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Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates the Inflammatory Stress of LPS-Induced BV2 Cell via Interacting with TLR4-Mediated Downstream Pathway. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6282167. [PMID: 35633920 PMCID: PMC9132620 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6282167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is related with the inflammatory stress of brain tissue induced by the activation of microglial in the central nervous system (CNS), which is still an intractable disease for modern clinical system. Chlorogenic acid has multiple biological activities such as antivirus and anti-inflammation, while few researches have revealed its therapeutic functions in neuroinflammation. Methods BV2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish neuroinflammation cell models, and the effects and mechanism of chlorogenic acid in improving the inflammatory progression were investigated. In brief, the toxicity of chlorogenic acid on BV2 cells was detected with MTT assay. The levels of the inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-α were measured with ELISA, and the abundances of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, and NF-κB were observed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Results Chlorogenic acid did not exhibit obvious toxic and side effects on BV2 cells. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-α were observably upregulated in BV2 cells after treating with LPS. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-α. Moreover, the abundances of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, and NF-κB were increased in LPS-induced BV2 cells, while chlorogenic acid could obviously reduce their expressions. Conclusion This study suggests that chlorogenic acid can improve the inflammatory stress of LPS-induced BV2 cell via interacting with the TLR4-mediated downstream pathway, which is a potential drug for neuroinflammation treatment.
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Barral TD, Kalil MA, Mariutti RB, Arni RK, Gismene C, Sousa FS, Collares T, Seixas FK, Borsuk S, Estrela-Lima A, Azevedo V, Meyer R, Portela RW. Immunoprophylactic properties of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-derived MBP:PLD:CP40 fusion protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8035-8051. [PMID: 36374330 PMCID: PMC9660185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a disease that affects small ruminants, and the best way to prevent its spread on a herd is through immunoprophylaxis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the MBP:PLD:CP40 fusion protein as a new CLA immunogen. The fusion protein was constructed by combining Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis PLD and CP40 proteins with maltose-binding protein (MBP) as an intrinsic adjuvant. The antigenicity, allergenic potential, prediction of B epitopes, binding to MHC receptors, and docking on the Toll-Like 2 receptor were evaluated in silico. MBP:PLD:CP40 was expressed and purified. 40 BALB/c were divided into four groups (G1 - control, G2 - Saponin, G3 - MBP:PLD:CP40, and G4 - rPLD + rCP40). Total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were quantified, and the expressions of cytokines after splenocyte in vitro stimulation were assessed. Mice were challenged 42 days after the first immunization. The in silico analysis showed that MBP:PLD:CP40 has immunogenic potential, does not have allergic properties, and can dock on the TRL2 receptor. MBP:PLD:CP40 stimulated the production of IgG1 antibodies in a fivefold proportion to IgG2a, and TNF and IL-17 were significantly expressed in response to the antigenic stimuli. When rPLD and rCP40 were used together for immunization, they could induce IFN-γ and IL-12, but with no detectable antibody production. The G3 and G4 groups presented a survival of 57.14% and 42.86%, respectively, while the G1 and G2 mice were all dead 15 days after the challenge. MBP:PLD:CP40 partially protected the mice against C. pseudotuberculosis infection and can be considered a potential new CLA immunogen. KEY POINTS: • The fusion protein induced more IgG1 than IgG2a antibodies; • The fusion protein also induced the expression of the TNF and IL-17 cytokines; • Mice inoculated with MBP:PLD:CP40 presented a 57.14% survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Doria Barral
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alcantara Kalil
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barros Mariutti
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XMultiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XMultiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Carolina Gismene
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XMultiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Severo Sousa
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Sibele Borsuk
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
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Zhou H, Zhang Z, Liu G, Jiang M, Wang J, Liu Y, Tai G. The Effect of Different Immunization Cycles of a Recombinant Mucin1-Maltose-Binding Protein Vaccine on T Cell Responses to B16-MUC1 Melanoma in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165810. [PMID: 32823603 PMCID: PMC7460843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the effect of a recombinant mucin1-maltose-binding protein vaccine, including immunization cycles of recombinant mucin1-maltose-binding protein (MUC1-MBP) and CpG 2006 on T cell responses to human MUC1-overexpressing mouse melanoma B16 cells (B16-MUC1) melanoma in mice. We found that the vaccine had a significant antitumor effect, with the most obvious tumor-suppressive effect being observed in mice immunized five times. After more than five immunizations, the tumor inhibition rate decreased from 81.67% (five immunizations) to 43.67% (eight immunizations). To study the possible mechanism, Mucin-1(MUC1)-specific antibodies, IFN-γ secretion by lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cytotoxicity were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a real-time cell analyzer (RTCA). T cell subsets and immunosuppressive cells in the mouse spleen and tumor microenvironment were analyzed by FACS. These results showed that five immunizations activated MUC1-specific Th1 and CTL and reduced the ratio of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Th17 in mice more significantly than eight immunizations, indicating that excessive frequency of the immune cycle leads to the increased numbers of immunosuppressive cells and decreased numbers of immunostimulatory cells, thereby inhibiting antitumor immune activity. This data provide an experimental foundation for the clinical application of a recombinant MUC1-MBP vaccine.
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Effect of the Tc13Tul antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi on splenocytes from naïve mice. Parasitology 2020; 147:1114-1123. [PMID: 32466805 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, releases factors, including antigens from the trans-sialidase (TS) superfamily, which modulate the host immune responses. Tc13 antigens belong to group IV of TSs and are characterized by C-terminal EPKSA repeats. Here, we studied the effect of the Tc13 antigen from the Tulahuén strain, Tc13Tul, on primary cultures of splenocytes from naïve BALB/c mice. Recombinant Tc13Tul increased the percentage of viable cells and induced B (CD19+) lymphocyte proliferation. Tc13Tul stimulation also induced secretion of non-specific IgM and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The same effects were induced by Tc13Tul on splenocytes from naïve C3H/HeJ mice. In vivo administration of Tc13Tul to naïve BALB/c mice increased non-specific IgG in sera. In addition, in vitro cultured splenocytes from Tc13Tul-inoculated mice secreted a higher basal level of non-specific IgM than controls and the in vitro Tc13Tul stimulation of these cells showed an enhanced effect on IgM and IFN-γ secretion. Our results indicate that Tc13Tul may participate in the early immunity in T. cruzi infection by favouring immune system evasion through B-cell activation and non-specific Ig secretion. In contrast, as IFN-γ is an important factor involved in T. cruzi resistance, this may be considered a Tc13Tul effect in favour of the host.
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Rui T, Li Q, Song S, Gao Y, Luo C. Ferroptosis-relevant mechanisms and biomarkers for therapeutic interventions in traumatic brain injury. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1105-1113. [PMID: 32459001 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most significant health care problems worldwide, causing disability and death especially among young individuals. Although a large range of agents and therapies have been proved beneficial to lesions post-TBI to some extent, effective treatments have not been translated to the clinic. As a newly discovered form of iron-dependent regulated cell death, ferroptosis has been implicated in TBI. In this review, we update the current state of knowledge related to second injuries post-TBI, including ferroptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and so on, which often lead to chronic symptoms and long-term disability. This review systematically summarizes the latest progress in the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI, with a focus on providing references for proposing new multi-molecular targets for comprehensive therapeutic strategies based on ferroptosis-relevant mechanisms. In addition, biomarkers are essential diagnostic and prognostic tools in TBI. Several biomarkers associated with the outcome of TBI have been listed in this article, such as Pde10a, MDA, UCH-L1, S100A9, S100B, ALDOC, ACSL4, MBP and F2-Isoprostane. Therefore, the understating of ferroptosis-relevant mechanisms and biomarkers may contribute to development of promising therapies for TBI clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shunchen Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Afzali F, Minuchehr Z, Jahangiri S, Ranjbar MM. Immunopeptidome screening to design An immunogenic construct against PRAME positive breast cancer; An in silico study. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 85:107231. [PMID: 32065960 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the main cause of breast cancer (BC) lethality, especially in early stages, led to improvements in therapeutic procedures. Lately, by improvements in our perception of biological processes and immune system new classes of vaccines are emerged that grant us the opportunity of designing resolute constructs against desired antigens. In the current study, we used a variety of immunoinformatics tools to design a novel cancer vaccine against Preferentially Expressed Antigen of Melanoma (PRAME), which counts as a cancer testis antigen for various human cancers including BC. The PRAME up-regulation leads to strengthen BC stem cells maintenance, drug resistance, cell survival, adaptation, and apoptosis evading in cancerous cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The PRAME co-expressed genes were mined and validated through BC RNA-sequencing of TCGA data. The immunodominant T-cell predicted epitopes were fused and engineered to form the vaccine. The safety, allergenicity, and immunogenic capabilities of the vaccine were confirmed by promising immunoinformatics tools. The vaccine's structure was verified to be hydrophilic in most areas through Kyte and Doolittle hydrophobicity plotting. The interactions between the designed vaccine and immune receptors of TLR4 and IL1R were confirmed by protein-protein docking after modeling its tertiary structure. Finally, codon optimization and in silico cloning were performed to guarantee better in-vivo results. CONCLUSION In conclusion, concerning in silico assessments' results in this study, the designed vaccine can potentially boost immune responses against PRAME, therefore may decrease BC development and metastasis. According to the mined PRAME co-expressed genes and their functional annotation, cell cycle regulation is the prime mechanism opted by this construct and its adjacent regulatory genes along boosting immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Afzali
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Systems Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Jahangiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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Aurelian L, Balan I. GABA AR α2-activated neuroimmune signal controls binge drinking and impulsivity through regulation of the CCL2/CX3CL1 balance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3023-3043. [PMID: 31030249 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands and are increasingly recognized for their impact on homeostasis and its dysregulation in the nervous system. TLR signaling participates in brain injury and addiction, but its role in the alcohol-seeking behavior, which initiates alcohol drinking, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss our findings designed to elucidate the potential contribution of the activated TLR4 signal located in neurons, on impulsivity and the predisposition to initiate alcohol drinking (binge drinking). RESULTS Our findings indicate that the TLR4 signal is innately activated in neurons from alcohol-preferring subjects, identifying a genetic contribution to the regulation of impulsivity and the alcohol-seeking propensity. Signal activation is through the non-canonical, previously unknown, binding of TLR4 to the α2 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric 2 acid A receptor (GABAAR α2). Activation is sustained by the stress hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and additional still poorly recognized ligand/scaffold proteins. Focus is on the effect of TLR4 signal activation on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory chemokines [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)/chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1)] and its effect on binge drinking. CONCLUSION The results are discussed within the context of current findings on the distinct activation and functions of TLR signals located in neurons, as opposed to immune cells. They indicate that the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory TLR4 signaling plays a major role in binge drinking. These findings have major impact on future basic and translational research, including the development of potential therapeutic and preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Stanford University School of Medicine OFDD, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Irina Balan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Zhu G, Gui Z. Effect of silkworm peptide on inducting M1 type polarization and Th1 activation via TLR2-induced MyD88-dependent pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1251-1260. [PMID: 31024698 PMCID: PMC6475741 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore immune activity and molecular mechanism of silkworm peptide. The cell subsets induced by silkworm peptides were detected by flow cytometry. The IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in CD4+ cells were measured by ELISA. TLR2 mRNA expression in mouse CD4+ T cells was detected by qRT-PCR. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of MyD88 and p-IκB. The growth rate of Lewis lung cancer xenografts in mice of the medium-dose group was significantly reduced, and the tumor volume was significantly smaller than that of the control group on the 14th day. The relative vitality values of spleen lymphocytes in the medium-dose and high-dose groups were higher than the control group. The IFN-γ levels in the medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly higher than the control group. The levels of IL-4 were no significant change among different groups. Compared with the control group, different doses of silkworm peptide groups could increase the levels of NO, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β. Compared with the control group, the protein expression levels of MyD88 and p-IκB in 10 μg/ml group and 20 μg/ml groups were significantly increased compared with the control group. Silkworm peptide could induce Th1 activation and M1 type polarization, which was dose-dependent and was relative to the effect of silkworm peptide on inhibiting tumor growth. Silkworm peptide could directly induce M1 type polarization and Th1 activation via TLR2-induced MyD88-dependent pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglai Zhu
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangChina
- Department of Aquatic Science and TechnologyJiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary CollegeTaizhouChina
| | - Zhongzheng Gui
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangChina
- Sericultural Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhenjiangChina
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Liu G, Zhai X, Zhou H, Yang X, Zhang N, Tai G, Ni W. The combination of maltose-binding protein and BCG-induced Th1 activation is involved in TLR2/9-mediated upregulation of MyD88-TRAF6 and TLR4-mediated downregulation of TRIF-TRAF3. Cell Immunol 2018; 325:56-63. [PMID: 29452695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that maltose-binding protein (MBP) activated Th1 through the TLR2-mediated MyD88-dependent pathway and the TLR4-mediated TRIF-dependent pathway. The combination of MBP and BCG synergistically induced Th1 activation, and the TLR2/9-mediated MyD88-dependent pathway is involved in this process. To further explore this mechanism, we stimulated purified mouse CD4+ T cells with MBP and BCG in vitro. The results demonstrated that MBP combined with BCG synergistically increased IFN-γ production and TLR2/4/9 expression, suggesting the involvement of TLR2/4/9 in the combination-induced Th1 activation. Next, TLRs 2/4/9 were blocked to analyze the effects of TLRs on Th1 activation. The results demonstrated that MBP induced a low level of Th1 activation by upregulating TLR2-mediated MyD88-TRAF6 and TLR4-mediated TRIF-TRAF3 expression, whereas MBP combined with BCG induced synergistic Th1 activation, which was not only triggered by strong upregulation of TLR2/9-mediated MyD88-TRAF6 expression but also by shifting TLR4-mediated TRIF-TRAF3 into the TRIF-TRAF6 pathway. Moreover, we observed that a TLR4 antibody upregulated MyD88 expression and a TLR9 inhibitor downregulated TRIF expression, indicating that there was cross-talk between TLRs 2/4/9 in MBP combined with BCG-induced Th1 activation. Our findings may expand the knowledge regarding TLR cross-talk involved in regulating the Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhai
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyue Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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