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Ren J, Wei H, Sun J, Feng X, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Miao J, Qi X, Qiao Y, Xiao B, Li Q. GSK3β-dependent lysosome biogenesis: An effective pathway to mitigate renal fibrosis with LM49. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925489. [PMID: 36225562 PMCID: PMC9550195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is an incurable disorder characterised by an imbalance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) favouring excess production over degradation. The identification of actionable pathways and agents that promote ECM degradation to restore ECM homeostasis may help mitigate renal fibrosis. In this study, we identified 5,2′-dibromo-2,4′,5′-trihydroxydiphenylmethanone (LM49), a compound we previously synthesised, as a small-molecule inducer of ECM degradation. LM49 administration efficiently reduced ECM deposition in renal tissue of diabetic nephropathy rats and in transforming growth factor β-treated renal fibroblast cells. LM49 promoted the cytosol-to-nucleus translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) to increase lysosome biogenesis, leading to lysosome-based degradation of the ECM. TFEB-mediated lysosome biogenesis was induced by LM49 directly inhibiting the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) rather than mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. LM49 inhibited GSK3β kinase activity concentration-dependently via competing with ATP. Direct binding between LM49 and GSK3β was confirmed by the bio-layer interferometry assay, cellular thermal shift assay, and drug affinity responsive target stability. A molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation revealed that LM49 occupied the ATP pocket of GSK3β, which was consistent with the kinase activity assay. In summary, LM49 enhances TFEB-mediated lysosome biogenesis by directly inhibiting GSK3β, leading to the degradation of the ECM by lysosomes. The enhancement of GSK3β-dependent lysosome biogenesis to rebalance the ECM may be a novel strategy to counteract renal fibrosis, and LM49 may be a viable clinical candidate for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huizhi Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiue Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanlin Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junqiu Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanbiao Qiao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingshan Li,
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The Critical Role of 12-Methyl Group of Anthracycline Dutomycin to Its Antiproliferative Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103348. [PMID: 35630823 PMCID: PMC9144609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthracycline dutomycin is a tetracyclic quinone glycoside produced by Streptomyces minoensis NRRL B-5482. SW91 is a C-12 demethylated dutomycin derivative, which was identified in our previous research. In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays of these two compounds were conducted to demonstrate their antiproliferation activities. The results showed that both dutomycin and SW91 block cells at the S phase, whereas dutomycin shows more significant inhibition of cell growth. Their interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated, with dutomycin exhibiting higher binding affinity. The molecular docking demonstrated that the 12-methyl group makes dutomycin attach to the groove of DNA. These findings suggest that dutomycin has binding higher affinity to DNA and impairs DNA replication resulting in more significant antitumor activity.
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Yang F, Cai H, Zhang X, Sun J, Feng X, Yuan H, Zhang X, Xiao B, Li Q. An active marine halophenol derivative attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice by improving M2 macrophage-mediated therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107676. [PMID: 34023550 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
2,4',5'-Trihydroxyl-5,2'-dibromo diphenylmethanone (LM49), an active halophenol derivative synthesized by our group, which exhibits a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we found LM49 could obviously attenuate acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice by polarizing macrophages. The protective effect was described by reducing the hepatic inflammation and improving hepatic function using aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) assay. Further study revealed that LM49 pretreatment induced the Kupffer cells (KCs) to M2 polarization and decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines. The action mechanism in RAW 264.7 macrophages showed that LM49 could induce the activation of JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathway and the inhibition of TLR-4/NF-kB axis. Morever, LM49 also upregulated the expression of SOCS1 and FLK-4, which can promote M2 polarization by cooperating with STAT6 and inhibit M1 formation by reducing JAK1/STAT1. Our results suggested that LM49 could protect against LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice via anti-inflammatory signaling pathways and subsequent induction of M2 Kupffer cells. The results provided the first experimental evidence of active halophenols for the anti-inflammatory therapy by targeting M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - HongHong Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation,Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, PR China
| | - XiuE Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - HongXia Yuan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation,Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, PR China
| | - XiaoYan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - BaoGuo Xiao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation,Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, PR China
| | - QingShan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation,Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, PR China.
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Wang RX, Zhou M, Ma HL, Qiao YB, Li QS. The Role of Chronic Inflammation in Various Diseases and Anti-inflammatory Therapies Containing Natural Products. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1576-1592. [PMID: 33528076 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation represents a long-term reaction of the body's immune system to noxious stimuli. Such a sustained inflammatory response sometimes results in lasting damage to healthy tissues and organs. In fact, chronic inflammation is implicated in the development and progression of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancers. Targeting nonresolving inflammation thus provides new opportunities for treating relevant diseases. In this review, we will go over several chronic inflammation-associated diseases first with emphasis on the role of inflammation in their pathogenesis. Then, we will summarize a number of natural products that exhibit therapeutic effects against those diseases by acting on different markers in the inflammatory response. We envision that natural products will remain a rich resource for the discovery of new drugs treating diseases associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Xiao Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs for the, Treatment of Serious Diseases Based on Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030619, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Lai Ma
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs for the, Treatment of Serious Diseases Based on Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030619, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Biao Qiao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs for the, Treatment of Serious Diseases Based on Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030619, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs for the, Treatment of Serious Diseases Based on Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030619, P. R. China
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Chauhan RK, Sharma PK, Srivastava S. Role of signaling pathway in biological cause of Rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 13:130-139. [PMID: 33172384 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512999201109215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic progressive inflammatory auto-immune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its cartilage and joints lining. It not only affects synovial joints but also many other sites including heart, blood vessels, and skins. It is more common in females than in males. The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not well established but the hypothesis reported in the literature is that in the development stage of the disease, both genetics and environmental factors can play an inciting role. Along with these factors alteration in the normal physiology of enzymatic action, acts as a trigger to develop this condition. Numerous signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis involves activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, kinases Janus family, P-38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Nuclear Factor-kappa B. Interleukin-1 to play a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in inflammation in RA. These are also associated with an increase in neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocytic chemotaxis, mast cell degranulation, activation, maturation and survival of T-cells and B-cells activated. These signaling pathways also show that p38α downregulation in myeloid cells exacerbates the severity of symptoms of arthritis. Thus, present review carters about the detail of different signaling pathways and their role in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Science, Galgotias University, Plot N. 2, Sector 17- A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306,. India
| | - Pramod Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Science, Galgotias University, Plot N. 2, Sector 17- A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306,. India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Science, Galgotias University, Plot N. 2, Sector 17- A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306,. India
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Li N, Guo W, Li Y, Zuo H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Yang F, Ren G, Zhang S. Construction and anti-tumor activities of disulfide-linked docetaxel-dihydroartemisinin nanoconjugates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 191:111018. [PMID: 32304917 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Co-delivery of anti-tumor agents with outstanding stimulus-triggered drug release in tumor cells, especially with the aid of nanotechnology, provided the possibility to enhance delivery efficiency for targeting tumor cells and antitumor efficacy. In this paper, docetaxel-dihydroartemisinin nanoconjugates linked by disulfide bond were designed to increase co-delivery and anti-tumor efficacy. Docetaxel and dihydroartemisinin were synthesized using two-step reaction and furtherly assembled to nanoconjugates. Nanoprescription was optimized to evaluate its physicochemical properties. In vitro anti-tumor activities of nanoformulation were assessed by MTT. The flow cytometry was adopted to analyze cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The wound healing assay was used to evaluate antimigratory-property. In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were investigated in rats and 4T1 bearing Balb/c mice model after intravenous injection, respectively. The chemical structure of conjugate was confirmed. The prepared nanoparticles possessed uniform size distribution (172.10 ± 1.70 nm, PDI 0.05 ± 0.01), was stable during storage period, sustained release profiles and sensitive reduction responsiveness. MTT assay indicated that the toxicity of nanoconjugates was slightly weak. Flow cytometry studies showed that nanoconjugates could promote early apoptosis significantly and mainly arose from G0/G1 phase. The wound healing assay provided an obvious antimetastatic potential of nanoparticles in 4T1 cells. The result of pharmacokinetic study suggested that nanoconjugates exhibited higher exposure levels. In vivo pharmacodynamic research showed that mice treated with docetaxel-dihydroartemisinin nanoconjugates had lower systemic toxicity and higher survival ratio than those of control groups. This potential of nanoconjugates was developed as a novel nanoplateform to treat tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenju Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hengtong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongdan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Guolian Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shuqiu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Yang F, Cai HH, Feng XE, Li QS. A novel marine halophenol derivative attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1021-1031. [PMID: 32112362 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,4',5'-Trihydroxyl-5,2'-dibromo diphenylmethanone (LM49), a novel active halophenol derivative synthesized by our group from marine plants, exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activities. However, molecular machineries involved in its effect have not been fully identified. The study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LM49 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and its underlying mechanism. METHODS RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS (10 μg/mL) and then exposed to different concentrations of LM49 (i.e., 5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Cytokine release in culture medium of RAW264.7 cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Phagocytic capacity (FITC-dextran uptake) was determined by flow cytometry. The protein level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and p-AKT was measured by western blot analysis. RESULTS Our findings revealed that LM49 reduced the production and mRNA levels of cytokines related to inflammation such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increased the level of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In addition, LM49 decreased the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, flow cytometry showed that LM49 significantly enhanced the phagocytic capacity (FITC-dextran uptake) of macrophages. The effects of LM49 were significantly inhibited by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. In particular, LY294002 attenuated the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 cells induced by LM49 and prevented the effects on cytokines. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that LM49 possesses anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, in which the PI3K/Akt pathway plays an essential role. LM49 may have clinical utility as an anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we demonstrated that a halophenol derivative (LM49) could possess anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the phagocytic capacity, in which the PI3K/Akt pathway plays an essential role. LM49 may have clinical utility as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-E Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Targeted Drugs, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medical, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, People's Republic of China.
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Feng XE, Cui KM, Li QS, Wu ZC, Lei F. Process Development and Synthesis of Process-Related Impurities of an Efficient Scale-Up Preparation of 5,2'-Dibromo-2,4',5'-Trihydroxy Diphenylmethanone as a New Acute Pyelonephritis Candidate Drug. Molecules 2020; 25:E468. [PMID: 31979084 PMCID: PMC7037700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a foregoing gram-scale laboratory process, an efficient scale-up preparation process of 5,2'-dibromo-2,4',5'-trihydroxydiphenylmethanone (LM49-API), a new acute pyelonephritis candidate drug, was developed and validated aiming to reduce by-products and achieve better impurity profiles. Meanwhile, the polymorph of LM49-API and process-related impurities were also investigated. Ultimately, the optimal reaction conditions were verified by evaluating the impurity profiles and their formation during the synthesis. Six process-related impurities were synthesized and identified, being useful for the quality control of LM49-API. Its finalized preparation process was further validated at 329-410 g scale-up production in 53.4-57.1% overall yield with 99.95-99.98% high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purity, and it is currently viable for commercial production. LM49-API-imC and LM49-API-imX were identified as the main single impurities in LM49-API, with the content controlled to be less than 0.03%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu E Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China;
| | - Ke Meng Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China;
| | - Qing Shan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China;
- Shanxi Key laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Targeted Drugs, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 121 University Street, Jinzhong 030602, China
| | - Zi Cheng Wu
- Beijing Zhendong Guangming Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 18 Chuangye Road, Beijing 100089, China; (Z.C.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Lei
- Beijing Zhendong Guangming Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 18 Chuangye Road, Beijing 100089, China; (Z.C.W.); (F.L.)
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