1
|
Wang R, Huang H, Yu C, Li X, Wang Y, Xie L. Current status and future directions for the development of human papillomavirus vaccines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362770. [PMID: 38983849 PMCID: PMC11231394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has made substantive progress, as represented by the approval of five prophylactic vaccines since 2006. Generally, the deployment of prophylactic HPV vaccines is effective in preventing newly acquired infections and incidences of HPV-related malignancies. However, there is still a long way to go regarding the prevention of all HPV infections and the eradication of established HPV infections, as well as the subsequent progression to cancer. Optimizing prophylactic HPV vaccines by incorporating L1 proteins from more HPV subtypes, exploring adjuvants that reinforce cellular immune responses to eradicate HPV-infected cells, and developing therapeutic HPV vaccines used either alone or in combination with other cancer therapeutic modalities might bring about a new era getting closer to the vision to get rid of HPV infection and related diseases. Herein, we summarize strategies for the development of HPV vaccines, both prophylactic and therapeutic, with an emphasis on the selection of antigens and adjuvants, as well as implications for vaccine efficacy based on preclinical studies and clinical trials. Additionally, we outline current cutting-edge insights on formulation strategies, dosing schedules, and age expansion among HPV vaccine recipients, which might play important roles in addressing barriers to vaccine uptake, such as vaccine hesitancy and vaccine availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongpeng Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chulin Yu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
- Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zayan H, Hosny AH, Mamdouh MM, Tawfik YM. Efficacy of Intralesional Candida Antigen Versus Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Versus Topical Podophyllin in Treatment of Resistant Genital Warts. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:253-258. [PMID: 38497287 DOI: 10.1177/12034754241238012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No single treatment is ideal for genital warts with high rate of resistance using conventional modalities as topical podophyllin; however, several intralesional immunotherapies are being tested nowadays, with variable results. In this study, we compared the safety and efficacy of treating resistant and recurrent genital warts by 2 intralesional immunotherapies [Candida antigen and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine] and compared them with topical podophyllin. PATIENTS/METHODS A total of 45 patients with resistant or recurrent genital warts were enrolled in this study. Size and number of warts were detected in each patient, patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A injected with intralesional Candida antigen. Group B with intralesional MMR vaccine. Group C were treated with topical 25% podophyllin. Patients received a session every 2 weeks for 3 treatment sessions. RESULTS With regard to the reduction in size and number of all warts, the best response was obtained in Candida antigen group where 46.7% showed complete clearance and 40% showed partial response followed by MMR group and the last was the podophyllin group, with no significant difference between them. Complete clearance of mother warts was noticed in 86.7% of Candida group, 53.3% in MMR group, and last 40% in podophyllin group, with a significantly better response in the Candida group (P = .027). CONCLUSION Both intralesional Candida antigen and MMR vaccine are simple, safe, and effective treatment options with comparable results and better response than topical podophyllin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Zayan
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Hosny
- Department of Andrology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmin M Tawfik
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feng F, Hou YM, Zhang Y, Wang LY, Li PP, Guo Y, An RF. Correlation analysis of vaginal microecology and different types of human papillomavirus infection: a study conducted at a hospital in northwest China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1138507. [PMID: 37324149 PMCID: PMC10267365 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1138507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaginal microecology has a definite influence on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and clearance, but the specific correlation is still controversial. This research aimed to investigate the differences in the vaginal microenvironment of different types of HPV infection and also provide data supporting clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods According to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, the case data of 2,358 female patients who underwent vaginal microecology and HPV-DNA tests at the same time in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from May 2021 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The population was divided into two groups: an HPV-positive group and an HPV-negative group. HPV-positive patients were further classified into HPV16/18-positive group and HPV other subtypes positive group. The vaginal microecology of HPV-infected patients was analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression. Results Among the 2,358 female patients, the HPV infection rate was 20.27% (478/2,358), of which the HPV16/18 infection rate was 25.73% (123/478), and the HPV other subtypes infection rate was 74.27% (355/478). The difference in HPV infection rates between the age groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The prevalence of mixed vaginitis was 14.37% (339/2,358), with bacterial vaginosis (BV) paired with aerobic vaginitis (AV) accounting for the majority (66.37%). The difference in HPV infection rates among mixed vaginitis was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The prevalence of single vaginitis was 24.22% (571/2,358), with the most frequent being vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC; 47.29%, 270/571), and there was a significant difference in HPV infection rates among single vaginitis (P < 0.001). Patients with BV had a higher risk of being positive for HPV16/18 (OR: 1.815, 95% CI: 1.050-3.139) and other subtypes (OR: 1.830, 95% CI: 1.254-2.669). Patients with Trichomoniasis were at higher odds of other HPV subtype infections (OR: 1.857, 95% CI: 1.004-3.437). On the contrary, patients with VVC had lower odds of becoming infected with other HPV subtypes (OR: 0.562, 95% CI: 0.380-0.831). Conclusion There were disparities in HPV infection among different age groups; therefore, we should pay attention to the prevention and treatment of susceptible individuals. BV and Trichomoniasis are linked to HPV infection; hence, restoring the balance of vaginal microecology could assist in the prevention of HPV infection. As a protective factor for other HPV subtype infections, VVC may provide new insights into the development of immunotherapeutic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue-min Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu-yuan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei-pei Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui-fang An
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
HPV16 E6-specific T cell response and HLA-A alleles are related to the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:61. [PMID: 34530896 PMCID: PMC8447512 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell epitopes are polypeptide fragments presented to T cell receptors by MHC molecules encoded by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes after antigen-presenting cell processing, which is the basis for the study of antigen immune mechanism and multi-epitope vaccine. This study investigated T cell response to HPV16 E6 and E7 in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Also, the HLA-A allele distribution was compared among patients and evaluated as a factor to predict prognosis in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study recruited a total of 76 patients with International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIB-IIIB CSCC. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood before any treatment and then enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay was employed to measure the E6 and E7-specific T cell response. HLA-A alleles were typed using Sanger sequencing-based typing techniques with DNA extracted from the peripheral blood. The correlation between the T cell responses, HLA-A allele distribution and patient prognosis were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The frequency of HPV E6-specific T cell responses in patients with pelvic lymph node metastasis was lower than that in patients without metastasis (P = 0.022). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of patients were 87.5% for those responding to multiple overlapping peptides, 72.7% for those responding to 1-2 overlapping peptides and 47.7% for non-responders (P = 0.032). Cox regression analysis indicated that the presence of HLA*A02:07 was independently associated with worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] 3.042; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.348-6.862; P = 0.007), while concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) was independently associated with better OS (HR 0.475; 95% CI 0.232-0.975; P = 0.042). CONCLUSION The results of our study demonstrated that the level of HPV16 E6-specific T cell response and HLA*A02:07 were correlated with prognosis in patients with advanced CSCC.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Z, Dong D, Zhu Y, Pang N, Ding J. The role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway in T-cell function and prognosis of patients with human papilloma virus-associated cervical carcinoma. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21401. [PMID: 33559190 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000528rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between Tim-3 on T cell and its ligand, Galectin-9, negatively regulates cellular immune responses. However, the role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway in the immune evasion of cervical cancer remains unknown. This study is to investigate the expression, function, and regulation of Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway in human papilloma virus (HPV) positive cervical cancer. Flow cytometry showed that Tim-3 expression on T cell and Galectin-9 expression on monocytes in HPV positive cervical cancer patients were significantly higher compared to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and benign uterine fibroids Tim-3 + CD4+ Th1 cells and Tim-3 + CD8+ T cells in HPV positive cervical cancer patients were significantly reduced after surgery. Serum TGF-β and IL-10 levels were positively correlated with Tim-3 + Treg cells, while IFN-γ and IL-2 were negatively correlated with Tim-3 + Th1 cells. Additionally, Tim-3 + CD4+ T cells were positively correlated with Galectin-9 + monocytes. Survival curve analysis showed that Tim-3 + CD4+ T cells were negatively correlated with patient survival, and closely related to FIGO stage, degree of differentiation, and lymph node metastasis of HPV positive cervical cancer. In vitro experiments showed that by blocking the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway, the proliferation of T cells and their ability to express IFN-γ, IL-2, perforin, and granzyme B was significantly restored. In conclusion, high levels of Tim-3 and Galectin-9 in HPV positive cervical cancer patients play roles in the progression of disease by promoting Treg cells to inhibit the cytotoxic function of Th1 and CD8+ T cells. Tim-3/Galectin-9 may serve as a new immunotherapy target for patients with HPV positive cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China.,Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Di Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nannan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ha JH, Kim YJ. Photodynamic and Cold Atmospheric Plasma Combination Therapy Using Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Synergistic Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031172. [PMID: 33504007 PMCID: PMC7865232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating multi-modal therapies into one platform could show great promise in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional single-modal therapy and achieving improved therapeutic efficacy in cancer. In this study, we prepared pheophorbide a (Pheo a)/targeting ligand (epitope analog of oncoprotein E7, EAE7)-conjugated poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (MPEG-PLGA)/hyaluronic acid (PPHE) polymeric nanoparticles via self-assembly and encapsulation method for the photodynamic therapy (PDT)/cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) combinatory treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cervical cancer, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy. The synthesized PPHE polymeric nanoparticles exhibited a quasi-spherical shape with an average diameter of 80.5 ± 17.6 nm in an aqueous solution. The results from the in vitro PDT efficacy assays demonstrated that PPHE has a superior PDT activity on CaSki cells due to the enhanced targeting ability. In addition, the PDT/CAP combinatory treatment more effectively inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells by causing elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, the three-dimensional cell culture model clearly confirmed the synergistic therapeutic efficacy of the PDT and the CAP combination therapy using PPHE on CaSki cells. Overall, these results indicate that the PDT/CAP combinatory treatment using PPHE is a highly effective new therapeutic modality for cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang C, Li Y, Wang S, Yan X, Xiao J, Chen Y, Zheng K, Tan Y, Yu J, Lu C, Wu Y. Evaluation of a tandem Chlamydia psittaci Pgp3 multiepitope peptide vaccine against a pulmonary chlamydial challenge in mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104256. [PMID: 32416138 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is the pathogen of psittacosis, and it has emerged as a significant public health threat. Because most infections are easily overlooked, a vaccine is recognized as the best solution to control the spread of C. psittaci. Our previous study showed that Pgp3 protein is efficacious as a subunit vaccine while not the best candidate due to the negative effects. Thus, in this study, we tested the ability of a tandem epitope vaccine candidate designated SP based on Pgp3-dominant epitopes to induce protective immunity against pulmonary chlamydial infection. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with multiepitope peptide antigens followed by intranasal infection with C. psittaci. We found that the multiepitope peptide antigens induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses with high Th1-related (IFN-γ and IL-2) and proinflammatory (IL-6) cytokine levels. Meanwhile, the pathogen burden and inflammatory infiltration were significantly reduced in lungs of SP-immunized mice after chlamydial challenge. In addition, the IFN-γ and IL-6 secretion levels in the infected lungs were substantially reduced. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the peptide vaccine SP plays a significant role with good immunogenicity and protective efficacy against C. psittaci lung infection in BALB/c mice, providing important insights towards understanding the potential of peptide vaccines as new vaccine antigens for inducing protective immunity against chlamydial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Chunxue Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elmaadawy EH, Shams SS, Hegab DS, Zaki RA. Pulsed-dye laser versus intralesional Candida albicans. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2019. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Genetic polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-10 are associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:154-161. [PMID: 30453149 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of cervical cancer are the result of infection with specific high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Investigating the genetic basis of the host immune response, particularly cytokine function, could help further characterize the progression of cervical HPV infection into neoplasia. Prior studies have demonstrated a correlation between genetic variants of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, TNF gene) and/or interleukin-10 (IL-10, IL10 gene) and cervical cancer susceptibility. However, some of the results have been contradictory. We sought to resolve these discrepancies by carrying out our study in a large cohort of Chinese women. In order to assess the association of TNF and IL10 genotypes with cervical cancer susceptibility, the polymorphisms in TNF (-238 G/A, -308 G/A) and IL10 (-592 C/A, -819 C/T, -1082 A/G) were genotyped and odds ratios for the genotype and allele frequencies between cervical cancer patients and healthy controls were calculated. Also, the functional relevance of these polymorphisms was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays. The TNF-238 AA genotype frequency was lower in patients than in controls (p < 0.05). TNF-308 AA, IL10-592 CA/AA, and IL10-819 CC/CT genotype frequencies were higher in cervical cancer patients than in controls (p < 0.05). The frequency of the TNF-238 A allele was significantly lower in patients, while the frequency of the -308 A allele was significantly higher (p < 0.05). No significant differences between patients and controls were found in the genotype or allele frequencies of IL10-1082 A/G (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the combinations of TNF-238 GA or GG and IL10-592 CC; TNF-238 GA or GG and IL10-592 CA or AA; TNF-308 AA and IL10-592 CC; and TNF-308 AA and IL10-592 CA or AA in cervical cancer patients were statistically significant (p < 0.0167). Upon stimulation with PHA, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the TNF-308AA genotype exhibited significantly higher proliferation rates, elevated IL-4, TGF-β levels, and lower IL-2 levels (p < 0.05). For IL10-592C/A, the AA and CA genotypes were significantly associated with higher proliferation rates, elevated IL-4 and IL-10 levels (p < 0.05). We also found that for TNF-308 G/A or IL10-592 C/A variants, the combination of TNF-308 GG or GA with IL10 CA or AA had an association with the severity of cervical cancer. Taken together, these results suggest that TNF-308 AA and IL10-592 CA/AA genotypes may increase susceptibility to cervical cancer by altering the immune response of an individual.
Collapse
|