive compound extracted from the roots of Cudraniatricuspidata Bureau, is known to possess antithrombotic, antiproliferative, and antiinflammatory activities. It remains unclear that CTXA can improve hepatoprotective activity in vivo. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CTXA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver failure in mice, and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Liver failure was induced by LPS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice, and 12 hr later, they were treated intravenously with CTXA. Administration of LPS significantly increased mortality, serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and serum inflammatory cytokines. CTXA treatment effectively countered these effects of LPS. Further, LPS treatment markedly increased the expression of myeloperoxidase, phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and expressions of nuclear proteins, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and phosphorylated c-Jun. Additionally, LPS increased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. All these effects of LPS were attenuated by CTXA. Moreover, CTXA increased the expression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and reduced the expression of acetylated forkhead box O1 box O1 (Ac-FoxO1), acetylated Ac-p53, and acetylated nuclear factor-kappa beta (Ac-NF-κB). In conclusion, CTXA alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by reducing inflammatory responses and the potential mechanism is associated with SIRT1 signaling activation and finally could be used to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied BioSciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Steppogenin Isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata Shows Antineuroinflammatory Effects via NF-κB and MAPK Pathways in LPS-Stimulated BV2 and Primary Rat Microglial Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122130. [PMID: 29207498 PMCID: PMC6149939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive microglial stimulation has been recognized in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), HIV-associated dementia (HAD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke. When microglia are stimulated, they produce proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) derived from cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These inflammatory reactions are related to the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, the modulation of NF-κB and MAPK is vital to prevent microglial activation and confer resistance against neuronal injury. In this study, steppogenin (1) isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata suppressed the neuroinflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Steppogenin (1) inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in LPS-challenged BV2 and rat primary microglial cells. Moreover, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence revealed that the nuclear translocation of NF-κB was inhibited in LPS-induced BV2 and rat primary microglial cells. The LPS-stimulated activation of BV2 and rat primary microglial cells was inhibited by steppogenin (1) through the suppression of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK signaling. These results suggested that steppogenin (1) exerted antineuroinflammatory effects against acute neuroinflammation in BV2 and rat primary microglial cells by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling and the production of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines.
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Song SH, Ki SH, Park DH, Moon HS, Lee CD, Yoon IS, Cho SS. Quantitative Analysis, Extraction Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Cudrania tricuspidata Leaf and Fruit Extracts. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091489. [PMID: 28880226 PMCID: PMC6151595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) shows numerous pharmacological effects and has been used in traditional herbal remedies for inflammation, gastritis, tumors, and liver diseases. However, no validated analytical method for the standardization and optimization of the biological properties of C. tricuspidata preparations has been reported. We developed and validated a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the separation and quantification of active markers. Ethanolic extracts of C. tricuspidata leaves were prepared and evaluated for chemical profiles and biological activities. The 80% ethanolic extract demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity and phenolic content, while the 100% ethanolic extract had the greatest total flavonoid content and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. The validated HPLC method confirmed that chlorogenic acid, rutin, and kaempferol were present in C. tricuspidata leaf extracts. We postulated that the antioxidant and anti-hyperuricemic/gout effects of C. tricuspidata extract could be attributed to these marker compounds. Our results suggested that the flavonoid-rich fraction of the leaf extract may be utilized for the treatment and prevention of hyperuricemia-related diseases, and the validated method and marker compounds could be applied for the quality control of C. tricuspidata preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seop Moon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Chang-Dai Lee
- Department of Business Administration, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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Lee W, Lee Y, Jeong GS, Ku SK, Bae JS. Cudratricusxanthone A attenuates renal injury in septic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:404-410. [PMID: 28595959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
As a natural compound extracted from the roots of Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau, Cudratricusxanthone A (CTXA) is known to possess hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. This study was aimed to clarify the role of CTXA in modulating renal functional damage in a mouse model of sepsis and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. We examined the renal protective effects of CTXA on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced renal damage by assessment of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lipid peroxidation, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity. Post-treatment with CTXA resulted in a significant reduction in the deleterious renal functions by CLP, such as elevated BUN, creatinine, and urine protein. Induction of nitric oxide synthase and excessive production of nitric acid by CLP surgery were significantly reduced by post-treatment with CTXA via inhibiting nuclear factor-κB activation. Furthermore, the plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were suppressed by CTXA post-treatment. Concurrently, CTXA treatment potently suppressed the CLP-induced septic lethality, rise of lipid peroxidation and markedly enhanced the antioxidant defense system by restoring the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in kidney. The present results suggested that CTXA could protect against sepsis-triggered renal injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610 Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Xin LT, Yue SJ, Fan YC, Wu JS, Yan D, Guan HS, Wang CY. Cudrania tricuspidata: an updated review on ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarized the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology ofCudrania tricuspidata, and the limitations of the studies on this species were also discussed so as to serve as the basis for further research and development of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ting Xin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Ya-Chu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Jing-Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100038
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Shi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- The Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
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Jo YH, Kim SB, Liu Q, Hwang BY, Lee MK. Prenylated Xanthones from the Roots of Cudrania tricuspidata as Inhibitors of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Nitric Oxide Production. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 350. [PMID: 27902844 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the CH2 Cl2 and EtOAc-soluble fractions of the roots of Cudrania tricuspidata afforded 31 compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation such as 1D and 2D NMR analysis and elucidated as xanthones with prenyl moieties including four simple xanthones (1-4), five prenylated xanthones with one prenyl moiety (5-7, 20, and 21), and 22 prenylated xanthones with two prenyl moieties (8-19 and 22-31). Among them, three diprenylated xanthones named cudracuspixanthones E-G (16, 29, and 31) were first isolated in nature. Xanthones 2, 5, 6, 12, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, and 28 showed moderate inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 16.1 to 24.8 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seon Beom Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Yoon CS, Kim DC, Quang TH, Seo J, Kang DG, Lee HS, Oh H, Kim YC. A Prenylated Xanthone, Cudratricusxanthone A, Isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation through Inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK Pathways in BV2 Microglia. Molecules 2016; 21:E1240. [PMID: 27649130 PMCID: PMC6272989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) is an important source of traditional Korean and Chinese medicines used to treat neuritis and inflammation. Cudratricusxanthone A (1), a prenylated xanthone, isolated from C. tricuspidata, has a variety of biological and therapeutic activities. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of compound 1 on neuroinflammation and characterize its mechanism of action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia. Cudratricusxanthone A (1) suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzymes and decreased the production of iNOS-derived nitric oxide and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 in LPS-stimulated mouse BV2 microglia. The compound also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-12 production; inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α; and blocked the nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 in mouse BV2 microglia induced by LPS. Cudratricusxanthone A (1) had inhibitory effects on nuclear factor kappa B DNA-binding activity. Additionally, it inhibited the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Our data suggests that cudratricusxanthone A (1) may be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Su Yoon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Dong-Cheol Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Tran Hong Quang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Jungwon Seo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
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Medicinal Herbals with Antiplatelet Properties Benefit in Coronary Atherothrombotic Diseases. THROMBOSIS 2016; 2016:5952910. [PMID: 27051529 PMCID: PMC4808659 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5952910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronary atherothrombotic diseases such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure are the serious concerns of the thrombus formed in blood vessels. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are the cornerstones of the management of these diseases. To prevent the recurrence of these diseases, double antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel has been the standard management in most hospitals. However, aspirin resistance and clopidogrel inefficient effects due to noncompliance with double drugs regimen can cause a sinister effect on patients. Medicinal plants serve as a greater resource for new medication and their potential currently became a topic of interest to the researchers all over the world. Traditionally, certain herbs have been used as a treatment for heart diseases but have been investigated for their antiplatelet properties. This current review explained few traditional antithrombotic herbals and their antiplatelet properties in vitro and in vivo and this is to be deeply discussed in further research.
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Prenylated Flavonoids from Cudrania tricuspidata Suppress Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammatory Activities in BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:255. [PMID: 26907256 PMCID: PMC4783984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea and China, Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant used to treat lumbago, hemoptysis, and contusions. The C. tricuspidata methanol extract suppressed both production of NO and PGE2 in BV2 microglial cells. Cudraflavanone D (1), isolated from this extract, remarkably suppressed the protein expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and decreased the levels of NO and PGE2 in BV2 microglial cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Cudraflavanone D (1) also decreased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-1β production, blocked nuclear translocation of NF-κB heterodimers (p50 and p65) by interrupting the degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitor of IκB-α, and inhibited NF-κB binding. In addition, cudraflavanone D (1) suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways. This study indicated that cudraflavanone D (1) can be a potential drug candidate for the cure of neuroinflammation.
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Kim OK, Jun W, Lee J. Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata and Kaempferol in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation and Hepatic Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010060. [PMID: 26805878 PMCID: PMC4728671 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we quantitated kaempferol in water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) and investigated its effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. The concentration of kaempferol in the CTL was 5.07 ± 0.08 mg/g. The HepG2 cells were treated with 300 µg/mL of CTL, 500 µg/mL of CTL, 1.5 µg/mL of kaempferol or 2.5 µg/mL of kaempferol, followed immediately by stimulation with 100 nM of thapsigargin for ER stress induction for 24 h. There was a marked increase in the activation of the ER stress and inflammation response in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group. The CTL treatment interrupted the ER stress response and ER stress-induced inflammation. Kaempferol partially inhibited the ER stress response and inflammation. There was a significant increase in serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the expression of C/EBPα and gluconeogenic genes in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group compared to the normal control. Both CTL and kaempferol suppressed serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and the treatments did not interrupt the C/EBPα/gluconeogenic gene pathway. These results suggest that kaempferol might be the active compound of CTL and that it might protect against ER stress-induced inflammation and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Woojin Jun
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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LEE DONGSUNG, KIM KYOUNGSU, KO WONMIN, BAE GISANG, PARK SUNGJOO, JANG JUNHYEOG, OH HYUNCHEOL, KIM YOUNCHUL. A fraction from Dojuksan 30% ethanol extract exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through Nrf2-dependent heme oxygenase-1 expression. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:475-84. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Nile SH, Kim DH. HPLC Analysis, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Cudrania tricuspidata. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata is a plant used in folk medicine in Korea for treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study the leaf and shoot extract was studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities. The extract with predominant phenolics was quantified using HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS [2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), and anti-inflammatory activity by diene-conjugate and β-glucuronidase assays. The average antioxidant effects of C. tricuspidata extracts (1–2 mg/mL) revealed significant activity of 32.5% to 50.2% (ABTS) and 24.2 to 40.5% (FRAP) compared with Trolox, having 55.1% (ABTS) and 42.6% (FRAP) activity, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities showed as 26.5% to 40.5% (DC) and 40.2% to 70.2% (βG) inhibition compared with the control {phenylbutazone; 42.1% (DC) and 80.2% (βG) inhibition, respectively}. The XO inhibitory activity of the plant extract revealed 90.5% inhibition of that of the control (allopurinol) (97% inhibition at 100 μg/mL concentration). The kinetic parameters of XO inhibition revealed a noncompetitive type of inhibition, where, K m and V max of C. tricuspidata extracts (25 to 100 μg/mL) were 0.25 mM/mL and 0.040, 0.036, 0.032, and 0.030 (μg/min), while for the positive control K m and V max the values were 0.30 mM/mL and 0.045 (μg/min), respectively. Results suggest that C. tricuspidata can be exploited against diseases associated with free radical formation and xanthine oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul-143701, South Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul-143701, South Korea
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Kim OK, Nam DE, Jun W, Lee J. Cudrania tricuspidata water extract improved obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance in db/db mice by suppressing ER stress and inflammation. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:29165. [PMID: 26507490 PMCID: PMC4623289 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity can play a role in the development of hepatic insulin resistance. Although the molecular mechanism of the association between obesity and hepatic insulin resistance is unclear, it has been reported that obesity leads to hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, which can induce the development of insulin resistance in several tissues. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the associations between hepatic insulin resistance, ER, and inflammation in obesity and the effect of water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) on hepatic insulin resistance induced by ER stress and inflammation in db/db mice. DESIGN The mice were randomly divided into four groups: a normal control group (C57BL/6J), a control group (C57BL/6J-db/db), a CTL 100 group (C57BL/6J-db/db mice fed a dietary supplement of 100 mg/kg of CTL), and a CTL 300 group (C57BL/6J-db/db mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of CTL). After 8 weeks, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test and the mice were sacrificed. RESULTS The C57BL/6J-db/db mice developed obesity and hyperglycemia, and the ER stress response and inflammation were activated in their livers. Interestingly, there was a marked decrease in the activation of the ER stress response and insulin resistance in the livers of the C57BL/6J-db/db mice treated with CTL due to decreases in the phosphorylation of eIF2α, IRE1α, and IRS-1 serine and decreases in the mRNA expression of ATF4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, C/EBPα, and C/EBP homologous protein. Dietary supplementation with CTL also induced a statistically significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and NF-κB phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that CTL can improve hepatic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by controlling obesity-induced ER stress and inflammation in the liver and that CTL may be a useful agent in treating hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Nam
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea;
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Kim OK, Nam DE, Jun W, Lee J. Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Activities of C
udrania Tricuspidata
Leaf Extract Against Acute HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition; Kyung Hee University; Yongin 446-701 Korea
| | - Da-Eun Nam
- Department of Medical Nutrition; Kyung Hee University; Yongin 446-701 Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition; Kyung Hee University; Yongin 446-701 Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Nutrition; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
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Sung J, Lee J. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Butein and Luteolin Through Suppression of NFκB Activation and Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. J Med Food 2015; 18:557-64. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Sung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Life & Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Life & Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Sulforaphane inhibits endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cudratricusxanthone A protect pancreatic beta cells from cytokines-mediated toxicity through the inhibition of NF-κB and STAT pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Ku SK, Han MS, Jeong GS, Bae JS. Cudratricusxanthone A inhibits endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.886619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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38
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Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and profibrinolytic activities of cudratricusxanthone A. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:1069-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Seo MJ, Kang BW, Park JU, Kim MJ, Lee HH, Kim NH, Kim KH, Rhu EJ, Jeong YK. Effect of Fermented Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Extracts on the Generation of the Cytokines in Mouse Spleen Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2013.23.5.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Involvement of heme oxygenase-1 induction in the cytoprotective and immunomodulatory activities of 6,4′-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone in murine hippocampal and microglia cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 674:153-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Park SY, Park DJ, Kim YH, Kim Y, Choi YW, Lee SJ. Schisandra chinensis α-iso-cubebenol induces heme oxygenase-1 expression through PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling and has anti-inflammatory activity in Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1907-15. [PMID: 21840424 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule that regulates pro-inflammatory mediators. Several studies have indicated that HO-1 expression is induced by a variety of stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines, oxidative stress, and antioxidant phytochemicals. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel α-iso-cubebenol isolated from dried fruits of Schisandra chinensis in human macrophage THP-1 cells and investigated the involvement of HO-1 signaling. We first observed that α-iso-cubebenol induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner via activation of erythroid-specific nuclear factor-regulated factor 2 (Nrf2). We also found that α-iso-cubebenol induced phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of THP-1 cells with inhibitors and siRNA specific for PI3K/Akt and ERK decreased the expression of HO-1. These results suggested that α-iso-cubebenol induced HO-1 expression through the activation of PI3K/Akt, ERK, and Nrf2 signaling. Next, α-iso-cubebenol strongly inhibited Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12). Moreover, we observed that α-iso-cubebenol treatment inhibited nuclear levels and activity of NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, treatment with tin-protoporphyrin (SnPP), a selective inhibitor of HO-1, reversed the α-iso-cubebenol-mediated inhibition of P. gingivalis LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence, α-iso-cubebenol might induce anti-inflammatory effects on P. gingivalis LPS-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages by mediating the activation of PI3k/Akt and ERK that leads to over-expression of HO-1 and Nrf-2. These findings suggest that α-iso-cubebenol may be considered as a novel therapeutic agent to ameliorate periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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42
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Lee DS, Jeong GS, Li B, Lee SU, Oh H, Kim YC. Asperlin from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-5044 exerts anti-inflammatory effects through heme oxygenase-1 expression in murine macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:283-95. [PMID: 21705844 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10219fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asperlin is a fungal metabolite isolated from Aspergillus sp. SF-5044. In the present study, we isolated asperlin from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-5044 and demonstrated that it inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, reduced iNOS-derived NO, suppressed cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and reduced COX-derived prostaglandin (PG) E₂ production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, asperlin reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. In addition, asperlin inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, as well as the nuclear translocation of p65 caused by the stimulation of LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, asperlin induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression through nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 and increased HO activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. The effects of asperlin on the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 and production of NO, PGE₂, TNF-α, and IL-1β were partially reversed by a HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin. These findings suggest that asperlin-induced HO-1 expression plays a role in the anti-inflammatory effects of asperlin in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- Standardized Material Bank for New Botanical Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Role of heme oxygenase-1 in inflammatory response induced by mechanical stretch in synovial cells. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:861-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Kuang L, Wang L, Wang Q, Zhao Q, Du B, Li D, Luo J, Liu M, Hou A, Qian M. Cudratricusxanthone G inhibits human colorectal carcinoma cell invasion by MMP-2 down-regulation through suppressing activator protein-1 activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Xian YF, Li YC, Ip SP, Lin ZX, Lai XP, Su ZR. Anti-inflammatory effect of patchouli alcohol isolated from Pogostemonis Herba in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:545-550. [PMID: 22977538 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pogostemonis Herba has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammation-related disorders. Patchouli alcohol (PA) isolated from Pogostemonis Herba is a tricyclic sesquiterpene that is known to exert a variety of pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Pre-treatment with PA at concentrations of 10, 20 or 40 μM dose-dependently decreased the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, PA treatment also reversed the increased mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 caused by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. These results indicate that PA is an important anti-inflammatory constituent of Pogostemonis Herba and that its anti-inflammatory effect may be mediated, at least in part, by down-regulation of the mRNA expression of a panel of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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46
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Jeong GS, Lee DS, Kim DC, Jahng Y, Son JK, Lee SH, Kim YC. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of mollugin via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mouse hippocampal and microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 654:226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Chiou WF, Chen CC, Lin IH, Chiu JH, Chen YJ. 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone represses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression via impeding posttranslational modification of IRAK-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:752-60. [PMID: 21232528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Both high level of nitric oxide (NO) and its generating enzyme, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), play important roles in pathophysiological conditions such as inflammatory processes. We previously found that 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone (TH-4-PX) isolated from Cudrania cochinchinensis repressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Here we further examined the underlying mechanisms using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Consistent with NO inhibition, suppression of LPS-induced iNOS expression by TH-4-PX through abolishing IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκB degradation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation was observed. After LPS stimulation, the increased nuclear level of c-Fos and c-Jun (major components of activator protein-1, AP-1) and the phosphorylated level of upstream signal molecules, such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, (ERK) were all significantly suppressed by TH-4-PX, while p38 remained unaffected. A further experiment revealed that TH-4-PX inhibited the phosphorylation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), an upstream signaling molecule required for IKK and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation. Stimulation with LPS also triggered the modification (phosphorylation and ubiquitination) and eventually the proteasomal degradation of membrane-associated interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated serine/threonine kinase 1 (IRAK-1), an essential signaling component to toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated TAK-1 activation. Interestingly, the modified pattern of IRAK-1 in the presence LPS was significantly attenuated by TH-4-PX treatment. In conclusion, TH-4-PX inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activations by interfering with the posttranslational modification (phosphorylation and/or ubiquitinylation) of IRAK-1 in the cell membrane to impede TAK1-mediated activation of IKK and MAPKs signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fei Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lee DS, Jeong GS, Li B, Park H, Kim YC. Anti-inflammatory effects of sulfuretin from Rhus verniciflua Stokes via the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression in murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:850-8. [PMID: 20450988 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae) has traditionally been used as an ingredient in East Asian medicines used to treat oxidative damage and cancer. Sulfuretin is one of the major flavonoid components isolated from R. verniciflua. In the present study, we isolated sulfuretin from R. verniciflua and demonstrated that sulfuretin inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA expression, reduced iNOS-derived NO, suppressed COX-2 protein and mRNA expression, and reduced COX-derived PGE(2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, sulfuretin reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production. In addition, sulfuretin suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of I kappaB-alpha as well as the nuclear translocation of p65 by the stimulation of LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore sulfuretin induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression through nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf)2 and increased heme oxygenase (HO) activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. The effects of sulfuretin on LPS-induced NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta production were partially reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP). Therefore, it is suggested that sulfuretin-induced HO-1 expression plays a role of the resulting anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. This indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of sulfuretin in macrophages might be exerted through a novel mechanism that involves HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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Design, Synthesis, Antitumor Activity and Mode of Action of Novel Oxiranyl and Thiiranyl Phenol Derivatives. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009; 30:1463-1469. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.7.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
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