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González L, García-Huertas P, Triana-Chávez O, García GA, Murta SMF, Mejía-Jaramillo AM. Aldo-keto reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase contribute to benznidazole natural resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:704-718. [PMID: 28884498 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of Chagas disease treatment is focused not only on the development of new drugs but also in understanding mechanisms of action and resistance to drugs conventionally used. Thus, some strategies aim to detect specific changes in proteins between sensitive and resistant parasites and to evaluate the role played in these processes by functional genomics. In this work, we used a natural Trypanosoma cruzi population resistant to benznidazole, which has clones with different susceptibilities to this drug without alterations in the NTR I gene. Using 2DE-gel electrophoresis, the aldo-keto reductase and the alcohol dehydrogenase proteins were found up regulated in the natural resistant clone and therefore their possible role in the resistance to benznidazole and glyoxal was investigated. Both genes were overexpressed in a drug sensitive T. cruzi clone and the biological changes in response to these compounds were evaluated. The results showed that the overexpression of these proteins enhances resistance to benznidazole and glyoxal in T. cruzi. Moreover, a decrease in mitochondrial and cell membrane damage was observed, accompanied by a drop in the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species after treatment. Our results suggest that these proteins are involved in the mechanism of action of benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paola García-Huertas
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Andrea García
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ana M Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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García-Huertas P, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Machado CR, Guimarães AC, Triana-Chávez O. Prostaglandin F2α synthase in Trypanosoma cruzi plays critical roles in oxidative stress and susceptibility to benznidazole. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170773. [PMID: 28989779 PMCID: PMC5627119 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nifurtimox (Nfx) and benznidazole (Bz) are the current drugs used for the treatment of Chagas disease. The mechanisms of action and resistance to these drugs in this parasite are poorly known. Prostaglandin F2α synthase or old yellow enzyme (OYE), an NAD(P)H flavin oxidoreductase, has been involved in the activation pathway of other trypanocidal drugs such as Nfx; however, its role in the mechanism of action of Bz is uncertain. In this paper, we performed some experiments of functional genomics in the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi with the aim to test the role of this gene in the resistance to Bz. For this, we overexpressed this gene in sensitive parasites and evaluated the resistance level to the drug and other chemical compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, methyl methanesulfonate and gamma radiation. Interestingly, parasites overexpressing OYE showed alteration of enzymes associated with oxidative stress protection such as superoxide dismutase A and trypanothione reductase. Furthermore, transfected parasites were more sensitive to drugs, genetic damage and oxidative stress. Additionally, transfected parasites were less infective than wild-type parasites and they showed higher alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle after treatment with Bz. These results supply essential information to help further the understanding of the mechanism of action of Bz in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola García-Huertas
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Inmunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Cláudia Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Inmunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Author for correspondence: Omar Triana-Chávez e-mail:
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Lambertucci F, Motiño O, Villar S, Rigalli JP, de Luján Alvarez M, Catania VA, Martín-Sanz P, Carnovale CE, Quiroga AD, Francés DE, Ronco MT. Benznidazole, the trypanocidal drug used for Chagas disease, induces hepatic NRF2 activation and attenuates the inflammatory response in a murine model of sepsis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 315:12-22. [PMID: 27899278 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms on sepsis progression are linked to the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular antioxidant capacity. Previous studies demonstrated that benznidazole (BZL), known for its antiparasitic action on Trypanosoma cruzi, has immunomodulatory effects, increasing survival in C57BL/6 mice in a model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The mechanism by which BZL inhibits inflammatory response in sepsis is poorly understood. Also, our group recently reported that BZL is able to activate the nuclear factor erytroide-derived 2-Like 2 (NRF2) in vitro. The aim of the present work was to delineate the beneficial role of BZL during sepsis, analyzing its effects on the cellular redox status and the possible link to the innate immunity receptor TLR4. Specifically, we analyzed the effect of BZL on Nrf2 regulation and TLR4 expression in liver of mice 24hours post-CLP. BZL was able to induce NRF2 nuclear protein localization in CLP mice. Also, we found that protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the NRF2 nuclear accumulation and induction of its target genes. In addition, BZL prompted a reduction in hepatic CLP-induced TLR4 protein membrane localization, evidencing its immunomodulatory effects. Together, our results demonstrate that BZL induces hepatic NRF2 activation with the concomitant increase in the antioxidant defenses, and the attenuation of inflammatory response, in part, by inhibiting TLR4 expression in a murine model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Lambertucci
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Omar Motiño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvina Villar
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNR, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María de Luján Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Viviana A Catania
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ariel Darío Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniel Eleazar Francés
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Teresa Ronco
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Concomitant Benznidazole and Suramin Chemotherapy in Mice Infected with a Virulent Strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5999-6006. [PMID: 26169419 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00779-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although suramin (Sur) is suggested as a potential drug candidate in the management of Chagas disease, this issue has not been objectively tested. In this study, we examined the applicability of concomitant treatment with benznidazole (Bz) and suramin in mice infected with a virulent strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Eighty 12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were equally randomized in eight groups: (i) noninfected mice (negative control) and mice infected with T. cruzi Y strain receiving (ii) no treatment (positive control), (iii) Bz, 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, (iv) Sur, 20 mg/kg/day, and (v to viii) Sur, 20 mg/kg/day, combined with Bz, 100, 50, 25, or 5 mg/kg/day. Bz was administered by gavage, and Sur was administered intraperitoneally. Sur dramatically increased the parasitemia, cardiac content of parasite DNA, inflammation, oxidative tissue damage, and mortality. In response to high parasitic load in cardiac tissue, Sur stimulated the immune system in a manner typical of the acute phase of Chagas disease, increasing tissue levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducing a preferential IgG2a anti-T. cruzi serum pattern. When Sur and Bz were combined, the infection severity was attenuated, showing a dose-dependent Bz response. Sur therapy had a more harmful effect on the host than on the parasite and reduced the efficacy of Bz against T. cruzi infection. Considering that Sur drastically reinforced the infection evolution, potentiating the inflammatory process and the severity of cardiac lesions, the in vivo findings contradicted the in vitro anti-T. cruzi potential described for this drug.
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Santos EC, Novaes RD, Bastos DSS, Oliveira JM, Penitente AR, Gonçalves WG, Cardoso SA, Talvani A, Oliveira LL. Modulation of oxidative and inflammatory cardiac response by nonselective 1- and 2-cyclooxygenase inhibitor and benznidazole in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1556-66. [PMID: 26105111 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the combined effects of benznidazole (BZ) and ibuprofen (IB) on the oxidative and inflammatory status of the cardiac tissue in vivo. METHODS Swiss mice were randomized in groups receiving BZ (100 mg/kg) and IB (400 mg/kg) alone or combined (BZ + IB 200 or 400 mg/kg). Control animals were concurrently treated with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. All treatments were administered orally for 7 days. KEY FINDINGS BZ treatment increased cardiac production of nitrogen/oxygen-reactive species, malondialdeyde, carbonyl proteins, prostaglandins as well as the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. These parameters were attenuated by IB, with the best results at higher dose. Individually, BZ and IB significantly reduced the tissue levels of chemokine ligand 2, tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-10, but no reduction was observed when the treatments were combined. CONCLUSIONS BZ triggers an oxidative and nitrosative route, which is associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis and marked damages to the lipids and proteins of the cardiac tissue. IB treatment attenuated reactive stresses triggered by BZ, which was an independent effects of this drug on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Individually, but not together, BZ and IB reduced the cardiac inflammatory status, indicating a beneficial and complex drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliziária C Santos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel S S Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Jerusa M Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Arlete R Penitente
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner G Gonçalves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvia A Cardoso
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro L Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Calvo KL, Ronco MT, Noguera NI, García F. Benznidazole modulates cell proliferation in acute leukemia cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 35:478-86. [PMID: 23855487 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.811597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT We have previously reported that benznidazole (BZL), known for its trypanocidal action, has anti-proliferative activity against different cell lines like HeLa and Raw 264.7 among others. At the moment, it has not been reported if the anti-proliferative effect of BZL is similar for non-adherent hematopoietic cells like was reported for adherent cancer cell lines. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the efficacy of BZL on the growth of the leukemic cell lines THP-1 and OCI/AML3. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated cell proliferation by [³H]-thymidine incorporation and MTT reduction as well as cell death by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. We assessed apoptosis by flow cytometry for detection of annexin V-positive and propidium iodide-negative cells, along with nuclear morphology by diamidino-2-phenolindole (DAPI) staining. Western blot studies were performed to evaluate changes in cell cycle proteins in BZL-treated cells. RESULTS BZL significantly reduced proliferation of both cell lines without inducing cell death. Likewise it produced no significant differences in apoptosis between treated cells and controls. In addition, flow cytometry analysis indicated that BZL caused a larger number of THP-1 cells in G0/G1 phase and a smaller number of cells in S phase than controls. This was accompanied with an increase in the expression of the CDK inhibitor p27 and of cyclin D1, with no significant differences in the protein levels of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, cyclins E, A and B as compared to controls. CONCLUSION BZL inhibits the proliferation of leukemic non-adherent cells by controlling cell cycle at G0/G1 cell phase through up-regulation of p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lucrecia Calvo
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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