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Goepp M, Crittenden S, Zhou Y, Rossi AG, Narumiya S, Yao C. Prostaglandin E 2 directly inhibits the conversion of inducible regulatory T cells through EP2 and EP4 receptors via antagonizing TGF-β signalling. Immunology 2021; 164:777-791. [PMID: 34529833 PMCID: PMC8561111 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for control of inflammatory processes by suppressing effector T-cell functions. The actions of PGE2 on the development and function of Treg cells, particularly under inflammatory conditions, are debated. In this study, we employed pharmacological and genetic approaches to examine whether PGE2 had a direct action on T cells to modulate de novo differentiation of Treg cells. We found that TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression and iTreg cell differentiation in vitro is markedly inhibited by PGE2 , which was mediated by the receptors EP2 and EP4. Mechanistically, PGE2 -EP2/EP4 signalling interrupts TGF-β signalling during iTreg differentiation. Moreover, EP4 deficiency in T cells impaired iTreg cell differentiation in vivo. Thus, our results demonstrate that PGE2 negatively regulates iTreg cell differentiation through a direct action on T cells, highlighting the potential for selectively targeting the PGE2 -EP2/EP4 pathway to control T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Goepp
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Siobhan Crittenden
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, and Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Li H, Chen HY, Liu WX, Jia XX, Zhang JG, Ma CL, Zhang XJ, Yu F, Cong B. Prostaglandin E 2 restrains human Treg cell differentiation via E prostanoid receptor 2-protein kinase A signaling. Immunol Lett 2017; 191:63-72. [PMID: 28963072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) belong to a class of immunosuppressive cells that control the pathological changes of autoimmunity and inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid mediator of immune inflammation including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that exerts its effects via four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors (EP1-4). The ability of PGE2 to regulate human Treg differentiation has not yet been reported. In the current study, we investigated the effects of PGE2 on the differentiation of naïve T cells from healthy and RA patients into Treg cells and the intracellular signaling involved in this process in vitro. Our data indicate that PGE2 negatively influenced the percentage of Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression. The regulatory effects of PGE2 were associated with increased intracellular cAMP levels and PKA activity. EP2 receptors may mediate the inhibitory role of PGE2, since PGE2 actions were mimicked by EP2 agonist (Butaprost) and cAMP agonist (Sp-8-CPT-cAMPS) but were reversed by an EP2 antagonist (PF-04418948) and a PKA inhibitor (H-89). PGE2 negatively modulated the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR), as well as the production of interleukin (IL)-10 by Treg cells via EP2 receptors and cAMP/PKA signaling. All these findings indicate that PGE2 can inhibit Treg differentiation mediated through the EP2-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and suggest novel immune-based therapies for use in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Hai-Ying Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, PR China.
| | - Wen-Xuan Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Xian-Xian Jia
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Bin Cong
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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Gudiseva S, Santosh ABR, Chitturi R, Anumula V, Poosarla C, Baddam VRR. The role of mast cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2017; 21:21-29. [PMID: 28435394 PMCID: PMC5385471 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2017.65157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mast cells are initial effective lineage in both humoral and adaptive immunity. They are ubiquitous in skin, mucosa, and in function. They contain biologically essential and dynamic mediators in healthy and harmful conditions of tissue. Mast cell malfunctioning could be attributed to various chronic allergic diseases. Considerately, emerging evidence of mast cell involvement in various cancers shows them to have both positive and negative roles in tumour growth. It mostly indulges in tumour progression and metastasis via angiogenesis, extracellular matrix degradation, and mitogenic activity in the tumour microenvironment. The current paper reviewed research papers on mast cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma through the PubMed database from 1980 to the present date. The present paper is an attempt to summarise the research reports on the role of mast cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Further to this note, this paper also outlines the role of mast cells in normal physiological processes and tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Gudiseva
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Babu Rajendra Santosh
- Dentistry Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona campus, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Raviteja Chitturi
- School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Vamsikrishna Anumula
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive dentistry, Krishna devaraya Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekar Poosarla
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venkat Ramana Reddy Baddam
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Polymorphisms in the prostaglandin receptor EP2 gene confers susceptibility to tuberculosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:23-27. [PMID: 27780787 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator of the inflammatory immune response during acute and chronic infections. PGE2 modulates a variety of immune functions via four receptors (EP1-EP4), which mediate distinct PGE2 effects. Mice lacking EP2 are more susceptible to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), have a higher bacterial load, and increase size and number of granulomatous lesions. Our aim was to assess whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EP2 increase the risk of tuberculosis. METHODS DNA re-sequencing revealed five common EP2 variants in the Chinese Han population. We sequenced the EP2 gene from 600 patients and 572 healthy controls to measure SNP frequencies in association with tuberculosis infections (TB) within the population. RESULTS The rs937337 polymorphism is associated with increased risk to tuberculosis (p=0.0044, odds ratio [OR], 1.67; 95% confidential interval,1.22-2.27). The rs937337 AA genotype and the rs1042618 CC genotype were significantly associated with TB. An estimation of the frequencies of haplotypes revealed a single protective haplotype GACGC for tuberculosis (p=0.00096, odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidential interval, 0.41-0.77). Furthermore, we determined that the remaining SNPs of EP2 were nominally associated with clinical patterns of disease. CONCLUSIONS We identified genetic polymorphisms in EP2 associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis within a Chinese population. Our data support that EP2 SNPs are genetic predispositions of increased susceptibility to TB and to different clinical patterns of disease.
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Abstract
Various clinical and epidemiologic studies show that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXIBs) help prevent cancer. Since eicosanoid metabolism is the main inhibitory targets of these drugs the resulting molecular and biological impact is generally accepted. As our knowledge base and technology progress we are learning that additional targets may be involved. This review attempts to summarize these new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G Menter
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Sreeramkumar V, Hons M, Punzón C, Stein JV, Sancho D, Fresno M, Cuesta N. Efficient T-cell priming and activation requires signaling through prostaglandin E2 (EP) receptors. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:39-51. [PMID: 26051593 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of T-cell responses during inflammation and auto-immunity is fundamental for designing efficient therapeutic strategies against immune diseases. In this regard, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is mostly considered a myeloid-derived immunosuppressive molecule. We describe for the first time that T cells secrete PGE2 during T-cell receptor stimulation. In addition, we show that autocrine PGE2 signaling through EP receptors is essential for optimal CD4(+) T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo, and for T helper 1 (Th1) and regulatory T cell differentiation. PGE2 was found to provide additive co-stimulatory signaling through AKT activation. Intravital multiphoton microscopy showed that triggering EP receptors in T cells is also essential for the stability of T cell-dendritic cell (DC) interactions and Th-cell accumulation in draining lymph nodes (LNs) during inflammation. We further demonstrated that blocking EP receptors in T cells during the initial phase of collagen-induced arthritis in mice resulted in a reduction of clinical arthritis. This could be attributable to defective T-cell activation, accompanied by a decline in activated and interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) Th1 cells in draining LNs. In conclusion, we prove that T lymphocytes secret picomolar concentrations of PGE2, which in turn provide additive co-stimulatory signaling, enabling T cells to attain a favorable activation threshold. PGE2 signaling in T cells is also required for maintaining long and stable interactions with DCs within LNs. Blockade of EP receptors in vivo impairs T-cell activation and development of T cell-mediated inflammatory responses. This may have implications in various pathophysiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinatha Sreeramkumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miroslav Hons
- Department of Immunobiology and Lymphocyte Migration, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Immunobiology and Lymphocyte Migration, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Sancho
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research 'Carlos III', CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Cuesta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Shehzad A, Islam SU, Lee J, Lee YS. Prostaglandin E2 reverses curcumin-induced inhibition of survival signal pathways in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-15) cell lines. Mol Cells 2014; 37:899-906. [PMID: 25431425 PMCID: PMC4275707 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes tumor-persistent inflammation, frequently resulting in cancer. Curcumin is a diphenolic turmeric that inhibits carcinogenesis and induces apoptosis. PGE2 inhibits curcumin-induced apoptosis; however, the underlying inhibitory mechanisms in colon cancer cells remain unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the survival role of PGE2 and whether addition of exogenous PGE2 affects curcumin-induced cell death. HCT-15 cells were treated with curcumin and PGE2, and protein expression levels were investigated via Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels were confirmed using specific dyes. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) DNA-binding was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). PGE2 inhibited curcumin-induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and degradation of PARP and lamin B. However, exposure of cells to the EP2 receptor antagonist, AH6809, and the PKA inhibitor, H89, before treatment with PGE2 or curcumin abolished the protective effect of PGE2 and enhanced curcumin-induced cell death. PGE2 activates PKA, which is required for cAMP-mediated transcriptional activation of CREB. PGE2 also activated the Ras/Raf/Erk pathway, and pretreatment with PD98059 abolished the protective effect of PGE2. Furthermore, curcumin treatment greatly reduced phosphorylation of CREB, followed by a concomitant reduction of NF-κB (p50 and p65) subunit activation. PGE2 markedly activated nuclear translocation of NF-κB. EMSA confirmed the DNA-binding activities of NF-κB subunits. These results suggest that inhibition of curcumin-induced apoptosis by PGE2 through activation of PKA, Ras, and NF-κB signaling pathways may provide a molecular basis for the reversal of curcumin-induced colon carcinoma cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | | | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
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de Jong AJ, Kloppenburg M, Toes REM, Ioan-Facsinay A. Fatty acids, lipid mediators, and T-cell function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:483. [PMID: 25352844 PMCID: PMC4195378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research toward the mechanisms underlying obesity-linked complications has intensified during the last years. As a consequence, it has become clear that metabolism and immunity are intimately linked. Free fatty acids and other lipids acquired in excess by current feeding patterns have been proposed to mediate this link due to their immune modulatory capacity. The functional differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, in combination with their dietary intake are believed to modulate the outcome of immune responses. Moreover, unsaturated fatty acids can be oxidized in a tightly regulated and specific manner to generate either potent pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving lipid mediators. These oxidative derivatives of fatty acids have received detailed attention during the last years, as they have proven to have strong immune modulatory capacity, even in pM ranges. Both fatty acids and oxidized fatty acids have been studied especially in relation to macrophage and T-cells functions. In this review, we propose to focus on the effect of fatty acids and their oxidative derivatives on T-cells, as it is an active area of research during the past 5 years. The effect of fatty acids and their derivatives on activation and proliferation of T-cells, as well as the delicate balance between stimulation and lipotoxicity will be discussed. Moreover, the receptors involved in the interaction between free fatty acids and their derivatives with T-cells will be summarized. Finally, the mechanisms involved in modulation of T-cells by fatty acids will be addressed, including cellular signaling and metabolism of T-cells. The in vitro results will be placed in context of in vivo studies both in humans and mice. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the immune modulatory function of lipids on T-cells and will point out novel directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J de Jong
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , Netherlands
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da Silva EZM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:698-738. [PMID: 25062998 PMCID: PMC4230976 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414545334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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Diamond JM, Akimova T, Kazi A, Shah RJ, Cantu E, Feng R, Levine MH, Kawut SM, Meyer NJ, Lee JC, Hancock WW, Aplenc R, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Bhorade S, Lama VN, Weinacker A, Orens J, Wille K, Crespo M, Lederer DJ, Arcasoy S, Demissie E, Christie JD. Genetic variation in the prostaglandin E2 pathway is associated with primary graft dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:567-75. [PMID: 24467603 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201307-1283oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Biologic pathways with significant genetic conservation across human populations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary graft dysfunction (PGD). The evaluation of the role of recipient genetic variation in PGD has thus far been limited to single, candidate gene analyses. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify genetic variants in lung transplant recipients that are responsible for increased risk of PGD using a two-phase large-scale genotyping approach. METHODS Phase 1 was a large-scale candidate gene association study of the multicenter, prospective Lung Transplant Outcomes Group cohort. Phase 2 included functional evaluation of selected variants and a bioinformatics screening of variants identified in phase 1. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After genetic data quality control, 680 lung transplant recipients were included in the analysis. In phase 1, a total of 17 variants were significantly associated with PGD, four of which were in the prostaglandin E2 family of genes. Among these were a coding variant in the gene encoding prostaglandin E2 synthase (PTGES2; P = 9.3 × 10(-5)) resulting in an arginine to histidine substitution at amino acid position 298, and three variants in a block containing the 5' promoter and first intron of the PTGER4 gene (encoding prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 4; all P < 5 × 10(-5)). Functional evaluation in regulatory T cells identified that rs4434423A in the PTGER4 gene was associated with differential suppressive function of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Further research aimed at replication and additional functional insight into the role played by genetic variation in prostaglandin E2 synthetic and signaling pathways in PGD is warranted.
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Lone AM, Taskén K. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory roles of eicosanoids in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:130. [PMID: 23760108 PMCID: PMC3671288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are inflammatory mediators primarily generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 to ω-3 and ω-6 C20 fatty acids that next are converted to leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PCs), and thromboxanes (TXAs). The rate-limiting and tightly regulated lipoxygenases control synthesis of LTs while the equally well-controlled cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 generate prostanoids, including PGs, PCs, and TXAs. While many of the classical signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, pain, and heat are caused by eicosanoid species with vasoactive, pyretic, and pain-inducing effects locally, some eicosanoids also regulate T cell functions. Here, we will review eicosanoid production in T cell subsets and the inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of LTs, PGs, PCs, and TXAs in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mari Lone
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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12
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Ketoprofen impairs immunosuppression induced by severe sepsis and reveals an important role for prostaglandin E2. Shock 2013; 38:620-9. [PMID: 23143054 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318272ff8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of immunosuppression induced by severe sepsis is not fully understood. The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during sepsis is well known, but its role in long-term consequences of sepsis has not been explored. The current study evaluates the role of PGE2 in the development of immunosuppression secondary to sepsis and its potential as therapeutic target. Cecal ligation and puncture was used as an experimental model for sepsis induction in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice. Immunosuppression was evaluated by the response to secondary infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in sepsis survivors. The role of prostanoids was evaluated in vivo and in vitro by treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketoprofen. Balb/c mice were more susceptible than C57BL/6 to severe sepsis and to secondary infection, with a greater mortality rate. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations found in bronchoalveolar lavage in sham and cecal ligation and puncture group after fungal challenge were much higher in Balb/c than in C57BL/6 mice. Ketoprofen treatment improved survival of septic Balb/c mice subjected to secondary infection, while also enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs. We identified a pivotal role for PGE2 acting on EP4 receptors in modulating cytokine production differentially by sham and septic macrophages. Furthermore, sepsis also altered key enzymes in PGE2 synthesis and degradation. Our results indicate the involvement of PGE2 in severe sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Inhibition of PGE2 production represents an attractive target to improve innate immune response against secondary infection in the immunocompromised host.
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Kaul V, Bhattacharya D, Singh Y, Van Kaer L, Peters-Golden M, Bishai WR, Das G. An important role of prostanoid receptor EP2 in host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1816-25. [PMID: 23033144 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, resides and replicates within susceptible hosts by inhibiting host antimicrobial mechanisms. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), produced by M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, exerts a variety of immunomodulatory functions via 4 receptors (EP1-EP4), each mediating distinct PGE(2) functions. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis infection selectively upregulates EP2 messenger RNA expression in CD4(+) T cells. We found that EP2 deficiency in mice increases susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection, which correlated with reduced antigen-specific T-cell responses and increased levels of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells. These findings have revealed an important role for EP2 in host immune defense against tuberculosis. As a G protein-coupled receptor, EP2 could serve as a target for immunotherapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kaul
- Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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14
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COX-2 and PGE2-dependent immunomodulation in breast cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:14-20. [PMID: 21907301 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COX-derived prostanoids play multiple roles in inflammation and cancer. This review highlights research examining COX-2 and PGE(2)-dependent regulation of immune cell polarization and function within the tumor microenvironment, particularly as it pertains to breast cancer. Appreciating PGE(2)-mediated immunomodulation is important in understanding how tumors evade immune surveillance by re-educating infiltrating inflammatory and immune cells to support tumorigenesis. Elucidation of the multiple and complex influences exerted by tumor stromal components may lead to targeted therapies in breast and other cancers that restrain microenvironmental permissiveness and maintain natural defenses against malignancies.
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Tian M, Schiemann WP. PGE2 receptor EP2 mediates the antagonistic effect of COX-2 on TGF-beta signaling during mammary tumorigenesis. FASEB J 2009; 24:1105-16. [PMID: 19897661 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-141341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that enable cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to inhibit transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling during mammary tumorigenesis remain unknown. We show here that TGF-beta selectively stimulated the expression of the PGE2 receptor EP2, which increased normal and malignant mammary epithelial cell (MEC) invasion, anchorage-independent growth, and resistance to TGF-beta-induced cytostasis. Mechanistically, elevated EP2 expression in normal MECs inhibited the coupling of TGF-beta to Smad2/3 activation and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1) expression, while EP2 deficiency in these same MECs augmented Smad2/3 activation and PAI expression stimulated by TGF-beta. Along these lines, engineering malignant MECs to lack EP2 expression prevented their growth in soft agar, restored their cytostatic response to TGF-beta, decreased their invasiveness in response to TGF-beta, and potentiated their activation of Smad2/3 and expression of PAI stimulated by TGF-beta. More important, we show that COX-2 or EP2 deficiency both significantly decreased the growth, angiogenesis, and pulmonary metastasis of mammary tumors produced in mice. Collectively, this investigation establishes EP2 as a potent mediator of the anti-TGF-beta activities elicited by COX-2/PGE2 in normal and malignant MECs. Our findings also suggest that pharmacological targeting of EP2 receptors may provide new inroads to antagonize the oncogenic activities of TGF-beta during mammary tumorigenesis.-Tian, M., Schiemann, W. P. PGE2 receptor EP2 mediates the antagonistic effect of COX-2 on TGF-beta signaling during mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, MS-8303, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1 South Tower, Rm. L18-6110, 12801 East 17th Ave., PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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