Effect of 5-aminosalicylate on allergic rhinitis model in mice

Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct 2-(3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxoindolin-3-il) acrylonitrile (CISACN) ameliorates the pulmonary allergic inflammation in CARAS model by increasing IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio towards the Th1 immune response

Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is an airway-type 2 immune response with a profuse inflammatory process widely affecting the world population. Due to the compromise of quality of life and the lack of specific pharmacotherapy, the search for new molecules becomes relevant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Morita-Bailys-Hillman adduct (CISACN) treatment in the CARAS experimental model. Female BALB/c mice were ovalbumin (OVA) -sensitized and -challenged and treated with CISACN. The treatment decreased the eosinophil migration to the nasal and lung cavities and tissues and the goblet cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy, attenuated airway hyperactivity by reducing the hyperplasia/hypertrophy of the smooth muscle and the extracellular matrix's thickness. Also, the treatment reduced the clinical signs of rhinitis as nasal rubbing and sneezing in a histamine-induced nasal hyperreactivity assay. The immunomodulatory effect of CISACN was by reducing OVA-specific IgE serum level, and IL-33, IL-4, IL-13, and TGF-β production, dependent on IFN-γ increase. Furthermore, the effect of CISACN on lung granulocytes was by decreasing the p-p38MAPK/p65NF-κB signaling pathway. Indeed, CISACN reduced the p38MAPK and p65NF-κB activation. These data demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of the CISACN with scientific support to become a pharmacological tool to treat airway inflammatory diseases.

A mouse model of food allergy permitting skin and nasal symptoms

PURPOSE

Developing experimental animal models that show clinical symptoms and methods for quantitative and objective evaluation are important for understanding food allergies. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of food allergy and a useful method to evaluate the symptoms of food allergy.

MATERIAL/METHODS

Mice were sensitized via intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Subsequently, local sensitization was performed once weekly by oral administration of OVA. Itching and nasal symptoms were observed after oral administration of the antigen. First, we examined the dose-dependency of the antigen. Symptoms were checked weekly. In order to confirm food allergy symptoms, the effect of histamine H1 receptor antagonist was examined. Finally, we measured antigen-specific IgE antibody levels in the serum.

RESULTS

Scratching behavior, sneezing and nasal rubbing were increased. Both itching and rhinitis symptoms increased steadily, after which, the number of symptoms remained almost constant. No difference was observed between the results of 3- and 5-week-old mice. Cetirizine inhibited these symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, antigen-specific IgE antibodies were produced in both 3- and 5-week-old mice.

CONCLUSIONS

This method may be useful for evaluating the symptoms of skin and rhinitis that could not be assessed in the conventional food allergy model and could be induced with a low dose of antigen. In particular, the developed method, which measures the number of itching and nasal symptoms, may enable quantitative, objective, and noninvasive evaluation of food allergy severity.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum modulates the gut-airway axis by improving the immune response through FOXP3 activation on combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS)

Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is an allergic airway inflammatory disorder orchestrated by the type 2 immune response. The close gut-lung relationship has been described, however, the effect of gut-modulating agents such as probiotics in allergic airway disorder is unclear. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate theLimosilactobacillus fermentumsupplementation in animals with CARAS. Therefore, BALB/c mice were ovalbumin (OVA) -sensitized and -challenged after being supplemented withL. fermentum. Animals, previously probiotic supplemented, showed a decrease (p < 0.05) of inflammatory cell migration, mainly eosinophil, into the nasal (NALF) and the bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluids as well as reduction of the allergic signs such as sneezing, nasal rubbings, and nasal hyperreactivity induced by histamine as compared with non-supplemented animals. In the systemic context,L. fermentumreduced eosinophilia and the serum levels of OVA-specific IgE. The altered histological aspects of nasal and lung tissues of animals with CARAS were effectively ameliorated byL. fermentum. In the BALF, the immunomodulatory effect was due to the decreasing of type 2 and 3 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-5 and IL-17A) dependent on type 1 (IFN-γ) and Treg (IL-10) cytokine increasing. Indeed,L. fermentumimproved the FOXP3 activation. Additionally, these effects correlate with the amplification of the gut response as increasing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, gut epithelium barrier (ZO-1) maintenance, and colon tissue integrity. These data pointed out that animals' probiotic supplemented presented immunomodulatory responses in CARAS experimental model by activating the intracellular transduction signal underlying the IL-10 gene transcription.

MHTP, a synthetic alkaloid, attenuates combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome through downregulation of the p38/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway in mice

The combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is a chronic airway inflammation of allergic individuals, with a type 2 immune response. Pharmacotherapy is based on drugs with relevant side effects. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the synthetic alkaloid, MHTP in the experimental model of CARAS. Therefore, BALB/c mice were ovalbumin (OVA) -sensitized and -challenged and treated with MHTP by intranasal or oral routes. Treated animals showed a decrease (p < 0.05) of sneezing, nasal rubbings, and histamine nasal hyperactivity. Besides, MHTP presented binding energy and favorable interaction for adequate anchoring in the histamine H1 receptor. MHTP treatment inhibited the eosinophil migration into the nasal (NALF) and the bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluids. Histological analysis showed that the alkaloid decreased the inflammatory cells in the subepithelial and perivascular regions of nasal tissue and in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of lung tissue. The MHTP treatment also reduced the pulmonary hyperactivity by decreasing the smooth muscle layer hypertrophy and the collagen fiber deposition in the extracellular matrix. The immunomodulatory effect of the alkaloid was due to the decrease of cytokines like IL-5 and IL-17A (type 2 and 3), TSLP (epithelial), and the immunoregulatory cytokine, TGF-β. These MHTP effects on granulocytes were dependent on the p38/ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling pathway axis. Indeed, the synthetic alkaloid reduced the frequency of activation of both kinases independent of the NF-κB (p65) pathway indicating that the molecule shut down the intracellular transduction signals underlie the cytokine gene transcription.

4-Carvomenthenol ameliorates the murine combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome by inhibiting IL-13 and mucus production via p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway axis

The aim of this study was to analyze the 4-carvomenthenol (carvo) oral treatment on the experimental model of the combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS). BALB/c mice were OVA-sensitized on day zero and 7th (50 μg/mL OVA in 10 mg/mL Al (OH)3) and OVA-challenged (5 mg/mL, 20 μL/animal) for three weeks. In the last week, the animals were dally challenged with aerosol of OVA and the carvo treatment (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg) occurred one hour before each OVA-challenge. Data were analyzed and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Carvo (12.5-50 mg/kg) decreased significantly the eosinophil migration into the nasal (NALF) and bronchoalveolar (BALF) cavities as well as on the nasal and lung tissues of sick animals. The treatment also decreased mucus production on both tissue sections stained with PAS (periodic acid-Schiff satin). In addition, the histological analyzes demonstrated that sick mice presented hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the lung smooth muscle layer followed by increasing of extracellular matrix and carvo (50 mg/kg) inhibited these asthmatic parameters. We analyzed the allergic rhinitis signals as nasal frictions and sneezing and observed that carvo decreased these two signals as well as serum OVA-specific IgE titer, type 2 cytokine synthesis, mainly IL-13, with increasing of IL-10 production. Decreasing of IL-13 production corroborated with decreasing of mucus production and these effects were dependent on p38MAPK/NF-κB(p65) signaling pathway inhibition. Therefore, these data demonstrated that a monoterpene of essential oils presents anti-allergic property on an experimental model of CARAS suggesting a new drug prototype to treat this allergic syndrome.

Warifteine and methylwarifteine inhibited the type 2 immune response on combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) experimental model through NF-кB pathway

CARAS is an airway inflammation of allergic individuals, with a type 2 immune response. The pharmacotherapy is based on drugs with relevant side effects. Thus, the goal of this study evaluated the alkaloids warifteine (War) and methylwarifteine (Mwar) from Cissampelos sympodialis in CARAS experimental model. Therefore, BALB/c mice were ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized and challenged and treated with both alkaloids. Treated animals showed a decrease (p < 0.05) of allergic signs as sneezing and nasal rubbings, histamine nasal hyperreactivity, and inflammatory cell migration into the nasal (NALF) and the bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluids, main eosinophils. In the systemic context, only Mwar reduced eosinophilia, however, both alkaloids reduced the serum levels of OVA-specific IgE. Histological analysis revealed that the alkaloids decreased the inflammatory cells into the subepithelial and perivascular regions of nasal tissue and the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of lung tissue. Hyperplasia/hypertrophy of nasal and lung goblet cells were reduced in alkaloid treated animals; however, the treatment did not change the number of mast cells. The lung hyperactivity was attenuated by reducing hyperplasia of fibroblast and collagen fiber deposition and hypertrophy of the lung smooth muscle layer. The immunomodulatory effect was by decreasing of type 2 and 3 cytokines (IL-4/IL-13/IL-5 and IL-17A) dependent by the increasing of type 1 cytokine (IFN-γ) into the BALF of treated sick animals. Indeed, both alkaloids reduced the NF-кB (p65) activation on granulocytes and lymphocytes, indicating that the alkaloids shut down the intracellular transduction signals underlie the transcription of T_H2 cytokine gens.

Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS)

Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is a concept of "one airway - one disease" or "unified airway disease ". The upper and lower airway inflammation characterizes allergic rhinitis and asthma, respectively and both diseases have shown an intimate connection in their genesis, coexistence and similarities as triggered by the same etiological agents; the same inflammatory cell profile and share therapeutic treatment. This review highlights the concept of CARAS by its phenotype, endotype and biomarker classification. Indeed, rhinitis is divided into four major phenotypes: allergic rhinitis; infectious rhinitis; non-infective/non-allergic rhinitis and mixed rhinitis. On the other hand, asthma has no common consensus yet; however, the most accepted classification is based on the stage of life (early- or late- onset asthma) in which the clinical symptoms are presented. Experimental researches where animals develop a syndrome similar to CARAS have been contributed to better understand the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this review is to clarify current terms related to CARAS as definition, phenotypes, endotypes/biomarkers, physiopathology and treatments.

Therapeutic Effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Sodium Butyrate, on Allergic Rhinitis In Vivo

Despite the well-documented therapeutic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) on various diseases, including arthritis and asthma, the therapeutic effect of HDACi on allergic rhinitis remains unmentioned in the literature. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of sodium butyrate (SoB), a form of HDACi, on mice with allergic rhinitis. The results showed that the expression levels of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were significantly upregulated in mice with allergic rhinitis, whereas H3 acetylation at lysine 9 (H3AcK9) was decreased. The intranasal application of SoB inhibited the expression levels of TSLP levels and upregulated the expression of H3AcK9 in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, SoB treatment significantly decreased the increased levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE and improved clinical symptoms and nasal mucosa epithelial morphology in the mouse model of allergic rhinitis. In addition, we further demonstrated that SoB treatment significantly increased the serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ and decreased the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10, correcting the Th1/Th2 imbalance in the mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Taken together, our study suggests that SoB has the potential to treat allergic rhinitis.