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Ju S, Tan Y, Wang Q, Zhou L, Wang K, Wen C, Wang M. Antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects of esculin and esculetin (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:248. [PMID: 38682114 PMCID: PMC11046185 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fraxinus chinensis Roxb is a deciduous tree, which is distributed worldwide and has important medicinal value. In Asia, the bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine called Qinpi. Esculetin is a coumarin compound derived from the bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and its glycoside form is called esculin. The aim of the present study was to systematically review relevant literature on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of esculetin and esculin. Esculetin and esculin can promote the expression of various endogenous antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. This is associated with the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory effects of esculetin and esculin are associated with the inhibition of the nuclear factor κ-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase inflammatory signaling pathways. In various inflammatory models, esculetin and esculin can reduce the expression levels of various proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, thereby inhibiting the development of inflammation. In summary, esculetin and esculin may be promising candidates for the treatment of numerous diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, such as ulcerative colitis, acute lung and kidney injury, lung cancer, acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Ju
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Youli Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chenghong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mingjian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Cai H, Wen H, Li J, Lu L, Zhao W, Jiang X, Bai R. Small-molecule agents for treating skin diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116269. [PMID: 38422702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Skin diseases are a class of common and frequently occurring diseases that significantly impact daily lives. Currently, the limited effective therapeutic drugs are far from meeting the clinical needs; most drugs typically only provide symptomatic relief rather than a cure. Developing small-molecule drugs with improved efficacy holds paramount importance for treating skin diseases. This review aimed to systematically introduce the pathogenesis of common skin diseases in daily life, list related drugs applied in the clinic, and summarize the clinical research status of candidate drugs and the latest research progress of candidate compounds in the drug discovery stage. Also, it statistically analyzed the number of publications and global attention trends for the involved skin diseases. This review might provide practical information for researchers engaged in dermatological drugs and further increase research attention to this disease area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Liuxin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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Quraishi S, Saha D, Kumari K, Jha AN, Roy AS. Non-covalent binding interaction of bioactive coumarin esculetin with calf thymus DNA and yeast transfer RNA: A detailed investigation to decipher the binding affinities, binding location, interacting forces and structural alterations at a molecular level. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128568. [PMID: 38061533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Esculetin is a well-known coumarin derivative found abundantly in nature possessing an extensive array of pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Consequently, to comprehend its molecular recognition mechanism, our objective is to conduct a complete investigation of its interactions with the nucleic acid, specifically ct-DNA, and t-RNA, using spectroscopic and computational techniques. The intrinsic fluorescence of esculetin is quenched when it interacts with ct-DNA and t-RNA, and this occurs through a static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the interaction is influenced by hydrogen bonding and weak van der Waals forces. CD and FT-IR results revealed no conformational changes in ct-DNA and t-RNA structure on binding with esculetin. Furthermore, competitive displacement assay with ethidium bromide, melting temperature, viscosity measurement, and potassium iodide quenching experiments, reflected that esculetin probably binds to the minor groove of ct-DNA. The molecular docking results provided further confirmation for the spectroscopic findings, including the binding location of esculetin and binding energies of esculetin complexes with ct-DNA and t-RNA. Molecular dynamics simulation studies demonstrated the conformational stability and flexibility of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Quraishi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
| | - Debanjan Saha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Kalpana Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India.
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India.
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Rezoan Hossain M, Zahra Shova FT, Akter M, Shuvo S, Ahmed N, Akter A, Haque M, Salma U, Roman Mogal M, Saha HR, Sarkar BC, Sohel M. Esculetin unveiled: Decoding its anti-tumor potential through molecular mechanisms-A comprehensive review. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1948. [PMID: 38062981 PMCID: PMC10809201 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing complexity of cancer has made it a significant concern in the medical community. Although cancer research has advanced, it is still challenging to create new effective medications due to the limitations and side effects of existing treatment strategies. These are enforcing the development of some alternative drugs from natural compounds with fewer drawbacks and side effects. AIM Therefore, this review aims to provide up-to-date, crucial, and all-encompassing data on esculetin's anticancer activity, including all relevant molecular and cellular processes based on in vivo and in vitro investigations. RESULTS According to the literature review, esculetin is available in nature and is effective against 16 different types of cancer. The general mechanism shown by esculetin is modulating signaling cascades and its related pathways, like cell proliferation, cell growth, autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis, invasion, and DNA damage. Nanoformulation of esculetin improves this natural product's efficacy by improving water solubility. Esculetin's synergistic effects with both natural substances and conventional treatments have been shown, and this method aids in reversing resistance mechanisms by modulating resistance-related proteins. In addition, it has fewer side effects on humans than other phytochemicals and standard drugs with some good pharmacokinetic features. CONCLUSION Therefore, until standard chemotherapeutics are available in pharmaceutical markets, esculetin should be used as a therapeutic drug against various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatema Tuj Zahra Shova
- Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Munni Akter
- Department of MedicalDinajpure Nursing College (Affiliated Rajshahi University)DinajpurBangladesh
| | - Shahporan Shuvo
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Nasim Ahmed
- Department of PharmacyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- Departmnet of MicrobiologyNoakhali Science and Technology UniversityNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Munira Haque
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPrimeasia UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Umme Salma
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPrimeasia UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md Roman Mogal
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Hasi Rani Saha
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPrimeasia UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Md Sohel
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPrimeasia UniversityDhakaBangladesh
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Cai T, Cai B. Pharmacological activities of esculin and esculetin: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35306. [PMID: 37800835 PMCID: PMC10553009 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esculin and esculetin are 2 widely studied coumarin components of Cortex Fraxini, which is a well-known herbal medicine with a 2000-year history. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that both have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and so on. Their underlying mechanisms of action and biological activities include scavenging free radicals, modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, regulating the cell cycle, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and migration, promoting mitochondrial pathway apoptosis, inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, regulating CD4+ T cells differentiation and associated cytokine release, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cells, etc. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on pharmacological studies of esculin and esculetin, which is of noteworthy importance in exploring the therapeutic potential of both coumarin compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
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Wen M, Sun J, Yang M, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhou W, Shi Y, Huang Y, Li N, Chen L. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Esculetin-Furoxan-DEAC Ternary Hybrids for Anti-Triple Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12446-12458. [PMID: 37602711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Twelve new hybrid compounds of Esculetin with nitric oxide (NO) donors and/or mitochondrial targeting groups were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-tumor activity and mechanism in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the most potent compound A11 exhibited nanomolar antiproliferative activity on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 = 8 nM) with a strikingly selective inhibitory effect. The mechanism of A11 involves targeting MDA-MB-231 cells' mitochondria, releasing a high NO concentration, and increasing the expression of cyclophilin D (CypD), leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering cancer cell apoptosis. Additionally, A11 could arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M phase to achieve anti-tumor effects. Moreover, A11 demonstrated a superior TNBC inhibition rate and diminished toxicity relative to doxorubicin (DOX) in vivo. In summary, A11 serves as a noteworthy contender for TNBC treatment with high potency and minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingju Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xueling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
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Kim S, Lyu JH, Yang B, Kim S, Kim JH, Kim H, Cho S. The Related Mechanisms Predicted through Network-Based Pharmacological Analysis and the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance Bark on Contact Dermatitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076091. [PMID: 37047066 PMCID: PMC10094049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance bark has been used to treat patients with inflammatory or purulent skin diseases in China, Japan, and Korea. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanism responsible for the effects of F. rhynchophylla and whether it has a therapeutic effect in mice with contact dermatitis (CD). In this study, the active compounds in F. rhynchophylla, their targets, and target gene information for inflammatory dermatosis were investigated using network-based pharmacological analysis. Docking analysis was conducted using AutoDock Vina. In addition, the therapeutic effect of an ethanolic extract of F. rhynchophylla (EEFR) on skin lesions and its inhibitory effects on histopathological abnormalities, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines were evaluated. Finally, its inhibitory effects on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways were observed in RAW 264.7 cells. In our results, seven active compounds were identified in F. rhynchophylla, and six were associated with seven genes associated with inflammatory dermatosis and exhibited a strong binding affinity (<-6 kcal/mol) to prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2). In a murine 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) model, topical EEFR ameliorated the surface symptoms of CD and histopathological abnormalities. EEFR also reduced the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in inflamed tissues and inhibited PTGS2, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65), and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, the bark of F. rhynchophylla has potential use as a therapeutic or cosmetic agent, and the mechanism responsible for its effects involves the suppression of inflammatory mediators, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (IκB)-α degradation, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and JNK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sura Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine School of Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Lyu
- Research Institute for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Beodeul Yang
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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Sun W, Shahrajabian MH. Therapeutic Potential of Phenolic Compounds in Medicinal Plants-Natural Health Products for Human Health. Molecules 2023; 28:1845. [PMID: 36838831 PMCID: PMC9960276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are potential substitutes for bioactive agents in pharmaceutical and medicinal sections to promote human health and prevent and cure different diseases. The most common flavonoids found in nature are anthocyanins, flavones, flavanones, flavonols, flavanonols, isoflavones, and other sub-classes. The impacts of plant flavonoids and other phenolics on human health promoting and diseases curing and preventing are antioxidant effects, antibacterial impacts, cardioprotective effects, anticancer impacts, immune system promoting, anti-inflammatory effects, and skin protective effects from UV radiation. This work aims to provide an overview of phenolic compounds and flavonoids as potential and important sources of pharmaceutical and medical application according to recently published studies, as well as some interesting directions for future research. The keyword searches for flavonoids, phenolics, isoflavones, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, xanthones, curcuminoids, stilbenes, cucurmin, phenylethanoids, and secoiridoids medicinal plant were performed by using Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, and PubMed. Phenolic acids contain a carboxylic acid group in addition to the basic phenolic structure and are mainly divided into hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxybenzoic acids are based on a C6-C1 skeleton and are often found bound to small organic acids, glycosyl moieties, or cell structural components. Common hydroxybenzoic acids include gallic, syringic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gentistic, and salicylic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids are based on a C6-C3 skeleton and are also often bound to other molecules such as quinic acid and glucose. The main hydroxycinnamic acids are caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Sun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13-4260-83836
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Xie W, Zhang C, Wang T, Wang J, Fu F. Effects of natural products on skin inflammation caused by abnormal hormones secreted by the adrenal gland. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1156271. [PMID: 37205913 PMCID: PMC10188947 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1156271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex of adrenal gland produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. The medulla of adrenal gland secrets catecholamines. These hormones play an important role in regulating blood pressure, metabolism, and homeostasis of glucose or electrolytes. Hypersecretion or hyposecretion by the adrenal gland will cause a complex cascade of hormone effects and lead to diseases, including Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, and congenital adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Skin is the largest organ of body. It provides protection and acts as a barrier against external damage factors like infectious organisms, chemicals, and allergens. Endocrinologic disorders often induce cutaneous abnormalities. According to the previous evidences, natural products have the potential properties for attenuating skin disorders and improving dermatologic symptoms by inhibiting inflammation through MAPK or PI3K/AKT-dependent NF-κB pathways. The natural products may also promote skin wound healing by inhibiting the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9. We systematically searched the relevant articles from databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases, to review the effects of natural products on skin disorders. This article summarized the effects of natural products on skin inflammation caused by abnormal hormone secreted by adrenal gland. And the published papers indicated that natural products might be a potential source for treating skin diseases.
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Xiu Z, Li Y, Fang J, Han J, Li S, Li Y, Yang X, Song G, Li Y, Jin N, Zhu Y, Zhu G, Sun L, Li X. Inhibitory Effects of Esculetin on Liver Cancer Through Triggering NCOA4 Pathway-Mediation Ferritinophagy in vivo and in vitro. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:611-629. [PMID: 37069958 PMCID: PMC10105581 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s395617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of Esculetin on liver cancer and explore potential mechanisms of Esculetin-inducing cells death. Methods Esculetin's effects on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of HUH7 and HCCLM3 cells were detected by using CCK8, crystal violet staining, wound healing, TranswellTM and Annexin V-FITC/PI. Flow cytometry, fluorescence staining, Western blot, T-AOC, DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical's inhibitory capability and GSH test were used to examine the esculetin's effects on the ROS level, the oxidation-related substances and proteins' expression in hepatoma cells. In vivo experiment was performed by xenograft model. Ferrostatin-1 was used to determine the death way of hepatoma cells induced by esculetin. Live cell probe, Western blot, Fe2+ content, MDA, HE staining, Prussian blue staining and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the ferritinophagy-related phenomenon induced by esculetin in hepatoma cells. The relationship between esculetin and NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy was confirmed through gene silence and overexpression, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Results Esculetin suppressed the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of HUH7 and HCCLM3 cells significantly, influenced the oxidative stress level, altered the autophagy and iron metabolism levels in cells, and produced a ferritinophagy-related phenomena. Esculetin increased the levels of cellular lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species. In vivo, esculetin could decrease tumour volume, promote LC3 and NCOA4 expressions, suppresse hydroxyl radical's inhibiting capacity and GSH, increase Fe2+ and MDA levels, decrease antioxidant proteins expression in tumour tissue. In addition, Esculetin could also increase the iron deposition of tumour tissues, promote ferritinophagy, and induce tumours' ferroptosis. Conclusion Esculetin has an inhibitory effect on liver cancer in vivo and in vitro through triggering NCOA4 pathway-mediation ferritinophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Xiu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaru Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojie Song
- Medical College, Jiujiang· University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangze Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lili Sun; Xiao Li, Boshuo Road, 1035, Jingyue Economic & Technological Development Zone, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-431-86985923, Fax +86-431-87985861, Email ;
| | - Xiao Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Hou DD, Wang XX, Li SJ, Wang DC, Niu Y, Xu ZR, Jin ZQ. Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by regulating the immune balance. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:7090-7099. [PMID: 36099014 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhiza is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines in China. Its main bioactive ingredient glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has the potential to be used as a treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) because it has similar actions to steroids, but with relatively few side effects. AIMS The objective of this study was to explore the potential mechanisms of GA on AD mice model. METHODS Calcipotriol, a vitamin D3 analogue (MC903) was applied topically to establish AD mouse model. Mice were intraperitoneally administrated with 2 mg/kg dexamethasone (DEX), 25 or 50 mg/kg GA for 15 days. After mice were executed, skin tissues were collected and detected the expression levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). The percentages of Th1, Th2, Th17, langerhans cells (LCs) in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that GA improved the symptoms of AD by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic functions in vivo. We found that GA treatment decreased the level of total IgE in serum, suppressed ear swelling, reduced the infiltration of mast cells in skin lesions and decreased expressions of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TSLP in skin lesions. Furthermore, our experimental results demonstrated that GA suppressed the Th1/Th2/Th17-immune responses in the dLNs, inhibited the migration of LCs in dLNs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our findings suggested potential therapeutic effects of GA against MC903-induced AD-like skin lesions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Dong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Si-Jia Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Cheng Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Niu
- Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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Wang SK, Chen TX, Wang W, Xu LL, Zhang YQ, Jin Z, Liu YB, Tang YZ. Aesculetin exhibited anti-inflammatory activities through inhibiting NF-кB and MAPKs pathway in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115489. [PMID: 35728711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aesculetin (6,7-dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) has been reported to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory property both in vitro and in vivo. AIMS OF THIS STUDY In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect and investigated underlying molecular mechanisms of aesculetin in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and DSS-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured to identify the aesculetin with potent anti-inflammatory effect. Then, the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms were explored by western blotting in LPS-induced cells. Next, we verify the anti-inflammatory potential of aesculetin in DSS-induced colitis in vivo. The clinical symptoms of colitis, including weight loss, DAI, colon length and MPO activity, and the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 were evaluated. Finally, Western blot analysis was applied to further investigate underlying mechanism in DSS-induced colitis model. RESULTS Our studies showed that aesculetin exhibited anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production and reducing iNOS and NLRP3 expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Mechanically, we found that aesculetin significantly inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. In DSS-induced mouse model, the colitis-related symptoms were relieved by treatment with aesculetin. Besides, aesculetin also inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways in DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effect of aesculetin was connected with its inhibition on the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, aesculetin was expected to be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting-Xiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - You-Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China.
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Han M, Wang X, Wang J, Lang D, Xia X, Jia Y, Chen Y. Ameliorative effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate nanoparticles on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene induced atopic dermatitis: A potential mechanism of inflammation-related necroptosis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:953646. [PMID: 36017227 PMCID: PMC9395728 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.953646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common autoimmune and chronic inflammatory cutaneous disease with a relapsing-remitting course. Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic cell death mediated by receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), which is activated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the mechanism and the role of necroptosis have not been delineated in AD progression. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main biological activity of tea catechin, is well known for its beneficial effects in the treatment of skin diseases. Here, PEG-PLGA-EGCG nanoparticles (EGCG-NPs) were formulated to investigate the bioavailability of EGCG to rescue cellular injury following the inhibition of necroptosis after AD. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used to establish AD mouse models. As expected, topically applied EGCG-NPs elicited a significant amelioration of AD symptoms in skin lesions, including reductions in the ear and skin thickness, dermatitis score, and scratching behavior, which was accompanied by redox homeostasis restored early in the experiment. In addition, EGCG-NPs significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in a time-dependent manner than those of in AD group. As a result, the overexpression of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL in the entire epidermis layers was dramatically blocked by EGCG-NPs, as well as the expression ofphosphorylated p38 (p-p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). These findings promote that EGCG-NPs formulation represents a promising drug-delivery strategy for the treatment of AD by maintaining the balance of Th1/Th2 inflammation response and targeting necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengguo Han
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Dongcen Lang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohua Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yongfang Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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14
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Ta-Xi-San Suppresses Atopic Dermatitis Involved in Multitarget Mechanism Using Experimental and Network Pharmacology Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8441938. [PMID: 35646146 PMCID: PMC9132654 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8441938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing and chronic skin inflammation with a common incidence worldwide. Ta-Xi-San (TXS) is a Chinese herbal formula usually used for atopic dermatitis in clinic; however, its active compounds and mechanisms of action are still unclear. Our study was designed to reveal the pharmacological activities, the active compounds, and the pharmacological mechanisms of TXS for atopic dermatitis. Mice were induced by 2,4-dinitrocluorobenzene (DNCB) to build atopic dermatitis model. The pathological evaluation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assay were performed. The UPLC-Q-Exactive-MSE and network pharmacology analysis were performed to explore active ingredients and therapeutic mechanisms of TXS. TXS treatment decreased levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum induced by DNCB. TXS reduced scratching behavior and alleviated inflammatory pathology of skin and ear. Meanwhile, TXS decreased the spleen index and increased spleen index. The UPLC-Q-Exactive-MSE results showed that 65 compounds of TXS were detected and 337 targets were fished. We collected 1371 AD disease targets, and the compound-target gene network reveled that the top 3 active ingredients were (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, and esculetin, and the core target genes were PTGS2, PTGS1, and HSP90AA1. The KEGG pathway and GO analysis showed that TXS remedied atopic dermatitis via PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway with the regulation of inflammatory response and transcription. Further, we found that the targets of PTGS2 and HSP90AA1 were both elevated in ears and skin of AD model mouse; however, TXS decreased the elevated expressions of PTGS2 and HSP90AA1. Our study revealed that TXS ameliorated AD based on (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, and esculetin via targeting PTGS2 and HSP90AA1.
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Mohd Kasim VNK, Noble SM, Liew KY, Tan JW, Israf DA, Tham CL. Management of Atopic Dermatitis Via Oral and Topical Administration of Herbs in Murine Model: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:785782. [PMID: 35685636 PMCID: PMC9171034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.785782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) using herbs, or their active constituents have garnered substantial attention in the management of a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder called atopic dermatitis (AD), particularly in attenuating disease recurrence and maintaining long-term remission. In Eastern Asian countries including China, Korea and Taiwan, herbal medicine available in both topical and oral preparation plays a significant role in treating skin diseases like AD as they possibly confer high anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory functions. Conventional murine models of AD have been employed in drug discovery to provide scientific evidence for conclusive and specific pharmacological effects elicited by the use of traditional herbs and their active constituents. Coupled with the goal to develop safe and effective novel therapeutic agents for AD, this systematic review consists of a summary of 103 articles on both orally and topically administered herbs and their active constituents in the murine model, whereby articles were screened and selected via a specialized framework known as PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome). The objectives of this review paper were to identify the efficacy of oral and topical administered herbs along with their active constituents in alleviating AD and the underlying mechanism of actions, as well as the animal models and choice of inducer agents used in these studies. The main outcome on the efficacy of the majority of the herbs and their active constituents illustrated suppression of Th2 response as well as improvements in the severity of AD lesions, suppression of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration and mast cell infiltration. The majority of these studies used BALB/c mice followed by NC/Nga mice (commonly used gender–male; commonly used age group – 6–8 weeks). The most used agent in inducing AD was 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and the average induction period for both oral and topical administered herbs and their active constituents in AD experiments lasted between 3 and 4 weeks. In light of these findings, this review paper could potentially assist researchers in exploring the potential candidate herbs and their active constituents using murine model for the amelioration of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Nur Khalieda Mohd Kasim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Kong Yen Liew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ji Wei Tan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Chau Ling Tham,
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16
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Jung N, Kong T, Yu Y, Park H, Lee E, Yoo S, Baek S, Lee S, Kang KS. Immunomodulatory Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Secreted by Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:311-323. [PMID: 35220283 PMCID: PMC9396020 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects a large number of people across the world. Treatment of AD using human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) has recently been studied. However, the mechanism underlying their effect needs to be studied continuously. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) secreted by hUCB-MSCs on AD. Methods and Results To explore the mechanism involved in the therapeutic effect of MSCs for AD, a secretome array was performed using culture medium of hUCB-MSCs. Among the list of genes common for epithelium development and skin diseases, we focused on the function of EGF. To elucidate the effect of EGF secreted by hUCB-MSCs, EGF was downregulated in hUCB-MSCs using EGF-targeting small interfering RNA. These cells were then co-cultured with keratinocytes, Th2 cells, and mast cells. Depletion of EGF disrupted immunomodulatory effects of hUCB-MSCs on these AD-related inflammatory cells. In a Dermatophagoides farinae-induced AD mouse model, subcutaneous injection of hUCB-MSCs ameliorated gross scoring, histopathologic damage, and mast cell infiltration. It also significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and IL-22, as well as IgE levels. These therapeutic effects were significantly attenuated at all evaluation points in mice injected with EGF-depleted hUCB-MSCs. Conclusions EGF secreted by hUCB-MSCs can improve AD by regulating inflammatory responses of keratinocytes, Th2 cells, and mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhee Jung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - TaeHo Kong
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonsil Yu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwanhee Park
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - SaeMi Yoo
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - SongYi Baek
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Zhang L, Xie Q, Li X. Esculetin: A review of its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2021; 36:279-298. [PMID: 34808701 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esculetin is a natural dihydroxy coumarin; it is mainly extracted from twig skin and the trunk bark of the Chinese herbal medicine Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance. Emerging evidence suggests that esculetin has a wide range of pharmacological activities. Based on its fundamental properties, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective activities, as well as antibacterial activity, among others, esculetin is expected to be a therapeutic drug for specific disease indications, such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and other diseases. The oral bioavailability of esculetin was shown by studies to be low. The extensive glucuronidation was described to be the main metabolic pathway of esculetin and C-7 phenolic hydroxyl to be its major metabolic site. With the development of scientific research technology, the pharmacological effects of esculetin are identified and its potential for the treatment of diseases is demonstrated. The underlining mechanisms of action and biological activities as well as the pharmacokinetic data of the analyzed compound reported so far are highlighted in this review with the aim of becoming a proven, and applicable insight and reference for further studies on the utilization of esculetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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18
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A comprehensive review of natural products against atopic dermatitis: Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides and other compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111741. [PMID: 34087696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is considered a great challenge for human communities and imposes both physiological and mental burdens on patients. Natural products have widely been used to treat a wide range of diseases, including cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, asthma, neurological disorders, and infections. To seek potential natural products against AD, in the current review, we searched the terms "atopic dermatitis" and "natural product" in Pubmed, Medline, Web of Science,Science Direct, Embase, EBSCO, CINAHL, ACS. The results show that many natural products, especially puerarin, ferulic acid and ginsenosides, cound protect against AD. Meanwhile, we discussed the therapeutic mechanisms and showed that the natural products exert their anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the quantity and activity of many inflammatory cell types and cytokines, including neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, Langerhans cells, interleukins (ILs, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4), TNF-α, and TSLP, IgE. via inhibition of JAK/STAT, MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby, halting the inflammatory cascade. Future investigations should focus on studies with more reflective of the clinical characteristics and demographics, so as to develop natural products that will be hopefully available for the treatment of human AD disease.
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Türk E, Ozan Tekeli I, Özkan H, Uyar A, Cellat M, Kuzu M, Yavas I, Alizadeh Yegani A, Yaman T, Güvenç M. The protective effect of esculetin against aluminium chloride-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Andrologia 2020; 53:e13930. [PMID: 33368464 DOI: 10.1111/and.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the prominent health problems caused by Aluminium was the decrease in male fertility rates. In the study, the protective effect of Esculetin (ESC) against the reproductive toxicity induced by Aluminium chloride (AlCl3 ) was investigated. For this purpose, AlCl3 was administrated to Wistar Albino rats at a dose of 34 mg/kg and ESC was administrated at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 70 days. It was determined that AlCl3 treatment reduced sperm motility and concentration, increased dead/live rate and abnormal sperm rate. It decreased serum testosterone level, and co-treatment of ESC significantly regulated these values. In the AlCl3 -treated group, MDA level increased and GSH level, GPx and CAT activities decreased compared with those of the control group. However, co-treatment of ESC showed an amelioratory effect on the values except for CAT activity. It was observed that the expression level of NRF-2 increased in the ESC and AlCl3 + ESC groups, and NF-κB increased in the AlCl3 group with the control group. It was determined that Caspase-3 expression decreased, and Bcl-2 expression increased in AlCl3 + ESC group compared to AlCl3 group. It was also determined that AlCl3 -induced tissue injury was significantly prevented by ESC co-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinç Türk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uyar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cellat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Müslüm Kuzu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Ilker Yavas
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mustafa Kemal, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Arash Alizadeh Yegani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
| | - Turan Yaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Güvenç
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
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Chen X, Lin J, Liang Q, Chen X, Wu Z. Pseudoephedrine alleviates atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 258:118139. [PMID: 32721463 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by eczematous lesions and has become a serious health problem worldwide. Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a nasal decongestant to treat the common cold. PSE has been reported that is beneficial to allergic diseases. However, whether PSE has the potential in atopic dermatitis remains to be elucidated. MAIN METHODS Male BALB/c mice were challenged with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to induce atopic dermatitis-like lesion and orally administrated with PSE for two weeks. The skin hydration and the scratching behavior were detected. The skin lesions and histopathological changes were evaluated and inflammatory factors levels were detected. Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were stimulated by TNF-α/IFN-γ after PSE-pretreatment. The transcriptions of inflammatory factors were detected. KEY FINDINGS PSE decreased skin lesion area and skin thickness in atopic dermatitis mice. PSE improved skin hydration and scratching. Histologically, PSE reduced mast cell and CD4+ cell infiltration. PSE suppressed serum TNF-α and IgE levels, reducing cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-33, TSLP, and IL-23) and neutrophil migration factors (CCL2 and MMP-9) in skin tissues. In addition, PSE inhibited TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-23) in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, PSE suppressed the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that PSE could inhibit inflammatory responses in atopic dermatitis models. PSE may serve as a viable alternatives drug for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Chen
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, China; Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingsong Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Bengbu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4339 Huaishangdadao Road, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu avenue Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongping Wu
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, China.
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Combretum quadrangulare Extract Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions through Modulation of MAPK Signaling in BALB/c Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25082003. [PMID: 32344690 PMCID: PMC7221768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25082003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Combretum quadrangulare (C. quadrangulare) is used as a traditional medicine to improve various pathologies in Southeast Asia. In this study, we investigated the effects of C. quadrangulare ethanol extract (CQ) on 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD like skin lesions in BALB/c mice. After administration with CQ (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for 6 weeks, AD symptoms, protein expression, immunoglobulin E (IgE), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and ceramidase level were measured in skin lesions of DNCB-induced BALB/c mice. CQ group improved the dermatitis score, skin pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin hydration. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that CQ attenuated the increased epidermal thickness and infiltration of mast cells caused by DNCB. CQ also increased the expression of filaggrin, and reduced the expression of ceramidase, serum IgE level, and the number of eosinophils. CQ effectively inhibited cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, TARC, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) at the mRNA levels, as well as the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 in the skin lesions. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CQ may be an effective treatment of AD-like skin lesions by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators via the MAPK signaling pathways.
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Liu Q, Wang H, Wang X, Lu M, Tan X, Peng L, Tan F, Xiao T, Xiao S, Xia Y. Experimental atopic dermatitis is dependent on the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 199:56-67. [PMID: 31515807 PMCID: PMC6904660 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) acts through its receptor fibroblast growth factor inducible 14 (Fn14), and participates in skin inflammation. Both TWEAK and Fn14 are highly expressed in skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to further explore the effect of Fn14 inhibition on experimental atopic dermatitis. Experimental atopic dermatitis was induced in the wild-type and Fn14 knock-out BALB/c mice. The effect of TWEAK/Fn14 interaction on keratinocytes was studied in an in-vitro model of atopic dermatitis. Fn14 deficiency ameliorates skin lesions in the mice model, accompanied by less infiltration of inflammatory cells and lower local levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TWEAK, TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-17. Fn14 deficiency also attenuates the up-regulation of TNFR1 in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Moreover, topical TWEAK exacerbates skin lesion in the wild-type but not in the Fn14 knock-out mice. In vitro, TWEAK enhances the expressions of IL-17, IL-18 and IFN-γ in keratinocytes under atopic dermatitis-like inflammation. These results suggest that Fn14 deficiency protects mice from experimental atopic dermatitis, involving the attenuation of inflammatory responses and keratinocyte apoptosis. In the context of atopic dermatitis-like inflammation, TWEAK modulates keratinocytes via a TNFR1-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Liu
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - H. Wang
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - X. Wang
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - M. Lu
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - X. Tan
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - L. Peng
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - F. Tan
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - T. Xiao
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - S. Xiao
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Y. Xia
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
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Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Herbal Formula (PTQX) on NC/Nga Mice with Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8359252. [PMID: 31885666 PMCID: PMC6925805 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8359252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease. The available systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis are inadequate. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Chinese herbal formula Pei Tu Qing Xin (PTQX) on dermatitis severity and ear swelling, immunomodulation, and the infiltration of mast cells in a mouse model of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD. Methods. AD-like symptoms were induced by DNCB in NC/Nga mice. Skin lesions, dermatitis, ear swelling, and scratching behaviour were evaluated. Changes in the T-helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) subtypes and immunoregulation in the spleen and lymph nodes were detected by flow cytometry. Results. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that PTQX decreased the DNCB-mediated induction of mast cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ear and dorsal skin. PTQX also reduced the DNCB-induced increase in the serum immunoglobulin E level, pruritus, and dermatitis (red, flaky areas) on the dorsal skin. Furthermore, PTQX regulated the balance between the populations of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells (particularly the latter two) in the lymph nodes. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the Chinese herbal formula PTQX can alleviate symptoms of AD, such as epithelial damage, redness, swelling, and pruritus, and potentially be used to treat this condition.
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Huang SX, Mou JF, Luo Q, Mo QH, Zhou XL, Huang X, Xu Q, Tan XD, Chen X, Liang CQ. Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity of Esculetin from Microsorium fortunei In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2019; 24:E3475. [PMID: 31557836 PMCID: PMC6803987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are widely present in a variety of plants and have a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, we isolated a coumarin compound from Microsorium fortunei (Moore) Ching; the compound was identified as esculetin by hydrogen and carbon spectroscopy. Its anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma 2.2.15 cell line (HepG2.2.15) transfected with HBV, esculetin effecting inhibited the expression of the HBV antigens and HBV DNA in vitro. Esculetin inhibited the expression of Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein in a dose-dependent manner. In the ducklings infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), the levels of DHBV DNA, duck hepatitis B surface antigen (DHBsAg), duck hepatitis B e-antigen (DHBeAg), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased significantly after esculetin treatment. Summing up the above, the results suggest that esculetin efficiently inhibits HBV replication both in vitro and in vivo, which provides an opportunity for further development of esculetin as antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Xin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jun-Fei Mou
- Biotechnology Institute, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qin Luo
- Science Experiment Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qing-Hu Mo
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- Biotechnology Institute, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiang-Duan Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Cheng-Qin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
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Sun B, Wang B, Xu M. Esculetin inhibits histamine-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and mucin in nasal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:821-827. [PMID: 31211861 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type of respiratory disease closely associated with chronic inflammation. Esculetin is a natural coumarin derivative and has been reported to possess anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the roles of esculetin in AR have not been studied. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of esculetin on AR using an in vitro model. The human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC) were stimulated by histamine for 24 hours with or without the pretreatment of esculetin. The mRNA levels and production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-8, as well as mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The results showed that esculetin suppressed histamine-induced expression and secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MUC5AC in HNEpCs. Furthermore, we examined the effect of esculetin on NF-κB pathway by detecting the expression levels of NF-κB p65, p-p65 and IκBα using western blot analysis. Esculetin treatment suppressed the histamine-induced p-p65 expression and p-IκBα degradation. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway suppressed histamine-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, and MUC5AC in HNEpCs. These findings suggested that esculetin suppressed histamine-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and mucin in HNEpCs, which were partly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Incarvillea compacta Maxim from the Tibetan Plateau. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091692. [PMID: 31052248 PMCID: PMC6539126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incarvillea compacta Maxim is a traditional Tibetan plant widely used to treat rheumatic pain and bruises. We conducted qualitative analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative analyses of the total phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids content of different extracts of I. compacta Maxim. Antioxidant and analgesic activity were analyzed. The results showed that the methanol extract had the highest content of the various ingredients. A total of 25 constituents were identified, of which compounds 1–23 were found for the first time in this plant. The water extract had the highest capacity to clear free radicals in the antioxidant test. The water extract had dose-dependent analgesic effects in the first and second phase in a formalin test. The latency of pain from a hot-plate test was augmented by the water extract when the dose was greater than or equal to 30 g/kg. The water extract significantly decreased the amount of writhing in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. These results showed that I. compacta Maxim is a new antioxidant and analgesic agent, and this study provides information on its ingredients for further study.
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Kim YA, Kim DH, Park CB, Park TS, Park BJ. Anti-Inflammatory and Skin-Moisturizing Effects of a Flavonoid Glycoside Extracted from the Aquatic Plant Nymphoides indica in Human Keratinocytes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092342. [PMID: 30216992 PMCID: PMC6225133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nymphoides indica, an aquatic plant, is used as folk medicine in some countries. Our previous study demonstrated that the methanol extract of N. indica inhibited the activity of tyrosinases, tyrosine related protein (TRP)1 and TRP2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, as well as the activity of protein kinase A, by effectively inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Although the biological activities of N. indica extract have been reported, there are no reports on the skin bioactivity of the main compound(s) on human keratinocytes. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects of quercetin 3,7-dimethyl ether 4′-glucoside (QDG) isolated from N. indica. In brief, ultraviolet B irradiated keratinocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of QDG, and the effects of QDG on various inflammatory markers were determined. QDG significantly inhibited inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines and enhanced the activation of skin barrier factors. Additionally, QDG also attenuated phosphorylation inhibition of the upstream cytokines and nuclear factor-κB expression. These results suggest that QDG isolated from N. indica may serve as a potential source of bioactive substances for chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Ah Kim
- Skin Science Research Institute, Kolmar Korea Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbukdo 28116, Korea.
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Traditional Korean Medicine Technology Division, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38540, Korea.
| | - Chae Bin Park
- Skin Science Research Institute, Kolmar Korea Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbukdo 28116, Korea.
| | - Tae Soon Park
- Traditional Korean Medicine Technology Division, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38540, Korea.
| | - Byoung Jun Park
- Skin Science Research Institute, Kolmar Korea Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbukdo 28116, Korea.
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28
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Liu H, Lu C, Liang CL, Qiu F, Han L, Dai Z. Esculetin Ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Skin Disease in Mice by Inducing CD4 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2092. [PMID: 30258447 PMCID: PMC6143660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune and inflammatory skin disease affecting around 2-3% of the world's population. Patients with psoriasis need extensive treatments with global immunosuppressive agents that may cause severe side effects. Esculetin, a type of coumarins, is an active ingredient extracted mainly from the bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, which has been used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in China. However, the antipsoriatic effects of esculetin have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of esculetin on psoriatic skin inflammation in a mouse model and explored the potential molecular mechanisms underlying its action. We found that esculetin ameliorated the skin lesion and reduced PASI scores as well as weight loss in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice, accompanied with weakened proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and T cell infiltration in esculetin-treated psoriatic mice. In addition, esculetin reduced the frequency of CD8+CD44highCD62Llow effector T cells in psoriatic mice. In contrast, it increased the frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in both lymph nodes and spleens of the psoriatic mice while promoting the differentiation of CD4+CD25- T cells into CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in vitro. Interestingly, depleting CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs largely reversed esculetin-mediated reduction in PASI scores, indicating that esculetin attenuates murine psoriasis mainly by inducing CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the psoriatic mouse skin, including IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were dramatically decreased by the treatment with esculetin. Finally, we found that esculetin inhibited the phosphorylation of IKKα and P65 in the psoriatic skin, suggesting that it inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling. Thus, we have demonstrated that esculetin attenuates psoriasis-like skin lesion in mice and may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of psoriasis in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunfang Zhang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ling Liang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Qiu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Han
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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