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Padiyappa SD, Avalappa H, Somegowda M, Sridhara S, Venkatesh YP, Prabhakar BT, Pramod SN, Almujaydil MS, Shokralla S, Abdelbacki AMM, Elansary HO, El-Sabrout AM, Mahmoud EA. Immunoadjuvant and Humoral Immune Responses of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Lectins upon Systemic and Mucosal Administration in BALB/c Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041375. [PMID: 35209158 PMCID: PMC8880535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary food components have the ability to affect immune function; following absorption, specifically orally ingested dietary food containing lectins can systemically modulate the immune cells and affect the response to self- and co-administered food antigens. The mannose-binding lectins from garlic (Allium sativum agglutinins; ASAs) were identified as immunodulatory proteins in vitro. The objective of the present study was to assess the immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of garlic agglutinins and to evaluate whether they have adjuvant properties in vivo for a weak antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Garlic lectins (ASA I and ASA II) were administered by intranasal (50 days duration) and intradermal (14 days duration) routes, and the anti-lectin and anti-OVA immune (IgG) responses in the control and test groups of the BALB/c mice were assessed for humoral immunogenicity. Lectins, co-administered with OVA, were examined for lectin-induced anti-OVA IgG response to assess their adjuvant properties. The splenic and thymic indices were evaluated as a measure of immunomodulatory functions. Intradermal administration of ASA I and ASA II had showed a four-fold and two-fold increase in anti-lectin IgG response, respectively, vs. the control on day 14. In the intranasal route, the increases were 3-fold and 2.4-fold for ASA I and ASA II, respectively, on day 50. No decrease in the body weights of animals was noticed; the increases in the spleen and thymus weights, as well as their indices, were significant in the lectin groups. In the adjuvanticity study by intranasal administration, ASA I co-administered with ovalbumin (OVA) induced a remarkable increase in anti-OVA IgG response (~six-fold; p < 0.001) compared to the control, and ASA II induced a four-fold increase vs. the control on day 50. The results indicated that ASA was a potent immunogen which induced mucosal immunogenicity to the antigens that were administered intranasally in BALB/c mice. The observations made of the in vivo study indicate that ASA I has the potential use as an oral and mucosal adjuvant to deliver candidate weak antigens. Further clinical studies in humans are required to confirm its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthishree D. Padiyappa
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 007, India; (S.D.P.); (H.A.)
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, India;
| | - Hemavathi Avalappa
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 007, India; (S.D.P.); (H.A.)
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, India;
| | - Madhusudana Somegowda
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Agriculture and Horticulture Science, Shivamogga 577 204, India;
| | - Shankarappa Sridhara
- Center for Climate Resilient Agriculture, University of Agriculture and Horticulture Science, Shivamogga 577 204, India;
| | - Yeldur P. Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR–Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570 020, India;
| | - Bettadatunga T. Prabhakar
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, India;
| | - Siddanakoppalu N. Pramod
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 007, India; (S.D.P.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.P.); (H.O.E.)
| | - Mona S. Almujaydil
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shadi Shokralla
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Ashraf M. M. Abdelbacki
- Applied Studies and Community Service College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.N.P.); (H.O.E.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt;
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Somegowda M, Raghavendra S, Sridhara S, Rajeshwara AN, N. Pramod S, Shivashankar S, Lin F, El-Abedin TKZ, Wani SH, Elansary HO. Defensive Mechanisms in Cucurbits against Melon Fly ( Bactrocera cucurbitae) Infestation through Excessive Production of Defensive Enzymes and Antioxidants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216345. [PMID: 34770754 PMCID: PMC8588020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is the most common pest of cucurbits, and it directly causes damage to cucurbit fruits in the early developmental stage. The infection of fruit tissues induces oxidative damage through increased generation of cellular reactive oxygen species. The effects of melon fly infestation on the production of defensive enzymes and antioxidant capabilities in five cucurbit species, namely, bottle gourd, chayote, cucumber, snake gourd, and bitter gourd, were investigated in this study. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was considerably higher in melon fly infestation tissues compared to healthy and apparently healthy tissues. The chayote and bottle gourd tissues expressed almost 1.5- to 2-fold higher phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the tissues of bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber upon infestation. Defensive enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT), were high in healthy and infected tissues of chayote and bottle gourd compared to bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber. The activity of POD (60–80%), SOD (30–35%), PPO (70–75%), and CAT (40–50%) were high in infected chayote and bottle gourd tissue, representing resistance against infestation, while bitter gourd, snake gourd, and cucumber exhibited comparatively lower activity suggesting susceptibility to melon fly infection. The antioxidant properties were also high in the resistant cucurbits compared to the susceptible cucurbits. The current research has enlightened the importance of redox-regulatory pathways involving ROS neutralization through infection-induced antioxidative enzymes in host cucurbit resistance. The melon fly infestation depicts the possible induction of pathways that upregulate the production of defensive enzymes and antioxidants as a defensive strategy against melon fly infestation in resistant cucurbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudana Somegowda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, India; (M.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Shayadri, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577203, Karnataka, India;
| | - S. Raghavendra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, India; (M.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Shankarappa Sridhara
- Center for Climate Resilient Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Shivamogga 577204, Karnataka, India;
| | - Achur. N. Rajeshwara
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Shayadri, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577203, Karnataka, India;
| | - Siddanakoppalu. N. Pramod
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry and Food Technology, Davanagere University, Shivagangotri, Davanagere 577007, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (S.N.P.); (H.O.E.)
| | - S. Shivashankar
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, IIHR, Hesaraghatta, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, India;
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Tarek K Zin El-Abedin
- Department of Agriculture & Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar 181101, Srinagar, India;
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.N.P.); (H.O.E.)
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Goudarshivananavar BC, Vigneshwaran V, Somegowda M, Dharmappa KK, Pramod SN. Therapeutic potential of Polyalthia cerasoides stem bark extracts against oxidative stress and nociception. Anc Sci Life 2015; 35:70-8. [PMID: 26865738 PMCID: PMC4728867 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.171667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyalthia cerasoides is a medicinal plant known for its ethnopharmacological importance. Despite this, investigation related to its therapeutic benefit is still unexplored. AIM To evaluate the stem bark extracts of Polyalthia cerasoides for pharmacological activities relating to inflammation, nociception and oxidative stress using in vivo and in vitro models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pet ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of the stem bark were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Anti-nociceptive activity in mice was assessed using thermally and chemically induced analgesic models. The free radical quenching potential of the extracts was initially analyzed using the in vitro DPPH photometric assay, Hydroxyl radical scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation assays. Then modulatory effect of the extracts on in vivo antioxidant system was evaluated by carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity and subsequent measurements of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Peroxidase from the liver homogenate. RESULTS Among the tested fractions, ethyl acetate extract had substantially inhibited the inflammation by 68.5% that was induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection whereas pet ether and chloroform extract showed only minimal inhibitory effect. Investigation of the anti-nociceptive activity revealed that the ethyl acetate fractions had significantly repressed the algesia in both the analgesic experimental models. In vitro and in vivo individual antioxidant assays demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction has strong free radical quenching potential which also restores the endogenous hepatic enzymes. CONCLUSION The ethyl acetate fraction enriched with flavinoids and steroids from Polyalthia cerasoides stem bark has potent bioactivity to combat inflammation, ROS and pain. This needs further characterization for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Goudarshivananavar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - V. Vigneshwaran
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Inflammation Biology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudana Somegowda
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Inflammation Biology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Kattepura K. Dharmappa
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, PG Centre of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddanakoppalu N. Pramod
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Inflammation Biology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
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