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Li S, Li N, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen H. Structural Characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus Targeting Lectin Peptides from Garlic (Allium sativum L) by Liquid Nitrogen Grinding Coupled with the Proteomic and Antimicrobial Mechanism Analysis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:964-978. [PMID: 37217612 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Garlic has long been used as an antimicrobial spice and herbal remedy. The aim of this study was to isolate the antimicrobial agent in garlic water extract against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and investigate its antimicrobial mechanism. By an activity-guided separation, garlic lectin-derived peptides (GLDPs) with main molecular weight of around 12 kDa were extracted by liquid nitrogen grinding and identified with high bactericidal activity toward S. aureus, and the MIC was determined as 24.38 μg/mL. In-gel digestion-based proteomic analysis indicated that the peptide sequences were highly identical to the B strain of garlic protein lectin II. Structure analysis suggested that the secondary structure was strongly affected by lyophilization and thus resulted in the inactivation of GLDPs (P < 0.05). Mechanism study revealed that treatment of GLDPs resulted in cell membrane depolarization in a dose-dependent manner, and the disruptions of the cell wall and membrane integrities were observed under electric microscopies. GLDPs could successfully dock with cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) via van der Waals and conventional bonds in molecular docking analysis. These results suggested that GLDPs were responsible for the S. aureus targeting activity and might be promising candidates for antibiotic development against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Nurujjaman M, Mashhoor T, Pronoy TUH, Auwal A, Hasan MR, Islam SS, Hasan I, Asaduzzaman AKM, Uddin MB, Kabir SR, Islam F. Antitumor Activity of a Lectin Purified from Punica granatum Pulps against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:193-202. [PMID: 38037833 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206269394231124093423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with various pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer. Punica granatum fruit extract has traditional uses, however, the anti-cancer activity of purified lectin isolated from P. granatum pulp is yet to be reported. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study are purification, characterization of the lectin from P. granatum, and examination of the purified lectin's anticancer potential. METHODS Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) ion-exchange chromatography was used to purify the lectin, and SDSPAGE was used to check the purity and homogeneity of the lectin. Spectrometric and chemical analysis were used to characterize the lectin. The anticancer activity of the lectin was examined using in vivo and in vitro functional assays. RESULTS A lectin, designated as PgL of 28.0 ± 1.0 kDa molecular mass, was isolated and purified from the pulps of P. granatum and the lectin contains 40% sugar. Also, it is a bivalent ion-dependent lectin and lost its 75% activity in the presence of urea (8M). The lectin agglutinated blood cells of humans and rats, and sugar molecules such as 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-manopyranoside and 2- nitrophenyl -β- D-glucopyranoside inhibited PgL's hemagglutination activity. At pH ranges of 6.0-8.0 and temperature ranges of 30°C -80°C, PgL exhibited the highest agglutination activity. In vitro MTT assay showed that PgL inhibited Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. PgL exhibited 39 % and 58.52 % growth inhibition of EAC cells in the mice model at 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg/day (i.p.), respectively. In addition, PgL significantly increased the survival time (32.0 % and 49.3 %) of EAC-bearing mice at 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg/day doses (i.p.), respectively, in comparison to untreated EAC-bearing animals (p < 0.01). Also, PgL reduced the tumor weight of EAC-bearing mice (66.6 versus 39.13%; p < 0.01) at the dose of 3.0 mg/kg/day treatment. Furthermore, supplementation of PgL restored the haematological parameters toward normal levels deteriorated in EAC-bearing animals by the toxicity of EAC cells. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the purified lectin has anticancer activity and has the potential to be developed as an effective chemotherapy agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjila Mashhoor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Tasfik Ul Haque Pronoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Auwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Robiul Hasan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Shohidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Imtiaj Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Belal Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
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Padiyappa SD, Avalappa H, Somegowda M, Sridhara S, Venkatesh YP, Prabhakar BT, Pramod SN, Almujaydil MS, Shokralla S, Abdelbacki AMM, Elansary HO, El-Sabrout AM, Mahmoud EA. Immunoadjuvant and Humoral Immune Responses of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Lectins upon Systemic and Mucosal Administration in BALB/c Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041375. [PMID: 35209158 PMCID: PMC8880535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary food components have the ability to affect immune function; following absorption, specifically orally ingested dietary food containing lectins can systemically modulate the immune cells and affect the response to self- and co-administered food antigens. The mannose-binding lectins from garlic (Allium sativum agglutinins; ASAs) were identified as immunodulatory proteins in vitro. The objective of the present study was to assess the immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of garlic agglutinins and to evaluate whether they have adjuvant properties in vivo for a weak antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Garlic lectins (ASA I and ASA II) were administered by intranasal (50 days duration) and intradermal (14 days duration) routes, and the anti-lectin and anti-OVA immune (IgG) responses in the control and test groups of the BALB/c mice were assessed for humoral immunogenicity. Lectins, co-administered with OVA, were examined for lectin-induced anti-OVA IgG response to assess their adjuvant properties. The splenic and thymic indices were evaluated as a measure of immunomodulatory functions. Intradermal administration of ASA I and ASA II had showed a four-fold and two-fold increase in anti-lectin IgG response, respectively, vs. the control on day 14. In the intranasal route, the increases were 3-fold and 2.4-fold for ASA I and ASA II, respectively, on day 50. No decrease in the body weights of animals was noticed; the increases in the spleen and thymus weights, as well as their indices, were significant in the lectin groups. In the adjuvanticity study by intranasal administration, ASA I co-administered with ovalbumin (OVA) induced a remarkable increase in anti-OVA IgG response (~six-fold; p < 0.001) compared to the control, and ASA II induced a four-fold increase vs. the control on day 50. The results indicated that ASA was a potent immunogen which induced mucosal immunogenicity to the antigens that were administered intranasally in BALB/c mice. The observations made of the in vivo study indicate that ASA I has the potential use as an oral and mucosal adjuvant to deliver candidate weak antigens. Further clinical studies in humans are required to confirm its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthishree D. Padiyappa
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 007, India; (S.D.P.); (H.A.)
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, India;
| | - Hemavathi Avalappa
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 007, India; (S.D.P.); (H.A.)
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, India;
| | - Madhusudana Somegowda
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Agriculture and Horticulture Science, Shivamogga 577 204, India;
| | - Shankarappa Sridhara
- Center for Climate Resilient Agriculture, University of Agriculture and Horticulture Science, Shivamogga 577 204, India;
| | - Yeldur P. Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR–Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570 020, India;
| | - Bettadatunga T. Prabhakar
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, India;
| | - Siddanakoppalu N. Pramod
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 007, India; (S.D.P.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.P.); (H.O.E.)
| | - Mona S. Almujaydil
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shadi Shokralla
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Ashraf M. M. Abdelbacki
- Applied Studies and Community Service College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.N.P.); (H.O.E.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt;
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Chen P, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Can Plant Lectins Help to Elucidate Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Response? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060497. [PMID: 34071763 PMCID: PMC8226959 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lectins are proteins that can recognize and selectively bind specific sugar structures. These proteins are present in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms and play a role in a broad range of processes. The interactions between lectins and their target carbohydrates play a primordial role in plant and animal immune systems. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxa on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. To study the role of insect lectins in the immune response, plant lectins could provide an interesting tool. Plant lectins have been well characterized and many of them possess immunomodulatory properties in vertebrate cells. The increasing knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins could complement the missing knowledge on the endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Abstract Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. This group of proteins is widespread in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and exerts a broad range of functions. Many plant lectins were identified as exogenous stimuli of vertebrate immunity. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxon on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. In insects, research on lectins and their biological importance has mainly focused on the C-type lectin (CTL) family, limiting our global understanding of the function of insect lectins and their role in insect immunity. In contrast, plant lectins have been well characterized and the immunomodulatory effects of several plant lectins have been documented extensively in vertebrates. This information could complement the missing knowledge on endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Understanding how lectins modulate insect immune responses can provide insight which, in turn, can help to elaborate novel ideas applicable for the protection of beneficial insects and the development of novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Exploring the multifocal role of phytochemicals as immunomodulators. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110959. [PMID: 33197758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-functioning immune system of the host body plays pivotal role in the maintenance of ordinary physiological and immunological functions as well as internal environment. Balanced immunity enhances defense mechanism against infection, diseases and unwanted pathogens to avoid hypersensitivity reactions and immune related diseases. The ideal immune responses are the results of corrective interaction between the innate immune cells and acquired components of the immune system. Recently, the interest towards the immune system increased as significant target of toxicity due to exposure of chemicals, drugs and environmental pollutants. Numerous factors are involved in altering the immune responses of the host such as sex, age, stress, malnutrition, alcohol, genetic variability, life styles, environmental-pollutants and chemotherapy exposure. Immunomodulation is any modification of immune responses, often involved induction, amplification, attenuation or inhibition of immune responses. Several synthetic or traditional medicines are available in the market which promptly have many serious adverse effects and create pathogenic resistance. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring molecules, which significantly play an imperative role in modulating favorable immune responses. The present review emphasizes on the risk factors associated with alterations in immune responses, and immunomodulatory activity of phytochemicals specifically, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and sterols and sterolins.
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Song H, Canup BSB, Ngo VL, Denning TL, Garg P, Laroui H. Internalization of Garlic-Derived Nanovesicles on Liver Cells is Triggered by Interaction With CD98. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23118-23128. [PMID: 32954162 PMCID: PMC7495725 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of how plant-derived nanovesicles are uptaken by cells remains unknown. In this study, the garlic-derived nanovesicles (GDVs) were isolated and digested with trypsin to remove all surface proteins. Digested GDVs showed less uptake compared to undigested GDVs, confirming that the surface proteins played a role in the endocytosis. On the cell side (HepG2), interestingly, blocking the CD98 receptors significantly reduced the uptake of GDVs. During the cellular internalization of GDVs, we observed that some surface proteins of GDVs were co-localized with CD98. A total lysate of the GDV surface showed a high presence of a mannose-specific binding protein, II lectin. Blocking GDV II lectin (using mannose preincubation) highly reduced the GDV internalization, which supports that direct interaction between II lectin and CD98 plays an important role in internalization. The GDVs also exhibited in vitro anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating proinflammatory factors on the HepG2 cells. This work contributes to understanding a part of the GDV internalization process and the cellular anti-inflammatory effects of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliang Song
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Brandon S. B. Canup
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Vu L. Ngo
- Department
of Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences (IBMS), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Timothy L. Denning
- Department
of Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences (IBMS), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Pallavi Garg
- Department
of Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences (IBMS), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Hamed Laroui
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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Mushroom extracts and compounds with suppressive action on breast cancer: evidence from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4675-4703. [PMID: 32274562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews mushrooms with anti-breast cancer activity. The mushrooms covered which are better known include the following: button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei, Amauroderma rugosum, stout camphor fungus Antrodia camphorata, Jew's ear (black) fungus or black wood ear fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, reishi mushroom or Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, maitake mushroom or sheep's head mushroom Grifola frondosa, lion's mane mushroom or monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum, brown beech mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus, sulfur polypore mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), Phellinus linteus (Japanese "meshimakobu," Chinese "song gen," Korean "sanghwang," American "black hoof mushroom"), abalone mushroom Pleurotus abalonus, king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, tuckahoe or Fu Ling Poria cocos, and split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Antineoplastic effectiveness in human clinical trials and mechanism of anticancer action have been reported for Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes.
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Reyna-Margarita HR, Irais CM, Mario-Alberto RG, Agustina RM, Luis-Benjamín SG, David PE. Plant Phenolics and Lectins as Vaccine Adjuvants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1236-1243. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190716110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body
against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study
its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the
first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response,
if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune
response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination. The adaptive
immune response objective is developing a specific humoral response that consists in the production of
soluble proteins known as antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the foreign agent; such protective
mechanism is induced artificially through an immunization or vaccination. Unfortunately, the
immunogenicity of the antigens is an intrinsic characteristic of the same antigen dependent on several
factors.
Conclusion:
Vaccine adjuvants are chemical substances of very varied structure that seek to improve
the immunogenicity of antigens. The main four types of adjuvants under investigation are the following:
1) Oil emulsions with an antigen in solution, 2) Pattern recognition receptors activating molecules,
3) Inflammatory stimulatory molecules or activators of the inflammasome complex, and 4) Cytokines.
However, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of two phytochemical compounds as vaccine
adjuvants: 5) Lectins, and 6) Plant phenolics whose characteristics, mechanisms of action and disadvantages
are addressed. Finally, the immunological usefulness of these molecules is discussed through
immunological data to estimate effects of plant phenolics and lectins as vaccine adjuvants, and current
studies that have implanted these molecules as vaccine adjuvants, demonstrating the results of this
immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernández-Ramos Reyna-Margarita
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de la Facultad de Medicina Unidad Torreon. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Castillo-Maldonado Irais
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de la Facultad de Medicina Unidad Torreon. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Guillén Mario-Alberto
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de la Facultad de Medicina Unidad Torreon. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Ramírez-Moreno Agustina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Unidad Torreon, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Serrano-Gallardo Luis-Benjamín
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de la Facultad de Medicina Unidad Torreon. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Pedroza-Escobar David
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de la Facultad de Medicina Unidad Torreon. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
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Shi H, Zhang M, Devahastin S. New Development of Efficient Processing Techniques on Typical Medicinal Fungi: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1613663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan Univiersity, Wuxi, China
| | - Sakamon Devahastin
- Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok Thailand
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Aranha I, Venkatesh YP. Humoral immune and adjuvant responses of mucosally-administered Tinospora cordifolia immunomodulatory protein in BALB/c mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 11:140-146. [PMID: 30455069 PMCID: PMC7329723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In traditional medicine, guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is considered as an adaptogen with immunomodulatory prowess. A 25 kDa protein from guduchi stem has been characterized as an immunomodulatory protein (ImP). Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrinsic immunogenicity of guduchi ImP and adjuvant activity using ovalbumin (OVA) as antigen in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods Mice were given guduchi ImP (30 and 60 μg) by intranasal administration to respective groups (n = 6) on days 1, 14 and thereafter weekly till day 42. Immunogenic response was monitored by serum IgG/IgA levels (days 14, 35 and 50). The adjuvant activity was measured by serum anti-OVA IgG/IgA responses to administration of 30 μg OVA with guduchi ImP. The effect of guduchi ImP on the spleen status was examined by splenic weight (day 50). Results Guduchi ImP administration displayed a significant increase in anti-guduchi ImP IgG (5–7 fold) and anti-guduchi ImP IgA (3–4 fold) on day 50 vs. control. Guduchi ImP showed a significant increase in anti-OVA IgG (6–7 fold) and anti-OVA IgA (4–5 fold) on day 50 vs. control. The splenic index of guduchi ImP group increased significantly in both the immune and adjuvant response groups; however, the splenic index in the adjuvant response group was markedly higher. Conclusion The results indicate that guduchi ImP is a strong immunogen by itself and enhances the immunogenicity of mucosally-administered antigen in BALB/c mice. Based on the results of this animal study, it appears that guduchi ImP shows a potential for future studies in humans. Evaluated the immune responses of guduchi immunomodulatory protein (ImP) in BALB/c mice. Guduchi ImP (30/60 μg) given intranasally on days 1, 14; thereafter, weekly till day 42. Increase in anti-guduchi ImP IgG (5–7 fold) and anti-guduchi ImP IgA (3–4 fold) on day 50. Increase in ovalbumin-specific IgG (6–7 fold) and IgA (4–5 fold) on day 50 vs. control. Splenic index of guduchi ImP group increased in the immune/adjuvant response groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yeldur P Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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12
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S. Coulibaly F, N. Thomas D, C. Youan BB. Anti-HIV lectins and current delivery strategies. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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13
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Zhao Y, Jian Y, Liu Z, Liu H, Liu Q, Chen C, Li Z, Wang L, Huang HH, Zeng C. Network Analysis Reveals the Recognition Mechanism for Dimer Formation of Bulb-type Lectins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2876. [PMID: 28588265 PMCID: PMC5460271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bulb-type lectins are proteins consist of three sequential beta-sheet subdomains that bind to specific carbohydrates to perform certain biological functions. The active states of most bulb-type lectins are dimeric and it is thus important to elucidate the short- and long-range recognition mechanism for this dimer formation. To do so, we perform comparative sequence analysis for the single- and double-domain bulb-type lectins abundant in plant genomes. In contrast to the dimer complex of two single-domain lectins formed via protein-protein interactions, the double-domain lectin fuses two single-domain proteins into one protein with a short linker and requires only short-range interactions because its two single domains are always in close proximity. Sequence analysis demonstrates that the highly variable but coevolving polar residues at the interface of dimeric bulb-type lectins are largely absent in the double-domain bulb-type lectins. Moreover, network analysis on bulb-type lectin proteins show that these same polar residues have high closeness scores and thus serve as hubs with strong connections to all other residues. Taken together, we propose a potential mechanism for this lectin complex formation where coevolving polar residues of high closeness are responsible for long-range recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Zhao
- Institute of Biophysics and Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.,Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Yiren Jian
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Chanyou Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - H Howie Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Chen Zeng
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China. .,Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA. .,School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
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14
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Shruthi RR, Venkatesh YP, Muralikrishna G. Structural and functional characterization of a novel immunomodulatory glycoprotein isolated from ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Glycoconj J 2017; 34:499-514. [PMID: 28493026 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) spice has been used in food preparations and also as a traditional medicine in Ayurveda. Although a number of pharmacological activities have been attributed to ajowan, its role in immunomodulation is not known. The main objective of the present study is to examine the macromolecular immunomodulatory components. Macrophage activation was studied by nitric oxide (NO) release, phagocytosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines as the markers. Ethanol precipitate (fractional) of ajowan aqueous extract was subjected to conventional chromatography (Q Sepharose followed by Bio-Gel P-100). One of the proteins (30.7 kDa; ajowan glycoprotein or Agp) showed effective mitogenic activity towards splenocytes. Agp is a O-linked glycoprotein with the glycans contributing to one-third of the molecular mass. It has a high content of glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid and proline whereas galactose (45.7%), arabinose (34.5%), glucose (7%), mannose (5%) and xylose (4%) are the constituent sugars. Secondary structure analysis indicated that Agp contains 79% α-helices and 21% random coil. Internal sequencing of the tryptic peptides did not show homology with the existing proteins in the database (BLAST). Agp at 1 μg/mL induced proliferation of B-cell enriched murine splenocytes and activated macrophages in releasing NO and promoted phagocytosis (p < 0.01). RAW 264.7 cells produced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ) at 1 μg/mL Agp (p < 0.01). Deproteinized Agp (dpAgp) failed to elicit activation of murine immune cells, whereas deglycosylated Agp (20 kDa; dgAgp) showed compromised efficiency. This is the first report of an immunomodulatory protein from ajowan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Shruthi
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
| | - Y P Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
| | - G Muralikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India.
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15
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Gong T, Wang X, Yang Y, Yan Y, Yu C, Zhou R, Jiang W. Plant Lectins Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome To Promote Inflammatory Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2082-2092. [PMID: 28087670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived dietary lectins have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying lectin-induced inflammation. In this study, we showed that plant lectins can induce caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Lectins were internalized and subsequently escaped from the lysosome and then translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum-loaded plant lectins then triggered Ca2+ release and mitochondrial damage, and inhibition of Ca2+ release and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by chemical inhibitors significantly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo, plant lectin-induced inflammation and tissue damage also depended on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Our findings indicate that plant lectins can act as an exogenous "danger signal" that can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and suggest that dietary lectins might promote inflammatory diseases via the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiaqiong Wang
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yiqing Yan
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; and.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; and
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16
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Kumar VP, Venkatesh YP. Alleviation of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Wistar rats by onion lectin (Allium cepa agglutinin). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:280-288. [PMID: 27063982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In various traditional medicines, onion has been classified as an immune-boosting food. Recent studies have claimed this property due to the presence of bioactive organosulfur compounds, prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides and an immunomodulatory protein, lectin (Allium cepa agglutinin; ACA) (Prasanna and Venkatesh, 2015. Characterization of onion lectin (Allium cepa agglutinin) as an immunomodulatory protein inducing Th1-type immune response in vitro. Int. Immunopharmacol. vol. 26, pp. 304-313). AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoprotective properties of ACA in normal and cyclophosphamide (CP; 100μg/kg)-induced immunosuppressed Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were administrated different doses of ACA (1, 10, and 100μg) to respective groups in normal as well as immunosuppressed animals. The effect of ACA on the status of immune organs was assessed by examining the splenic and thymic indices, and histopathological changes. The biomarkers for humoral immunity (serum IgG and IgA levels) and serum pro-inflammatory markers (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-10) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS ACA showed immunoprotective properties by significantly promoting the restoration of lymphoid cell count by ~6 fold vs. model control (immunosuppressed animals) and promotes the immune response significantly (~1.5-fold) in CP-induced immunosuppressed animals compared to model control; production of pro-inflammatory molecules (COX-2 and nitric oxide) and expression levels of immune regulatory molecule (TNF-α) were elevated in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The observed in vivo results suggest that ACA has the potential to be used as a nutritional therapeutic to boost the immune status of immunosuppressed subjects brought about by CP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaddi P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yeldur P Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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17
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Thakrar RM, Sage EK, Janes SM. Combined cell-gene therapy for lung cancer: rationale, challenges and prospects. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:853-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1188074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:401630. [PMID: 25961060 PMCID: PMC4417560 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of garlic to health have been proclaimed for centuries; however, only recently have Allium sativum and its derivatives been proposed as promising candidates for maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The complex biochemistry of garlic makes it possible for variations in processing to yield different preparations with differences in final composition and compound proportion. In this review, we assess the most recent experimental results, which indicate that garlic appears to enhance the functioning of the immune system by stimulating certain cell types, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils, by mechanisms including modulation of cytokine secretion, immunoglobulin production, phagocytosis, and macrophage activation. Finally, because immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of several diseases, we critically examined immunoregulation by garlic extracts and compounds isolated, which can contribute to the treatment and prevention of pathologies such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, gastric ulcer, and even cancer. We concluded that A. sativum modulates cytokine secretion and that such modulation may provide a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.
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Prasanna VK, Venkatesh YP. Characterization of onion lectin (Allium cepa agglutinin) as an immunomodulatory protein inducing Th1-type immune response in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:304-13. [PMID: 25887266 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa), a bulb crop of economic importance, is known to have many health benefits. The major objective of the present study is to address the immunomodulatory properties of onion lectin (A. cepa agglutinin; ACA). ACA was purified from onion extract by D-mannose-agarose chromatography (yield: ~1 mg/kg). ACA is non-glycosylated and showed a molecular mass of ~12 kDa under reducing/non-reducing SDS-PAGE; glutaraldehyde cross-linking indicated that ACA is a non-covalent tetramer of ~12 kDa subunits. Its N-terminal sequence (RNVLLNNEGL; UniProt KB Accn. C0HJM8) showed 70-90% homology to mannose-specific Allium agglutinins. ACA showed specific hemagglutination activity of 8200 units/mg and is stable in the pH range 6-10 and up to 45° C. The immunomodulatory activity of ACA was assessed using the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 and rat peritoneal macrophages; at 0.1 μg/well, it showed a significant increase (6-8-fold vs. control) in the production of nitric oxide at 24h, and significantly stimulated (2-4-fold vs. control) the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12) at 24h. ACA (0.1 μg/well) enhanced the proliferation of murine thymocytes by ~4 fold (vs. control) at 24h; however, ACA does not proliferate B cell-enriched rat splenocytes. Further, it significantly elevated the expression levels of cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) over the control in murine thymocytes. Taken together, purified ACA induces a Th1-type immune response in vitro. Though present in low amounts, ACA may contribute to the immune-boosting potential of the popular spice onion since considerable amounts are consumed on a daily basis universally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaddi K Prasanna
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Yeldur P Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
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20
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Savitha Prashanth MR, Shruthi RR, Muralikrishna G. Immunomodulatory activity of purified arabinoxylans from finger millet (Eleusine coracana, v. Indaf 15) bran. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:6049-54. [PMID: 26345027 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of alkali extracted (Barium hydroxide: BE-480 kDa, Potassium hydroxide: KE1-1080 and KE2-40 kDa), purified arabinoxylans (AX) from the finger millet bran varying in their molecular weight, phenolic acid content, arabinose to xylose ratios were evaluated for their immune-stimulatory activities using murine lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate macrophages. All three purified AX displayed significant (p < 0.001) mitogenic activity and activation of macrophages including phagocytosis. Among these BE has shown higher enhancing lymphocyte proliferation (>2 fold) and macrophage phagocytosis than KE1 and KE2. The above results clearly documented that the immunostimulatory activity of arabinoxylans is directly proportional to the amount of ferulic acid content (0.11 mg/100 g), whereas molecular weight as well as arabinose/xylose ratio, did not have any bearing. Purified AX from the finger millet bran can be explored as a potent natural immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Savitha Prashanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka India
| | - R R Shruthi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka India
| | - G Muralikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka India
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21
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Bauhinia variegata var. variegata Lectin: Isolation, Characterization, and Comparison. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:75-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
In the domain of nutrition, exploring the diet-health linkages is major area of research. The outcomes of such interventions led to widespread acceptance of functional and nutraceutical foods; however, augmenting immunity is a major concern of dietary regimens. Indeed, the immune system is incredible arrangement of specific organs and cells that enabled humans to carry out defense against undesired responses. Its proper functionality is essential to maintain the body homeostasis. Array of plants and their components hold immunomodulating properties. Their possible inclusion in diets could explore new therapeutic avenues to enhanced immunity against diseases. The review intended to highlight the importance of garlic (Allium sativum), green tea (Camellia sinensis), ginger (Zingiber officinale), purple coneflower (Echinacea), black cumin (Nigella sativa), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Astragalus and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) as natural immune boosters. These plants are bestowed with functional ingredients that may provide protection against various menaces. Modes of their actions include boosting and functioning of immune system, activation and suppression of immune specialized cells, interfering in several pathways that eventually led to improvement in immune responses and defense system. In addition, some of these plants carry free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities that are helpful against cancer insurgence. Nevertheless, interaction between drugs and herbs/botanicals should be well investigated before recommended for their safe use, and such information must be disseminated to the allied stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tauseef Sultan
- a Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan , Pakistan
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Ramzi S, Sahragard A, Sendi JJ, Aalami A. Effects of an extracted lectin from Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae) on survival, digestion and energy reserves of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Front Physiol 2013; 4:328. [PMID: 24273515 PMCID: PMC3824156 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are the heterogeneous proteins in plants that serve as storage proteins via defensive mechanisms against herbivores. In the current study, a lectin was extracted and purified from seeds of Citrullus colocynthis by Sepharose 4B-Galactose and DEAE-cellulose fast flow chromatographies. Different concentrations of the lectin were added to artificial diet of Ectomyelois ceratoniae larvae finding out its effect on some biological parameters, digestive physiology and amount of storage macromolecules. It was found that CCA (C. colocynthis Agglutinin) increased life span from 23.44 days in control to 28.59 days in the treated individuals. Survival of larvae on control and CCA diets were 93.3 and 66.6%, respectively. Different concentrations of CCA significantly affected α-amylase and general proteolytic activities except for TAG-lipase activity. Activities of all specific proteases decreased when larvae were fed on different concentrations of CCA except for aminopeptidase. Meanwhile, amount of storage macromolecules in the larvae fed on different concentrations of CCA statistically decreased vs. control. These results demonstrated that CCA could intervene in physiology of E. ceratoniae and survival of larvae. Therefore, it can be taken into consideration in IPM of the pest through plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Ramzi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan Rasht, Iran
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Intestinal receptor targeting for peptide delivery: an expert's personal perspective on reasons for failure and new opportunities. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:1575-93. [PMID: 22833983 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology has been available more than 25 years that would enable the oral delivery of vaccines, proteins and peptides, thus avoiding the need for injection. To this day, injection is still the mode of delivery, yet not the main mode of choice. This review focuses on several of the potential modes for oral delivery of peptides, proteins and vaccines. Additionally, the review will provide the reader with an insight into the problems and potential solutions for several of these modes of oral delivery of peptides and proteins.
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25
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Tajne S, Sanam R, Gundla R, Gandhi NS, Mancera RL, Boddupally D, Vudem DR, Khareedu VR. Molecular modeling of Bt Cry1Ac (DI–DII)–ASAL (Allium sativum lectin)–fusion protein and its interaction with aminopeptidase N (APN) receptor of Manduca sexta. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 33:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Aranha I, Clement F, Venkatesh YP. Immunostimulatory properties of the major protein from the stem of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb, guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:366-72. [PMID: 22119223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), a widely used plant in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine is well known for its immunomodulatory activity; however, the presence of an immunomodulatory protein (ImP) in guduchi has not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guduchi ImP was purified from dry stem powder extract by anion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. Characterization of guduchi ImP was performed by SDS-PAGE, periodic acid-Schiff staining, HPLC, and immunochemical analyses. Immunostimulatory activity was assessed by lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activation assays. Fresh guduchi stem/leaf, guduchi satwa and guduchi capsules were also analyzed for the presence of guduchi ImP. RESULTS Guduchi ImP was purified to homogeneity from dry stem powder extract (~150 mg protein per 100 g guduchi stem powder) as a single chain acidic protein (25 kDa) without glycans; it was noticeably absent in guduchi leaf. Guduchi satwa and guduchi capsule preparations also lacked this protein. Guduchi ImP showed ~3-fold mitogenic activity compared to untreated murine splenocytes in the 1-10 μg/mL concentration range; 5-7-fold increase in mitogenic activity was seen in the case of murine thymocytes vs. control. The purified protein also induced nitric oxide production from macrophages present in isolated murine peritoneal exudates cells. Guduchi ImP displays enhanced phagocytosis of yeast cells by macrophages. Guduchi ImP does not possess hemagglutination activity (towards rabbit and human erythrocytes of all blood groups) indicating that the immunomodulatory protein is not a lectin. CONCLUSIONS The confirmation of an immunomodulatory protein in guduchi stem showing lymphoproliferative and macrophage-activating properties reinforces the rationale of the use of guduchi preparations in several Ayurvedic medicines for immunomodulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an immunomodulatory protein isolated from guduchi.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Exchange Resins
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Hemagglutination/drug effects
- Hemagglutination Tests
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Medicine, Ayurvedic
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins/pharmacology
- Plant Stems
- Plants, Medicinal
- Tinospora/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI, a CSIR Laboratory), Mysore, Karnataka, India
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27
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Ota N, Takano F, Muroga S, Kawabata T, Ishigaki Y, Yahagi N, Ohta T. Garlic extract and its selected organosulphur constituents promote ileal immune responses ex vivo. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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28
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Mondal HA, Chakraborti D, Majumder P, Roy P, Roy A, Bhattacharya SG, Das S. Allergenicity assessment of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin, a potential candidate protein for developing sap sucking insect resistant food crops. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27716. [PMID: 22110739 PMCID: PMC3218009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mannose-binding Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) is highly antinutritional and toxic to various phloem-feeding hemipteran insects. ASAL has been expressed in a number of agriculturally important crops to develop resistance against those insects. Awareness of the safety aspect of ASAL is absolutely essential for developing ASAL transgenic plants. Methodology/Principal Findings Following the guidelines framed by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, the source of the gene, its sequence homology with potent allergens, clinical tests on mammalian systems, and the pepsin resistance and thermostability of the protein were considered to address the issue. No significant homology to the ASAL sequence was detected when compared to known allergenic proteins. The ELISA of blood sera collected from known allergy patients also failed to show significant evidence of cross-reactivity. In vitro and in vivo assays both indicated the digestibility of ASAL in the presence of pepsin in a minimum time period. Conclusions/Significance With these experiments, we concluded that ASAL does not possess any apparent features of an allergen. This is the first report regarding the monitoring of the allergenicity of any mannose-binding monocot lectin having insecticidal efficacy against hemipteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Chakraborti
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pralay Majumder
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pampa Roy
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Chandrashekar PM, Venkatesh YP. Fructans from aged garlic extract produce a delayed immunoadjuvant response to ovalbumin antigen in BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:174-80. [PMID: 21631395 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.584066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is known for its innumerable biological activities including immunomodulation. Aged garlic extract (AGE), an odorless garlic preparation, has been shown to have superior immunomodulatory properties over raw garlic extract. Although garlic is a very rich source of fructans (17%, fresh weight basis), AGE contains only 0.22% of raw garlic fructans. Aged garlic fructans (AGF) have recently been shown to possess immunomodulatory activities in vitro. Natural adjuvants capable of eliciting better immune response of a model antigen are important in developing newer vaccines. In the present study, the adjuvant activity of AGF has been investigated in BALB/c mice using ovalbumin (OVA, 30 µg) as an experimental antigen. The body weights of animals did not change significantly indicating that the administration of garlic fructans is well-tolerated. AGF produce a significant humoral (serum IgG) response to OVA in BALB/c mice administered mucosally by either intranasal or oral route--a delayed response appearing on 50th day at a dose of 30 µg AGF by intranasal route. However, the serum IgG response was seen earlier on 35th day at a dose of 100 µg AGF by oral route. Higher concentrations of AGF (>50 µg) were inhibitory for adjuvant activity by intranasal administration. These observations indicate that AGF display immunoadjuvant activity for a test antigen though the humoral immune response is delayed.
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