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Sun M, Ren Z, Wei T, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zheng Q, Qin T. Preparation, characterization and immune activity of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide loaded in chitosan-graphene oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1466-1475. [PMID: 36070821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan graphene oxide Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CS-GO-CPP) complex on the immune function of macrophage cells (RAW264.7). In this experiment, chitosan (CS) was combined with graphene oxide (GO) by electrostatic action to prepare CS-GO nanocomposites, and it was used as a carrier to load Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CPP) onto CS-GO to prepare CS-GO-CPP. Using infrared spectroscopy detection, zeta potential detection, and thermogravimetric analysis, we conduct a preliminary analysis of the structure of CS-GO-CPP. Macrophages were employed to evaluate CS-GO-CPP immunomodulatory activity and the possible mechanism responsible for the activation of macrophages in vitro. The results showed that compared with CPP, CS-GO-CPP did not change the basic structure of polysaccharide, and its thermal stability was improved. 0.78- 12.5 μg·mL-1 of CS-GO-CPP could significantly promote the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05) and significantly increase NO content, IL-4 and IFN-γ secretion, the expression of CD40, CD86, and F4/80 (P < 0.05). CS-GO-CPP might activate the NF-κB signaling pathway and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In conclusion, CS-GO-CPP has a capacity to activate RAW264.7 cells for an improvement of immunomodulation activities, which might be through NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Sun
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yongyuan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Tao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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Bai LK, Su YZ, Wang XX, Bai B, Zhang CQ, Zhang LY, Zhang GL. Synovial Macrophages: Past Life, Current Situation, and Application in Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905356. [PMID: 35958604 PMCID: PMC9361854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is an inflammatory disease that involves the joints and surrounding tissues. Synovial hyperplasia often presents when joints become inflamed due to immune cell infiltration. Synovial membrane is an important as well as a highly specific component of the joint, and its lesions can lead to degeneration of the joint surface, causing pain and joint disability or affecting the patients’ quality of life in severe cases. Synovial macrophages (SMs) are one of the cellular components of the synovial membrane, which not only retain the function of macrophages to engulf foreign bodies in the joint cavity, but also interact with synovial fibroblasts (SFs), T cells, B cells, and other inflammatory cells to promote the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6, which are involved in the pathogenic process of inflammatory arthritis. SMs from different tissue sources have differently differentiated potentials and functional expressions. This article provides a summary on studies pertaining to SMs in inflammatory arthritis, and explores their role in its treatment, in order to highlight novel treatment modalities for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Kun Bai
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Su
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xue-Xue Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Bai
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Qiang Zhang
- Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-Yun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Gai-Lian Zhang
- Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Gai-Lian Zhang,
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Jo K, Kim S, Yu KW, Chung YB, Kim WJ, Suh HJ, Kim H. Changes in the component sugar and immunostimulating activity of polysaccharides isolated from Dendrobium officinale in the pretreatments. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3021-3028. [PMID: 34775614 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To isolate polysaccharides with enhanced immunostimulatory activity from Dendrobium officinale, which is used as a herbal medicine in China and Southeast Asia, D. officinale (DO) was pretreated with organic solvents (DOOS) or puffing at 7.5 and 9.0 kgf (7.5DO and 9DO). Hot-water extracts (DOOS-HW, 7.5DO-HW and 9DO-HW) were prepared from each pretreated DO, along with non-pretreated DO, and crude polysaccharides (DO-CP, DOOS-CP, 7.5DO-CP and 9DO-CP) were fractionated from each hot-water extract using ethanol (five volumes). RESULTS When their immunostimulatory activities were compared by macrophage stimulation and intestinal immune system modulation via Peyer's patches, DOOS-CP showed more potent activity than DO-CP. However, crude polysaccharides fractionated from puffed DO showed significantly lower activity than non-puffed DO and DOOS. The most active polysaccharide contained 95% or more neutral sugar, and the composition ratio of mannose and glucose was 3.0, whereas the lowest polysaccharide content was 2.0 or less. In addition, DOOS-CP was a somewhat refined fraction containing a major peak, representing a molecular weight of 250 kDa, despite being a crude polysaccharide. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pretreatment of D. officinale with organic solvents may enhance the immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides and affect the mannose/glucose ratio of polysaccharides, which plays an important role in immunostimulation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungae Jo
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Singeun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Chung
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Kim
- Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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Then C, Miyazaki J, Bauer-Panskus A. Deficiencies in the Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Bt Cowpea Approved for Cultivation in Nigeria: A Critical Review. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030380. [PMID: 35161361 PMCID: PMC8838765 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the application filed for the marketing and cultivation of genetically engineered Bt cowpea (event AAT 709A) approved in Nigeria in 2019. Cowpea (Vigna ungiguiculata) is extensively grown throughout sub-Saharan Africa and consumed by around two hundred million people. The transgenic plants produce an insecticidal, recombinant Bt toxin meant to protect the plants against the larvae of Maruca vitrata, which feed on the plants and are also known as pod borer. Our analysis of the application reveals issues of concern regarding the safety of the Bt toxins produced in the plants. These concerns include stability of gene expression, impact on soil organisms, effects on non-target species and food safety. In addition, we show deficiencies in the risk assessment of potential gene flow and uncontrolled spread of the transgenes and cultivated varieties as well as the maintenance of seed collections. As far as information is publicly available, we analyze the application by referring to established standards of GMO risk assessment. We take the provisions of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) into account, of which both Nigeria and the EU are parties. We also refer to the EU standards for GMO risk assessment, which are complementary to the provisions of the CPB.
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Roberto Raúl SG, Damaris IA, Ángel de Jesús JC, Leticia MF. Cry1Ac Protoxin Confers Antitumor Adjuvant Effect in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Mouse Model by Improving Tumor Immunity. BREAST CANCER: BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:11782234211065154. [PMID: 35002244 PMCID: PMC8738886 DOI: 10.1177/11782234211065154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is a systemic
and mucosal adjuvant, able to confer protective immunity in different infection
murine models and induce both Th1 and TCD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte responses,
which are required to induce antitumor immunity. The Cry1Ac toxin, despite
having not being characterized as an adjuvant, has also proved to be immunogenic
and able to activate macrophages. Here, we investigated the potential antitumor
adjuvant effect conferred by the Cry1Ac protoxin and Cry1Ac toxin in a triple
negative breast cancer (TNBC) murine model. First, we evaluated the ability of
Cry1Ac proteins to improve dendritic cell (DC) activation and cellular response
through intraperitoneal (i.p.) coadministration with the 4T1 cellular lysate.
Mice coadministered with the Cry1Ac protoxin showed an increase in the number
and activation of CD11c+MHCII- and CD11c+MHCII+low in the peritoneal
cavity and an increase in DC activation (CD11c+MHCII+) in the spleen. Cry1Ac
protoxin increased the proliferation of TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes in the
spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), while the Cry1Ac toxin only increased
the proliferation of TCD4+ and TCD8+ in the MLN. Remarkably, when tested in the
in vivo TNBC mouse model, prophylactic immunizations with 4T1 lysates plus the
Cry1Ac protoxin protected mice from developing tumors. The antitumor effect
conferred by the Cry1Ac protoxin also increased specific cytotoxic T cell
responses, and prevented the typical tumor-related decrease of T cells
(TCD3+ and TCD4+) as well the increase of myeloid-derived suppressor cells
(MDSC) in spleen. Also in the tumor microenvironment of mice coadministered
twice with Cry1Ac protoxin immunological improvements were found such as
reductions in immunosupressive populations (T regulatory lymphocytes and MDSC)
along with increases in macrophages upregulating CD86. These results show a
differential antitumor adjuvant capability of Cry1Ac proteins, highlighting the
ability of Cry1Ac protoxin to enhance local and systemic tumor immunity in TNBC.
Finally, using a therapeutic approach, we evaluated the coadministration of
Cry1Ac protoxin with doxorubicin. A significant reduction in tumor volume and
lung metastasis was found, with increased intratumoral levels of tumor necrosis
factor-α and IL-6 with respect to the vehicle group, further supporting its
antitumor applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servin-Garrido Roberto Raúl
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1 Los Reyes Iztacala CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado Damaris
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1 Los Reyes Iztacala CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Jiménez-Chávez Ángel de Jesús
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1 Los Reyes Iztacala CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Moreno-Fierros Leticia
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1 Los Reyes Iztacala CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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Jiménez-Chávez ÁDJ, Nava-García BK, Bustos-Jaimes I, Moreno-Fierros L. B19-VLPs as an effective delivery system for tumour antigens to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against triple negative breast cancer. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:77-87. [PMID: 34508790 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is emerging as a viable treatment option for several types of cancer. Active immunotherapy aims for the induction of specific antitumor immune responses; this goal requires strategies capable of increasing the immunogenicity of tumour antigens. Parvovirus B19 virus-like particles (B19-VLPs) formed of VP2 protein had been shown to be an effective multi-neoepitope delivery system capable of inducing specific cellular responses towards coupled antigens and reducing tumour growth and lung metastases in triple negative breast cancer mouse model. These findings encouraged us to further characterise these VP2 B19-VLPs by testing their capacity to simultaneously induce cellular and humoral responses towards other tumour-associated antigens, as this had not yet been evaluated. Here, we designed and evaluated in the 4T1 breast cancer model the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of VP2 B19-VLPs decorated with cellular (P53) and humoral (MUC1) epitopes. Balb/c mice were immunised with chimaeric VLPs, vehicle, or VLPs plus adjuvant. Tumour establishment and growth, lung metastasis, and cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. The prophylactic administration of chimaeric VLPs without adjuvant prevented the establishment of the tumour, while by therapeutic administration, chimaeric VLPs induced smaller tumour growth and decreased the number of metastases in the lung compared to wild-type VLPs. chimaeric VLPs induced high antibody titres towards the MUC1 epitope, as well as specific cellular responses towards P53 epitopes in lymph nodes local to the tumour. Our results reinforce and extend the utility of VP2 B19-VLPs as an encouraging tumour antigen delivery system in cancer immunotherapy able to improve tumour immunity in TNBC by inducing cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel de Jesús Jiménez-Chávez
- Biomedicine Research Unit, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico. Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, México
| | - Brenda Katherine Nava-García
- Biomedicine Research Unit, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico. Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, México
| | - Ismael Bustos-Jaimes
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Biomedicine Research Unit, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico. Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, México.
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Ibarra-Moreno CD, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Moreno-Fierros L. Differential capability of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac protoxin and toxin to induce in vivo activation of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104071. [PMID: 33766585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis protein Cry1Ac is produced as a protoxin and becomes activated to a toxin when ingested by larvae. Both proteins are immunogenic and able to activate macrophages. The proposed mechanism of immunostimulation by Cry1Ac protoxin has been related to its capacity to activate antigen-presenting cells (APC), but its ability to activate dendritic cells (DC) has not been explored. Here we evaluated, in the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN), spleen and peritoneum, the activation of DC CD11c+ MHC-II+ following injection with single doses (50 μg) of Cry1Ac toxin or protoxin via the intradermal (i.d.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes in C57BL/6 mice. In vivo stimulation with both Cry1Ac proteins induced activation of DC via upregulation of CD86, primarily in PLN 24 h after i. d. injection. Moreover, this activation was detected in DC, displaying CD103+, a typical marker of migratory DC, while upregulation of CD80 was uniquely induced by toxin. Tracking experiments showed that Cy5-labeled Cry1Ac proteins could rapidly reach the PLN and localize near DC, but some label remained in the footpad. When the capacity of Cry1Ac-activated DC to induce antigen presentation was examined, significant proliferation of naïve T lymphocytes was induced exclusively by the protoxin. The protoxin elicited a Th17-biased cytokine profile. Moreover, only the Cry1Ac toxin induced a pronounced proliferation of B cells from both untreated and Cry1Ac-injected mice, suggesting that it acts as a polyclonal activator. In conclusion, Cry1Ac protoxin and toxin show a distinctive capacity to activate APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Daniela Ibarra-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes, Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Damaris Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes, Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes, Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Takahashi F, Endo K, Matsui R, Yamamoto K, Tanaka S. Brassica rapa L. activates macrophages via Toll-like receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:656-665. [PMID: 33589925 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages can initiate innate immune responses against microbes and cancer. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of Brassica rapa L. on macrophages. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ induced by the insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. was decreased in macrophage-depleted spleen cells compared with controls. The insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. induced expression of H-2Kb, I-Ab, CD40, and CD86, production of cytokines and nitric oxide, and phagocytic activity in RAW264 cells. After treatment with the insoluble fraction, IL-6 and TNF-α production was significantly decreased by anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 mAb or polymyxin B compared with the control. Furthermore, insoluble fraction-mediated cytokine production was significantly lower in peritoneal macrophages from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that B. rapa L. is a potentially effective immunomodulator for activating macrophages to prevent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Endo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Rina Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Sachi Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
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Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin and protoxin do not provoke acute or chronic cytotoxicity on macrophages and leukocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:42-52. [PMID: 33415662 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The bioinsecticidal Cry1Ac proteins (protoxin and toxin) are potent immunogens that can activate macrophages by inducing upregulation of costimulatory molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Besides, by the oral route, Cry1Ac toxin is mildly allergenic and induces intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia in mice. Given the potential utility of Cry1Ac protoxin as an adjuvant, as well as the human consumption of Cry1Ac toxin in transgenic crops, it is necessary to more deeply evaluate the toxicological potential of these proteins in mammalian immune cells. Here, were used in vitro evaluations in leukocyte and macrophage cell lines to test the potential toxicity of various doses of Cry1Ac proteins, by means of Alamar Blue, MTT, Annexin V, and JC1 assays. Our results indicated that neither Cry1Ac protoxin nor toxin elicited acute toxic effects, after monitoring the cell activity for 4, 8, 10, and 24 h of exposure. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analysis, it was observed that neither Cry1Ac toxin nor protoxin generated mitochondrial damage or depolarization or induced apoptosis or necrosis. In conclusion, despite their immunostimulatory effects, it was demonstrated that Cry1Ac proteins did not have cytotoxic effects, even at high concentrations, in primary leukocytes or macrophages or cell lines.
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Hou S, Yuan Q, Cheng C, Zhang Z, Guo B, Yuan X. Alpinetin delays high-fat diet-aggravated lung carcinogenesis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 128:410-418. [PMID: 33259132 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpinetin (ALP) has been reported to act as an anticancer agent. This study was carried out to elucidate the effect of ALP on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced aggressive cancer progression. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a control diet (CD) or HFD and administered with ALP. Following 6 weeks of feeding, mice were inoculated subcutaneously with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC) to develop transplanted lung tumour. ALP suppressed cell proliferation which drives HFD-induced lung cancer progression. ALP inhibited lipid accumulation in tumour and tumour cells cultured in vitro. qPCR and ELISA analysis of tumour tissues revealed ALP restrained macrophages accumulation, M2s polarization and chemokine secretion. Further, in macrophages cultured in tumour cells conditioned medium (CM), ALP was confirmed to decrease M2s markers expression and chemokine production under high fat. These results demonstrate that ALP suppresses HFD-promoted harmful changes in tumour microenvironments which are crucial in curbing pulmonary tumour aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Hou
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Jining University, Jining, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunru Cheng
- College of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Bingran Guo
- College of Medical Sciences, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaxia Yuan
- College of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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Ou Y, Zhu L, Xu S, Wei Q. Activation of RAW264.7 macrophage by Exopolysaccharide from Aphanothece halaphytica (EPSAH) and the underlying mechanisms. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:591-602. [PMID: 32083746 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide from Aphanothece halophytica (EPSAH), a potent antitumor agent and immunological adjuvant, was investigated for the activation effect on RAW264.7 macrophages and the underlying mechanisms. EPSAH could significantly enhance macrophage phagocytosis and the secretion of nitric oxide, increase the mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and chemokines (MCP-1 and MIP-1α). When RAW264.7 cells were treated with EPSAH, the mRNA expression of TLR4 and its downstream molecules TRAF6 and MyD88 were upregulated. When TLR4 was blocked using a TLR4-specific neutralizing antibody, nitric oxide secretion from the macrophages was significantly inhibited. EPSAH was further shown to induce phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK, and p38, and promote cytoplasmic IκB phosphorylation and increase nuclear NF-κB p65 levels remarkably in RAW264.7 cells. These data demonstrate the capacity of EPSAH to induce macrophage activation possibly via TLR4/MyD88 pathway, which leads to the activation of its main signaling downstream molecules MAPKs and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shuya Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qingfang Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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Tian X, Eikmans M, van der Hoorn ML. The Role of Macrophages in Oocyte Donation Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030939. [PMID: 32023856 PMCID: PMC7037275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryo of an oocyte donation (OD) pregnancy is completely allogeneic to the mother, which leads to a more serious challenge for the maternal immune system to tolerize the fetus. It is thought that macrophages are essential in maintaining a healthy pregnancy, by acting in immunomodulation and spiral arterial remodeling. OD pregnancies represent an interesting model to study complex immunologic interactions between the fetus and the pregnant woman since the embryo is totally allogeneic compared to the mother. Here, we describe a narrative review on the role of macrophages and pregnancy and a systematic review was performed on the role of macrophages in OD pregnancies. Searches were made in different databases and the titles and abstracts were evaluated by three independent authors. In total, four articles were included on OD pregnancies and macrophages. Among these articles, some findings are conflicting between studies, indicating that more research is needed in this area. From current research, we could identify that there are multiple subtypes of macrophages, having diverse biological effects, and that the ratio between subtypes is altered during gestation and in aberrant pregnancy. The study of macrophages’ phenotypes and their functions in OD pregnancies might be beneficial to better understand the maternal-fetal tolerance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezi Tian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Marie-Louise van der Hoorn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Mendoza-Almanza G, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Aguilar-Zacarías C, Ayala-Luján J, Olmos J. Cry1A Proteins are Cytotoxic to HeLa but not to SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1018-1027. [PMID: 31376817 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190802114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus thuringiensis toxins are effective against multiple biological targets such as insects, nematodes, mites, protozoa, and importantly, human cancer cells. One of the main mechanisms by which Cry toxins to trigger cell death is the specific recognition of cadherin-like membrane cell receptors. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of the Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in HeLa, cervical cancer cell line, as well as their antitumor activity in mouse models. METHODS We analyzed several biological targets of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac including erythrocytes, insect larvae, as well as cancer and non-cancer cell lines. The viability of HeLa, SiHa, MCF7 and HaCat cells was assessed by MTT 24 h after the administration of Cry toxins. We also studied apoptosis as a possible cytotoxicity mechanism in HeLa. The capacity of Cry toxins to eliminate tumors in xenograft mouse models was also analyzed. RESULTS Both toxins, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, showed specific cytotoxic activity in HeLa (HPV18+) cervical cancer cell line, with a Cry1Ab LC50 of 2.5 µg/ml, and of 0.5 µg/ml for Cry1Ac. Apoptosis was differentially induced in HeLa cells using the same concentration of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins. Cry1Ac eliminated 50% of the tumors at 10 µg/ml, and eliminate 100% of the tumors at 30 and 50 µg/ml. CONCLUSION Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins show dual cytotoxic activity, in insects as well as in HeLa cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Mendoza-Almanza
- Catedra CONACYT, Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Zacarías
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ayala-Luján
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jorge Olmos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Marina, Centro de Investigacion Científica y Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
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Jiménez-Chávez ÁDJ, Moreno-Fierros L, Bustos-Jaimes I. Therapy with multi-epitope virus-like particles of B19 parvovirus reduce tumor growth and lung metastasis in an aggressive breast cancer mouse model. Vaccine 2019; 37:7256-7268. [PMID: 31570181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is a major health problem that lacks molecular targets for therapy. Neoepitopes represent a viable option to induce antitumor immune responses, but they have limitations, such as low immunogenicity and tolerance induction. Parvovirus B19 virus-like particles may be used to deliver neoepitopes to prime cellular immunity. We designed and evaluated the therapeutic effect of VP2 B19-virus-like particles, with multi-neoepitopes, in a 4T1 breast cancer model. Balb/c mice received four therapeutic immunizations with multi-neoepitopes-virus-like, wild type-virus-like, vehicle, or virus-like plus Cry1Ac adjuvant particles, intraperitoneally and peritumorally. Tumor growth, lung macro-metastasis, and specific immune responses were evaluated. Therapeutic administration of multi-epitopes virus-like particles significantly delayed tumor growth and decreased the lung macro-metastasis number, in comparison to treatment with wild type-virus-like particles, which surprisingly also elicited antitumoral effects that were improved with the adjuvant. Only treatments with multi-epitope virus-like particles induced specific proliferative responses of CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes and Granzyme-B production in lymphatic nodes local to the tumor. Treatment with recombinant multiple neoepitopes-virus-like particles induced specific cellular responses, inhibited tumor growth and macro-metastasis, thus B19-virus-like particles may function as an effective delivery system for neoepitopes for personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel de Jesús Jiménez-Chávez
- Biomedicine Unit, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Biomedicine Unit, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Ismael Bustos-Jaimes
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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FuFangChangTai Decoction Activates Macrophages via Inducing Autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5657035. [PMID: 31308853 PMCID: PMC6594319 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5657035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine decoction FuFangChangTai (FFCT) has been used in the therapy of colon cancer clinically, yielding alleviated toxicity and enhanced immunity. In our previous study, FFCT exerted its antitumor activity not only by inducing apoptosis but also by activating autophagy to eliminate tumor cells. However, its mechanism is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between macrophages activation and FFCT-induced autophagy. Results showed that FFCT could induce autophagy in colon cancer, as demonstrated by increased level of intracellular autophagy marker LC3 II in CT26.WT cells by fluorescence microscope and western blot assay. FFCT also facilitated numbers of vesicular bodies with bilayer membrane in CT26.WT cells, which were indicative of autophagosomes formation. Autophagosomes secreted by FFCT-treated CT26.WT cells can activate M1 type macrophages, accompanied with increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40 on the surface of RAW264.7 cells, and more inflammatory cytokines secretion, such as TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-1β. mRNA expressions of M2 macrophages markers, such as IL-10, CD206, Arg-1, and FIZZ-1, were downregulated. And this process helps regulate the polarization of macrophages and promote the immune response. These findings support a mechanism of FFCT-induced autophagy and provide novel evidence demonstrating that macrophages are involved in FFCT-induced autophagy progression.
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16
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Santos-Vigil KI, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, García-Hernández AL, Herrera-García JS, Moreno-Fierros L. Study of the allergenic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin following intra-gastric administration in a murine model of food-allergy. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:185-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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de Santis B, Stockhofe N, Wal JM, Weesendorp E, Lallès JP, van Dijk J, Kok E, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Onori R, Brera C, Bikker P, van der Meulen J, Kleter G. Case studies on genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Potential risk scenarios and associated health indicators. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 117:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Li Y, Hao N, Zou S, Meng T, Tao H, Ming P, Li M, Ding H, Li J, Feng S, Wang X, Wu J. Immune Regulation of RAW264.7 Cells In Vitro by Flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus via Activating the NF- κB Signalling Pathway. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7948068. [PMID: 29850637 PMCID: PMC5907389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7948068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed at investigating the effects of flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus (FAC) on the proliferation, the contents, and gene expression levels of cytokines, secretion of surface stimulating factors, cell cycle, and the expression level of the NF-κB signalling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Our results revealed that compared with control group, the contents of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO and the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS in FAC-treated groups significantly increased (p < 0.01). Moreover, FAC induced macrophage activation to release the above-mentioned mediators partly involved in NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways. Therefore, FAC regulates immune function in RAW264.7 cells via activating the NF-κB signalling pathway. FAC could be applicable for agriculture, drug research, and food industry as a potent immune-modulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Suping Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huanqing Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pengfei Ming
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manman Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Camacho-Millán R, Aguilar-Medina EM, Quezada H, Medina-Contreras Ó, Patiño-López G, Cárdenas-Cota HM, Ramos-Payán R. Characterization of Cry toxins from autochthonous Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Mexico. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2018; 74:193-199. [PMID: 29382486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical pesticides, widely used in agriculture and vector-borne disease control, have shown toxic effects on the environment and the people in contact with them. Bacillus thuringiensis is a widely used bacterium for alternative and safer control of insect pests. Its toxins are specific for insects but innocuous for mammals and may be used as powerful adjuvants when applied with vaccines. The objective of this work was to characterize some autochthonous B. thuringiensis strains, which could be used for the control of a local pest (Diatraea considerata Heinrich) that affects sugar cane crops in Sinaloa, Mexico. Also, to evaluate these strains as a source of Cry toxins, which may be used in the future as adjuvants for some vaccines. METHODS Eight strains from field-collected dead insects were isolated. These were microbiologically identified as B. thuringiensis and confirmed by amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Bioassays were performed to evaluate their pathogenicity against D. considerata, and Cry toxins were identified by proteomic analyses. RESULTS An increased mortality among larvae infected with strain Bt-D was observed, and its toxin was identified as Cry1Ac. CONCLUSIONS The observed data showed that the selected strain was pathogenic to D. considerata and seemed to produce Cry1Ac protein, which has been reported as an adjuvant in different types of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Camacho-Millán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Quezada
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Medina-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rosalío Ramos-Payán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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20
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Carrasco-Yepez MM, Campos-Rodríguez R, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Peña-Juárez C, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Bonilla-Lemus P, Rojas-Hernandez S. Naegleria fowleri immunization modifies lymphocytes and APC of nasal mucosa. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40. [PMID: 29243267 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether intranasal immunization with amoebic lysates plus cholera toxin modified the populations of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells by flow cytometry from nose-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), cervical lymph nodes (CN), nasal passages (NP) and spleen (SP). In all immunized groups, the percentage of CD4 was higher than CD8 cells. CD45 was increased in B cells from mice immunized. We observed IgA antibody-forming cell (IgA-AFC) response, mainly in NALT and NP. Macrophages from NP and CN expressed the highest levels of CD80 and CD86 in N. fowleri lysates with either CT or CT alone immunized mice, whereas dendritic cells expressed high levels of CD80 and CD86 in all compartment from immunized mice. These were lower than those expressed by macrophages. Only in SP from CT-immunized mice, these costimulatory molecules were increased. These results suggest that N. fowleri and CT antigens are taking by APCs, and therefore, protective immunity depends on interactions between APCs and T cells from NP and CN. Consequently, CD4 cells stimulate the differentiation from B lymphocytes to AFC IgA-positive; antibody that we previously found interacting with trophozoites in the nasal lumen avoiding the N. fowleri attachment to nasal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Carrasco-Yepez
- Proyecto CyMA, Los Reyes Iztacala, UIICSE, UNAM FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - R Campos-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A A Reséndiz-Albor
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Peña-Juárez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Contis-Montes de Oca
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I M Arciniega-Martínez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Bonilla-Lemus
- Proyecto CyMA, Los Reyes Iztacala, UIICSE, UNAM FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - S Rojas-Hernandez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Analysis of immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharide extracted from Yu-Ping-Feng in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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22
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Rubio-Infante N, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Torres-Martínez M, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Nava-Acosta R, González-González E, Moreno-Fierros L. The Macrophage Activation Induced by Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Protoxin Involves ERK1/2 and p38 Pathways and the Interaction with Cell-Surface-HSP70. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:580-598. [PMID: 28608568 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to further characterize the mechanisms involved in protoxin (p) Cry1Ac-induced macrophage activation. We demonstrated that pCry1Ac induces MAPK ERK1/2, p38, and JNK phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Because MAPK activation is mainly triggered via ligand-receptor interactions, we focused on the identification of potential pCry1Ac-receptor proteins. Flow cytometry and confocal analysis showed specific saturable pCry1Ac-binding to the macrophage surface and evidenced its internalization via the clathrin-pathway. We performed immunoprecipitation assays and identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF several possible pCry1Ac-binding proteins, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), vimentin, α-enolase, and actin; whose interaction and presence was confirmed, respectively, by ligand blot and Western blot assays. We also detected cell-surface (cs) pCry1Ac-HSP70 colocalization, so HSP70 was chosen for further characterization. Co-immunoprecipitation with HSP70 antibodies followed by Western blot confirmed the pCry1Ac-HSP70 interaction. Furthermore, pretreatment of RAW264.7 cells with HSP70 antibodies reduced pCry1Ac-induced ERK1 phosphorylation and MCP-1 production; thus suggest the functional participation of csHSP70 in pCry1Ac-induced macrophage activation. csHSP70 also was evaluated in peritoneal-cavity (PerC) macrophages of untreated BALB/c mice, interestingly it was found that the predominant population namely large-peritoneal-macrophages (LPM) displayed csHSP70 + hi. Furthermore, the dynamics of PerC macrophage subsets, LPM, and small-peritoneal macrophages (SPM) were evaluated in response to in vivo pCry1Ac stimuli in presence or not of phenylethynesulfonamide (PES) a functional HSP70 inhibitor. It was found that pCry1Ac increased the proportion of SPM CD11b + F4/80 + lowMHCII + csHSP70 + low and markedly reduced the amount of LPM CD11b + F4/80 + hiMHCII-csHSP70 + hi; while PES, partially suppressed this pCry1Ac-induced effect, further suggesting the participation of HSP70 in macrophage activation process. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 580-598, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Rubio-Infante
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México
| | - Damaris Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México
| | - Marilu Torres-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Grajeda
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Colonia Arenal Tepepan, Delegación Tlalpan, 14610, México, DF
| | - Raúl Nava-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México
| | - Edith González-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México
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Fan W, Zhang S, Hao P, Zheng P, Liu J, Zhao X. Structure characterization of three polysaccharides and a comparative study of their immunomodulatory activities on chicken macrophage. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:631-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cry1Ac toxin induces macrophage activation via ERK1/2, JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:106-115. [PMID: 27394658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is used commercially as a bio-insecticide and is expressed in transgenic plants that are used for human and animal consumption. Although it was originally considered innocuous for mammals, the Cry1Ac toxin is not inert and has the ability to induce mucosal and systemic immunogenicity. Herein, we examined whether the Cry1Ac toxin promotes macrophage activation and explored the signalling pathways that may mediate this effect. Treatment of primary and RAW264.7 macrophages with the Cry1Ac toxin resulted in upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and ICOS-L and enhanced production of nitric oxide, the chemokine MCP-1 and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Remarkably, the Cry1Ac toxin induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2, JNK and p38 and promoted nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p50 and p65. p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs were involved in this effect, as indicated by the Cry1Ac-induced upregulation of CD80 and IL-6 and TNF-α abrogation by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Furthermore, treatment the MEK1/2 kinase inhibitor PD98059 blocked increases in MCP-1 secretion and augmented Cry1Ac-induced ICOS-L upregulation. These data demonstrate the capacity of the Cry1Ac toxin to induce macrophage activation via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Wei Z, Yan L, Chen Y, Bao C, Deng J, Deng J. Mangiferin inhibits macrophage classical activation via downregulating interferon regulatory factor 5 expression. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1091-8. [PMID: 27277156 PMCID: PMC4940072 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin is a natural polyphenol and the predominant effective component of Mangifera indica Linn. leaves. For hundreds of years, Mangifera indica Linn. leaf has been used as an ingredient in numerous traditional Chinese medicine preparations for the treatment of bronchitis. However, the pharmacological mechanism of mangiferin in the treatment of bronchitis remains to be elucidated. Macrophage classical activation is important role in the process of bronchial airway inflammation, and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) has been identified as a key regulatory factor for macrophage classical activation. The present study used the THP-1 human monocyte cell line to investigate whether mangiferin inhibits macrophage classical activation via suppressing IRF5 expression in vitro. THP-1 cells were differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Macrophages were polarized to M1 macrophages following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Flow cytometric analysis was conducted to detect the M1 macrophages. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate cellular IRF5 gene expression. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and IRF5 were assessed following cell culture and cellular homogenization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IRF5 protein and nuclei co-localization was performed in macrophages with laser scanning confocal microscope immunofluorescence analysis. The results of the present study demonstrated that mangiferin significantly inhibits LPS/IFN-γ stimulation-induced classical activation of macrophages in vitro and markedly decreases proinflammatory cytokine release. In addition, cellular IRF5 expression was markedly downregulated. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of mangiferin on classical activation of macrophages may be exerted via downregulation of cellular IRF5 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wei
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Laboratory of Basis and Application Research of Zhuang Medicine Formulas, Zhuang Medicine College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhong Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruikang Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Dana‑Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
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Andreassen M, Bøhn T, Wikmark OG, Bodin J, Traavik T, Løvik M, Nygaard UC. Investigations of immunogenic, allergenic and adjuvant properties of Cry1Ab protein after intragastric exposure in a food allergy model in mice. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:10. [PMID: 27141950 PMCID: PMC4855866 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In genetically modified (GM) crops there is a risk that the inserted genes may introduce new allergens and/or adjuvants into the food and feed chain. The MON810 maize, expressing the insecticidal Cry1Ab toxin, is grown in many countries worldwide. In animal models, intranasal and intraperitoneal immunisations with the purified Cry1Ab proteins have induced immune responses, and feeding trials with Cry1Ab-containing feed have revealed some altered immune responses. Previous investigations have primarily measured antibody responses to the protein, while investigations of clinical food allergy symptoms, or allergy promotion (adjuvant effect) associated with the Cry1Ab protein are largely missing. We aimed to investigate immunogenic, allergenic and adjuvant properties of purified Cry1Ab toxin (trypCry1Ab, i.e., trypsin activated Cry1Ab) in a mouse model of food allergy. Method Female C3H/HeJ mice were immunized by intragastric gavage of 10 μg purified, trypsin activated Cry1Ab toxin (trypCry1Ab) alone or together with the food allergen lupin. Cholera toxin was added as a positive control for adjuvant effect to break oral tolerance. Clinical symptoms (anaphylaxis) as well as humoral and cellular responses were assessed. Results In contrast to results from previous airway investigations, we observed no indication of immunogenic properties of trypCry1Ab protein after repeated intragastric exposures to one dose, with or without CT as adjuvant. Moreover, the results indicated that trypCry1Ab given by the intragastric route was not able to promote allergic responses or anaphylactic reactions against the co-administered allergen lupin at the given dose. Conclusion The study suggests no immunogenic, allergenic or adjuvant capacity of the given dose of trypCry1Ab protein after intragastric exposure of prime aged mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-016-0148-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Andreassen
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway. .,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. .,Present address: Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Odd-Gunnar Wikmark
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.,North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Terje Traavik
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martinus Løvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Rubio-Infante N, Moreno-Fierros L. An overview of the safety and biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins in mammals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:630-48. [PMID: 26537666 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crystal proteins (Cry) produced during the growth and sporulation phases of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium are known as delta endotoxins. These toxins are being used worldwide as bioinsecticides to control pests in agriculture, and some Cry toxins are used against mosquitoes to control vector transmission. This review summarizes the relevant information currently available regarding the biosafety and biological effects that Bt and its insecticidal Cry proteins elicit in mammals. This work was performed because of concerns regarding the possible health impact of Cry toxins on vertebrates, particularly because Bt toxins might be associated with immune-activating or allergic responses. The controversial data published to date are discussed in this review considering earlier toxicological studies of B. thuringiensis, spores, toxins and Bt crops. We discussed the experimental studies performed in humans, mice, rats and sheep as well as in diverse mammalian cell lines. Although the term 'toxic' is not appropriate for defining the effects these toxins have on mammals, they cannot be considered innocuous, as they have some physiological effects that may become pathological; thus, trials that are more comprehensive are necessary to determine their effects on mammals because knowledge in this field remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
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Riemann A, Wußling H, Loppnow H, Fu H, Reime S, Thews O. Acidosis differently modulates the inflammatory program in monocytes and macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:72-81. [PMID: 26499398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, ischemia or the microenvironment of solid tumors is often accompanied by a reduction of extracellular pH (acidosis) that stresses the cells and acts on cellular signaling and transcription. The effect of acidosis on the expression of various inflammatory markers, on functional parameters (migration, phagocytic activity) and on signaling pathways involved was studied in monocytic cells and macrophages. In monocytic cell lines acidosis led to a reduction in expression of most of the inflammatory mediators, namely IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, COX-2 and osteopontin. In primary human monocytes MCP-1 and TNF-α were reduced but COX-2 and IL-6 were increased. In RAW264.7 macrophage cell line IL-1ß, COX-2 and iNOS expression was increased, whereas MCP-1 was reduced similar to the effect in monocytic cells. For primary human monocyte-derived macrophages the regulation of inflammatory markers by acidosis depended on activation state, except for the acidosis-induced downregulation of MCP-1 and TNF-α. Acidosis affected functional immune cell behavior when looking at phagocytic activity which was increased in a time-dependent manner, but cellular motility was not changed. Neither ERK1/2 nor CREB signaling was stimulated by the reduction of extracellular pH. However, p38 was activated by acidosis in RAW264.7 cells and this activation was critical for the induction of IL-1ß, COX-2 and iNOS expression. In conclusion, acidosis may impede the recruitment of immune cells, but fosters inflammation when macrophages are present by increasing the level of COX-2 and iNOS and by functionally forcing up the phagocytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riemann
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Hanna Wußling
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Harald Loppnow
- Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Hang Fu
- Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Reime
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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González-González E, García-Hernández AL, Flores-Mejía R, López-Santiago R, Moreno-Fierros L. The protoxin Cry1Ac of Bacillus thuringiensis improves the protection conferred by intranasal immunization with Brucella abortus RB51 in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2015; 175:382-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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No adjuvant effect of Bacillus thuringiensis-maize on allergic responses in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103979. [PMID: 25084284 PMCID: PMC4118972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. However, few studies have tested the capacity of a GM food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. We sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of GM Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize (MON810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. BALB/c mice were provided a diet containing 33% GM or non-GM maize for up to 34 days either before ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic asthma or disease relapse in mice with pre-existing allergy. We observed that GM-maize feeding did not affect OVA-induced eosinophilic airway and lung inflammation, mucus hypersecretion or OVA-specific antibody production at initiation or relapse of allergic asthma. There was no adjuvant effect upon GM-maize consumption on the onset or severity of allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
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Ibarra-Moreno S, García-Hernández AL, Moreno-Fierros L. Coadministration of protoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis with metacestode extract confers protective immunity to murine cysticercosis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:266-70. [PMID: 24484070 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac protoxin (pCry1Ac) is a promising mucosal immunogen and adjuvant that induces protective immunity against Naegleria fowleri and malaria infection models. We determined whether pCry1Ac acted as a protective adjuvant against infection with Taenia crassiceps. BALB/C mice were thrice i.p. immunized with (i) pCry1Ac, (ii) metacestode extract, (iii) extract + pCry1Ac or (iv) vehicle, challenged with metacestodes on day 26 and then sacrificed 35 days later. Cysticerci in the peritoneal cavity were counted, while the serum antibody response and cytokines were analysed after immunization and during infection. Only immunization with pCry1Ac plus extract conferred a significant protection (up to 47%). This group presented fluctuating antibody peaks during infection and the highest IgG1 and IgM titres. Immunization with extract alone elicited high IgG1 and the highest IgG2a responses after 25 days of infection, while nonimmunized mice presented a poor, mixed-Th1/Th2 response during infection. Sharp peaks of TNFα and IFN-γ occurred immediately after the first immunization with extract, especially in the presence of pCry1Ac, but not after the challenge, while in the control and pCry1Ac-alone groups, cytokines were only detected after the challenge. The data support the protective-adjuvant effect of co-administration of pCry1Ac in cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ibarra-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas Unidad de Biomedicina FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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