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Prasad KN, Bondy SC. Oxidative and Inflammatory Events in Prion Diseases: Can They Be Therapeutic Targets? Curr Aging Sci 2020; 11:216-225. [PMID: 30636622 PMCID: PMC6635421 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190111100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of incurable infectious terminal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the aggregated misfolded PrPsc in selected mammals including humans. The complex physical interaction between normal prion protein PrPc and infectious PrPsc causes conformational change from the α- helix structure of PrPc to the β-sheet structure of PrPsc, and this process is repeated. Increased oxidative stress is one of the factors that facilitate the conversion of PrPc to PrPsc. This overview presents evidence to show that increased oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the progression of this disease. Evidence is given for the participation of redoxsensitive metals Cu and Fe with PrPsc inducing oxidative stress by disturbing the homeostasis of these metals. The fact that some antioxidants block the toxicity of misfolded PrPc peptide supports the role of oxidative stress in prion disease. After exogenous infection in mice, PrPsc enters the follicular dendritic cells where PrPsc replicates before neuroinvasion where they continue to replicate and cause inflammation leading to neurodegeneration. Therefore, reducing levels of oxidative stress and inflammation may decrease the rate of the progression of this disease. It may be an important order to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation at the same time. This may be achieved by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes by activating the Nrf2 pathway together with simultaneous administration of dietary and endogenous antioxidants. It is proposed that a mixture of micronutrients could enable these concurrent events thereby reducing the progression of human prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar N Prasad
- Engage Global, 245 El Faison Drive, San Rafael, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Li CH, Zhang JY, Zhang XY, Li SH, Gao JM. An overview of grayanane diterpenoids and their biological activities from the Ericaceae family in the last seven years. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:400-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li CH, Yan XT, Zhang AL, Gao JM. Structural Diversity and Biological Activity of the Genus Pieris Terpenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9934-9949. [PMID: 29083170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites, particularly the grayanane diterpenoids produced by the members of genus Pieris, have been investigated in past decades for their remarkable antifeedant and insecticidal activities and toxicity. Grayanoids exhibit diverse biological properties such as antifeedant, insecticidal, cAMP regulatory, and sodium-channel-modulating activities. Structural complexity and diverse bioactivity of grayanoids have made them attractive targets for chemical, biological, and synthetic purposes. The current review synthesized findings published from 1966 to 2017, which include 135 reports that describe 130 terpenoids, including 103 grayanoids. The distribution, structure, skeleton, as well as the antifeedant and insecticidal activity of terpenoids, particularly the grayanane diterpenoids, are discussed in detail in this review. In cases where sufficient information is available, the structure-activity relationships of their antifeedant activity are also presented. We hope that this contribution will prompt more scientists to pay attention to these diterpenoids, which may be potentially applied in the agricultural field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Huan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Tao Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Ling Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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New Antifeedant Grayanane Diterpenoids from the Flowers of Pieris formosa. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091431. [PMID: 28858256 PMCID: PMC6151510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new grayanane diterpenoids, pierisoids C‒E (1–3), as well as 10 known ones (4–13), were evaluated from the flowers of Pieris formosa, which is used as an insecticide in rural areas of China. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analyses. Significant antifeedant activity of 1, 3 and 10 against the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) was found, indicating that these diterpenoids might also be involved in the plant defense against insect herbivores.
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Park SY, Jin ML, Kang NJ, Park G, Choi YW. Anti-inflammatory effects of novel polygonum multiflorum compound via inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK and upregulating the Nrf2 pathways in LPS-stimulated microglia. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Lim HS, Kim OS, Kim BY, Jeong SJ. Apigetrin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Inhibits Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia and Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in HT22 Hippocampal Cells. J Med Food 2016; 19:1032-1040. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ohn-Soon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Lin C, Ren J, Zhang S. Forsythiaside A Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia Cells Through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:659-65. [PMID: 26498935 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress have been reported to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forsythiaside A, a phenylethanoside product isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of forsythiaside A on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia cells were investigated. The production of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, NO and PGE2 were detected in this study. NF-κB, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were detected by western blot analysis. Our results showed that forsythiaside A significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, NO and PGE2 production. LPS-induced NF-κB activation was suppressed by forsythiaside A. Furthermore, forsythiaside A was found to up-regulate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that forsythiaside A inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia cells through inhibition of NF-κB activation and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, No. 208 Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Hongfei Zhao
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun Chinese Medicine University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuangxin Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Nursing Department, No. 461 Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Ahmed MAE, El-Awdan SA. Lipoic acid and pentoxifylline mitigate nandrolone decanoate-induced neurobehavioral perturbations in rats via re-balance of brain neurotransmitters, up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and down-regulation of TNFR1 expression. Horm Behav 2015; 73:186-99. [PMID: 26187709 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral perturbations associated with nandrolone decanoate abuse by athletes and adolescents may be attributed to oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully explored. On the other hand, the natural antioxidant lipoic acid can pass the blood brain barrier and enhance Nrf2/HO-1 (nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1) pathway. In addition, the phosphodiesterase-IV inhibitor xanthine derivative pentoxifylline has a remarkable inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Therefore, this study aimed at investigation of the possible protective effects of lipoic acid and/or pentoxifylline against nandrolone-induced neurobehavioral alterations in rats. Accordingly, male albino rats were randomly distributed into seven groups and treated with either vehicle, nandrolone (15mg/kg, every third day, s.c.), lipoic acid (100mg/kg/day, p.o.), pentoxifylline (200mg/kg/day, i.p.), or nandrolone with lipoic acid and/or pentoxifylline. Rats were challenged in the open field, rewarded T-maze, Morris water maze, and resident-intruder aggression behavioral tests. The present findings showed that nandrolone induced hyperlocomotion, anxiety, memory impairment, and aggression in rats. These behavioral abnormalities were accompanied by several biochemical changes, including altered levels of brain monoamines, GABA, and acetylcholine, enhanced levels of malondialdehyde and TNF-α, elevated activity of acetylcholinesterase, and up-regulated expression of TNF-α receptor-1 (TNFR1). In addition, inhibited catalase activity, down-regulated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and suppressed acetylcholine receptor expression were observed. Lipoic acid and pentoxifylline combination significantly mitigated all the previously mentioned deleterious effects mainly via up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, inhibition of TNF-α and down-regulation of TNFR1 expression. In conclusion, the biochemical and histopathological findings of this study revealed the protective mechanisms of lipoic acid and pentoxifylline against nandrolone-induced behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sally A El-Awdan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Chen B, Lu Y, Chen Y, Cheng J. The role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress-induced endothelial injuries. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:R83-99. [PMID: 25918130 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and it represents the initial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Failure to protect against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage accounts for endothelial dysfunction in the majority of pathophysiological conditions. Numerous antioxidant pathways are involved in cellular redox homeostasis, among which the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is perhaps the most prominent. Nrf2, a transcription factor with a high sensitivity to oxidative stress, binds to AREs in the nucleus and promotes the transcription of a wide variety of antioxidant genes. Nrf2 is located in the cytoskeleton, adjacent to Keap1. Keap1 acts as an adapter for cullin 3/ring-box 1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2, which decreases the activity of Nrf2 under physiological conditions. Oxidative stress causes Nrf2 to dissociate from Keap1 and to subsequently translocate into the nucleus, which results in its binding to ARE and the transcription of downstream target genes. Experimental evidence has established that Nrf2-driven free radical detoxification pathways are important endogenous homeostatic mechanisms that are associated with vasoprotection in the setting of aging, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia, and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present review is to briefly summarize the mechanisms that regulate the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE signaling pathway and the latest advances in understanding how Nrf2 protects against oxidative stress-induced endothelial injuries. Further studies regarding the precise mechanisms by which Nrf2-regulated endothelial protection occurs are necessary for determining whether Nrf2 can serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyMinistry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Luzhou Medicine College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyMinistry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Luzhou Medicine College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyMinistry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Luzhou Medicine College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyMinistry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Luzhou Medicine College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyMinistry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Luzhou Medicine College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
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