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Liang S, He Z, Liu D, Yang S, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Construction of an engineered Escherichia coli for effective synthesis of 2'-fucosyllactose via the salvage pathway. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:108-114. [PMID: 38292762 PMCID: PMC10825923 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is one of the important functional oligosaccharides in breast milk. So far, few attempts on biosynthesis of 2'-FL by the salvage pathway have been reported. Herein, the salvage pathway enzyme genes were introduced into the E. coli BL21star(DE3) for synthesis of 2'-FL. The 2'-FL titer increased from 1.56 to 2.13 g/L by deleting several endogenous genes on competitive pathways. The α-1,2-fucosyltransferase (WbgL) was selected, and improved the 2'-FL titer to 2.88 g/L. Additionally, the expression level of pathway enzyme genes was tuned through optimizing the plasmid copy number. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of WbgL was enhanced by fusing with the MinD C-tag. After optimizing the fermentation conditions, the 2'-FL titer reached to 7.13 g/L. The final strain produced 59.22 g/L of 2'-FL with 95% molar conversion rate of lactose and 92% molar conversion rate of fucose in a 5 L fermenter. These findings will contribute to construct a highly efficient microbial cell factory to produce 2'-FL or other HMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, 462300, Henan, China
| | - Zi He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, 462300, Henan, China
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Li M, Zhang T, Li C, Gao W, Liu Z, Miao M. Semi-rationally designed site-saturation mutation of Helicobacter pylori α-1,2-fucosyltransferase for improved catalytic activity and thermostability. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129316. [PMID: 38218286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori HpfutC, a glycosyltransferase (GT) 11 family glycoprotein, has great potential for industrial 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) production. However, its limited catalytic activity, low expression, and poor thermostability hinder practical applications. Herein, a semi-rationally designed site-saturation mutation was applied to engineer the catalytic activity and thermostability of HpfutC. The 6 single point mutants (K102T, R105C, D115S, Y251F, A255G and K282E) and 6 combined mutants (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6) with enhanced enzyme activity were obtained by mutant library screening and ordered recombination mutation. The optimal mutant V6, with an optimum temperature of 40 °C, was not a metal-dependent enzyme, yet the reaction was facilitated by Mn2+. Compared to wild-type HpfutC, mutant V6 exhibited a 2.3-fold increase in specific activity and a 2.18-fold increase in half-life at 40 °C, respectively. Kinetic parameters indicated that the Km values of mutant V6 were 34.5 % (lactose) and 25.0 % (GDP-L-fucose) lower than those of the wild enzyme, whereas the kcat/Km values were 1.20 and 1.25-fold higher than those of the wild enzyme. Further, 3D-structure analysis revealed that the highly rigid structure, formation of new hydrogen bonds, increased hydrophobic residues and redistribution of electrostatic charges on the surface may be responsible for the elevated enzyme activity and thermostability. The strategy adopted in this study is of great significance to the solution of the technical bottleneck of HpfutC and the industrial application of 2'-FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Chenchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Li J, Wei Y, Liu C, Guo X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Bao S, Wu X, Wang X, Zhang J, Dong W. 2'-Fucosyllactose restores the intestinal mucosal barrier in ulcerative colitis by inhibiting STAT3 palmitoylation and phosphorylation. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:380-394. [PMID: 38150914 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), the primary constituent of human milk oligosaccharides, has been identified as a potential regulator of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Despite this recognition, the specific mechanisms through which 2'-FL alleviates ulcerative colitis (UC) remain ambiguous. This study seeks to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory properties of 2'-FL concerning intestinal inflammation and uncover the associated mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were orally administered a daily dose of 500 mg/kg 2'-FL for 11 consecutive days, followed by the induction of colitis using 3 % (wt/vol) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for the final 6 days. Subsequently, a comprehensive range of techniques, including an Acyl-biotin exchange assay, fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled dextran assay, histopathology, ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry staining, Alcian blue-periodic acid schiff staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, transmission electron microscopy, iTRAQ quantitative proteomics, bioinformatics analysis, and the generation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) knockout mice, were employed to explore the relevant molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Administration of 2'-FL significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice and enhanced the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. 2'-FL downregulated the phosphorylation of STAT3 and inhibited STAT3-related signaling pathways in colon tissues, which, in turn, reduced inflammatory responses. Interestingly, knockdown of STAT3 attenuated the protective effects of 2'-FL, highlighting that 2'-FL-mediated inflammatory attenuation is dependent on STAT3 expression. Additionally, 2'-FL could influence STAT3 activation by modulating the palmitoylation and depalmitoylation of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS 2'-FL promotes the recovery of the intestinal mucosal barrier and suppresses inflammation in ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the palmitoylation and phosphorylation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhengru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Luyun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shenglan Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Zhu L, Li H, Luo T, Deng Z, Li J, Zheng L, Zhang B. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Critical Review on Structure, Preparation, Their Potential as a Food Bioactive Component, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15908-15925. [PMID: 37851533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique group of oligosaccharides in human milk. Great interest in HMOs has grown in recent years due to their positive effects on various aspects of infant health. HMOs provide various physiologic functions, including establishing a balanced infant's gut microbiota, strengthening the gastrointestinal barrier, preventing infections, and potential support to the immune system. However, the clinical application of HMOs is challenging due to their specificity to human milk and the difficulties and high costs associated with their isolation and synthesis. Here, the differences in oligosaccharides in human and other mammalian milk are compared, and the synthetic strategies to access HMOs are summarized. Additionally, the potential use and molecular mechanisms of HMOs as a new food bioactive component in different diseases, such as infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, diabetes, and allergy, are critically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of HMOs in basic research and application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Zhang W, Cai Z, Liang D, Han J, Wu P, Shan J, Meng G, Zeng H. Immune Cell-Related Genes in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Identified Using Transcriptomic and Single-Cell Sequencing Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10619. [PMID: 37445800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children. The heterogeneity of the disease can be investigated via single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for its gap in the literature. Firstly, five types of immune cells (plasma cells, naive CD4 T cells, memory-activated CD4 T cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils) were significantly different between normal control (NC) and JIA samples. WGCNA was performed to identify genes that exhibited the highest correlation to differential immune cells. Then, 168 differentially expressed immune cell-related genes (DE-ICRGs) were identified by overlapping 13,706 genes identified by WGCNA and 286 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between JIA and NC specimens. Next, four key genes, namely SOCS3, JUN, CLEC4C, and NFKBIA, were identified by a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and three machine learning algorithms. The results of functional enrichment revealed that SOCS3, JUN, and NFKBIA were all associated with hallmark TNF-α signaling via NF-κB. In addition, cells in JIA samples were clustered into four groups (B cell, monocyte, NK cell, and T cell groups) by single-cell data analysis. CLEC4C and JUN exhibited the highest level of expression in B cells; NFKBIA and SOCS3 exhibited the highest level of expression in monocytes. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that the expression of three key genes was consistent with that determined by differential analysis. Our study revealed four key genes with prognostic value for JIA. Our findings could have potential implications for JIA treatment and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhe Cai
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Dandan Liang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaochan Han
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jiayi Shan
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huasong Zeng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Benvitimod inhibits MCM6-meditated proliferation of keratinocytes by regulating the JAK/STAT3 pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 109:71-79. [PMID: 36774328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benvitimod (Tapinarof), as a small-molecule topical therapeutical aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-modulating agent, is in clinical development for treating psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Benvitimod reduces proinflammatory cytokines in psoriasis by specifically binding and activation of AHR. However, whether benvitimod can inhibit keratinocyte proliferation remains unclear. Minichromosome maintenance protein 6 (MCM6) is a key element of the prereplication complex (pre-RC) assembly which is one of the essential steps in the initiation of DNA replication for cell proliferation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether benvitimod could reduce the excessive proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes by inhibiting MCM6. METHODS We examined the inhibitory effect of benvitimod on MCM6-mediated proliferation of keratinocytes by HaCaT cells in vitro and an IMQ-induced psoriatic model of mice in vivo. RESULTS Epidermal MCM6 expression was enhanced in the skin lesions of psoriatic patients. The experiments further revealed that MCM6 was required for the proliferation of keratinocytes and governed by the IL-22/STAT3 pathway. In addition, the antiproliferation effect of benvitimod is achieved by the inhibition of p-JAK1 and p-JAK2, which further restrained the activation of STAT3 in keratinocytes. Lastly, benvitimod could repressed imiquimod-induced skin lesions and the expression of epidermal MCM6 and p-STAT3 in mice. Moreover, knockdown of AHR in keratinocytes enhanced the activation of JAK1 and JAK2. CONCLUSION The findings reveal that benvitimod could decrease MCM6-mediated proliferation of keratinocytes by affecting the JAK/STAT3 pathway, thereby serving as a new treatment modality for psoriasis.
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Li M, Luo Y, Hu M, Li C, Liu Z, Zhang T. Module-Guided Metabolic Rewiring for Fucosyllactose Biosynthesis in Engineered Escherichia coli with Lactose De Novo Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14761-14770. [PMID: 36375030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fucosyllactose (FL) has garnered considerable attention for its benefits on infant health. In this study, we report an efficient E. coli cell factory to produce 2'/3-fucosyllactose (2'/3-FL) with lactose de novo pathway through metabolic network remodeling, including (1) modification of the PTSGlc system to enhance glucose internalization efficiency; (2) screening for β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β-1,4-GalT) and introduction of lactose synthesis pathway; (3) eliminating inhibition of byproduct pathways; (4) constructing antibiotic-free and inducer-free FL strains; and (5) up-regulating the expression of genes in the GDP-l-fucose module. The final engineered strains BP10-3 and BP11-3 produced 4.36 g/L for 2'-FL and 3.23 g/L for 3-FL in shake flasks. In 3 L bioreactors, fed-batch cultivations of the two strains produced 40.44 g/L for 2'-FL and 30.42 g/L for 3-FL, yielding 0.63 and 0.69 g/g glucose, respectively. The strategy described in this work will help to engineer E. coli as a safe chassis for other lactose-independent HMOs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yejiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Miaomiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Zhao H, Ren S, Yang H, Tang S, Guo C, Liu M, Tao Q, Ming T, Xu H. Peppermint essential oil: its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113559. [PMID: 35994817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mentha (also known as peppermint), a genus of plants in the taxonomic family Lamiaceae (mint family), is widely distributed throughout temperate regions of the world. Mentha contains various constituents that are classified as peppermint essential oil (PEO) and non-essential components. PEO, consisting mainly of menthol, menthone, neomenthol and iso-menthone, is a mixture of volatile metabolites with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, scolicidal, immunomodulatory, antitumor, neuroprotective, antifatigue and antioxidant activities. Mounting evidence indicates that PEO may pharmacologically protect gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, skin, respiratory, brain and nervous systems, and exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Clinically, PEO is used for gastrointestinal and dermatological diseases, postoperative adjuvant therapy and other fields. This review aims to address the advances in the extraction and isolation of PEO, its biological activities, pharmacological effects, toxicity and applications, with an emphasis on the efficacy of PEO on burn wounds and psoriasis, providing a comprehensive foundation for research, development and application of PEO in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chenyang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Maolun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Yu L, Xu Q, Wang P, Luo J, Zheng Z, Zhou J, Zhang L, Sun L, Zuo D. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-derived metabolite, enterolactone, attenuates atopic dermatitis by suppressing Th2 immune response. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109039. [PMID: 35914449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a severe inflammatory skin disease caused by a combination of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. Intestinal microbiome disorders and changes in the immune microenvironment are associated with AD. We observed that gut bacterial metabolite enterolactone (ENL) was significantly reduced in AD model mice. Notably, patients with early childhood-onset AD exhibited decreased sera ENL level compared to the healthy controls, and the ENL level was negatively correlated with the SCORAD index. Secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside (SDG) is a natural dietary lignan of flaxseeds that can be converted by intestinal bacteria to ENL. Repeated applications of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were performed on the ear and dorsal skin of mice to induce AD-like symptoms and skin lesions. Oral administration of SDG significantly decreased serum IgE levels and limited skin inflammation in the DNCB-induced AD mice. In addition, SDG treatment strongly limited the Th2 responses in AD mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that the IL-4 production was significantly suppressed by ENL under Th2 polarization conditions via the JAK-STAT6 signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner. We concluded that SDG and its derived metabolite ENL ameliorated AD development by reducing the Th2 immune response. These results suggested that SDG and ENL might be exploited as potential therapeutic candidates for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qishan Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jialiang Luo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhuojun Zheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ledong Sun
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510900, China.
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University,Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China.
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10
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Liu Y, Zhu Y, Wan L, Chen R, Zhang W, Mu W. High-Level De Novo Biosynthesis of 2'-Fucosyllactose by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9017-9025. [PMID: 35834320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is the most abundant oligosaccharide in human milk. In this study, a highly efficient biosynthetic route for 2'-FL production was designed via the de novo pathway of GDP-l-fucose using engineered Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Specifically, plasmid-based strains with previously deleted lacZ and wcaJ were further reconstructed by introducing de novo pathway genes and α1,2-fucosyltransferase-encoding wbgL to realize 2'-FL synthesis. The 2'-FL titer was enhanced to 3.92 g/L by further introducing rcsA and rcsB. Subsequently, the additional wbgL expression cassette was chromosomally integrated into recA locus to strengthen fucosylation reaction and a strong constitutive promoter (PJ23119) was used to replace the original promoters of manC-manB and gmd-wcaG to improve 2'-FL synthesis. The maximal 2'-FL titer reached 9.06 and 79.23 g/L in shake-flask and fed-batch cultivation, respectively. The 2'-FL productivity reached 1.45 g/L/h, showing remarkable production potential in large-scale industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Roulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang J, Chen MS, Wang RS, Hu JQ, Liu S, Wang YYF, Xing XL, Zhang BW, Liu JM, Wang S. Current Advances in Structure-Function Relationships and Dose-Dependent Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6328-6353. [PMID: 35593935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying anti-inflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure-activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure-function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yi-Fei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Wu Z, Lei K, Xu S, He J, Shi E. Establishing a Prognostic Model Based on Ulceration and Immune Related Genes in Melanoma Patients and Identification of EIF3B as a Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824946. [PMID: 35273605 PMCID: PMC8901887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulceration and immune status are independent prognostic factors for survival in melanoma patients. Herein univariate Cox regression analysis revealed 53 ulcer-immunity-related DEGs. We performed consensus clustering to divide The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort (n = 467) into three subtypes with different prognosis and biological functions, followed by validation in three merged Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts (n = 399). Multiomics approach was used to assess differences among the subtypes. Cluster 3 showed relatively lesser amplification and expression of immune checkpoint genes. Moreover, Cluster 3 lacked immune-related pathways and immune cell infiltration, and had higher proportion of non-responders to immunotherapy. We also constructed a prognostic model based on ulceration and immune related genes in melanoma. EIF3B was a hub gene in the intersection between genes specific to Cluster 3 and those pivotal for melanoma growth (DepMap, https://depmap.org/portal/download/). High EIF3B expression in TCGA and GEO datasets was related to worst prognosis. In vitro models revealed that EIF3B knockdown inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion, and decreased TGF-β1 level in supernatant compared with si-NC cells. EIF3B expression was negatively correlated with immune-related signaling pathways, immune cell gene signatures, and immune checkpoint gene expression. Moreover, its low expression could predict partial response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. To summarize, we established a prognostic model for melanoma and identified the role of EIF3B in melanoma progression and immunotherapy resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Wu
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ke Lei
- Department of Dermatology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Patient Monitor and Life Supporting (PMLS), Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiali He
- Department of General Outpatient, Shen zhen Healthcare Committee Office, Shenzhen, China
| | - Enxian Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Zeng J, Wang D, Luo J, Li L, Lin L, Li J, Zheng W, Zuo D, Yang B. Mannan-binding lectin exacerbates the severity of psoriasis by promoting plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-interferon regulatory factor 8 axis. J Dermatol 2022; 49:496-507. [PMID: 35347767 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease mediated by host immune responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and interferon (IFN)-α secreted by pDC are involved in the initiation of psoriasis. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a vital component of the complement pathway, plays a critical role in innate immune defense and the inflammatory response. Our previous study found that MBL could exacerbate skin inflammation in psoriatic mice, but the effect of MBL on pDC remains unstudied. Herein, we revealed that the circulating level of MBL was elevated in patients with psoriasis compared with the healthy controls. Moreover, the MBL level was positively correlated with disease severity, relative inflammatory cytokine levels, and peripheral blood (PB) pDC frequency in psoriasis. An in vitro study determined that the MBL protein could promote the differentiation of human pDC and upregulate the production of relative inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, MBL-deficient (MBL-/- ) mice exhibited decreased accumulation of pDC in lymph nodes, spleens, and skin lesions with reduced secretion of pDC-related cytokines compared with wild-type (WT) mice in the preliminary stage of psoriasis induced by imiquimod. Notably, the differentiation of pDC from bone marrow (BM) cells derived from MBL-/- mice was weakened compared with that from WT mice upon Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) incubation. Mechanistic research indicated that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) axis was responsible for MBL-modulated pDC differentiation. In summary, these results suggest that MBL exacerbates the severity of psoriasis by enhancing pDC differentiation and pDC-related cytokine secretion via the STAT3-IRF8 axis, thus providing a new target for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Luo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luyang Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Li A, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li T, Zhang J, Li C. The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose attenuates β-lactoglobulin-induced food allergy through the miR-146a-mediated toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10473-10484. [PMID: 34334202 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous experiments have confirmed that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and its main component 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), as prebiotics, could effectively alleviate cow milk allergy by regulating the intestinal microecology. This study intended to further explore the molecular mechanism of HMO regulating intestinal immunity. The results of the allergic mouse model showed that oral administration of 2'-FL or HMO reduced β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)-induced serum-specific IgE secretion and mast cell degranulation, while reducing the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-6 production and promoting the miR-146a expression. In vitro results further confirmed that 2'-FL or HMO treatment reduced allergen-induced secretion of iNOS, NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in RAW264.7 cells. At the same time, in contrast to the β-LG group, 2'-FL dose-dependently inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway and upregulated miR-146a expression, and the effect of the 2'-FL mid-dose group was similar to that of the HMO intervention group. In particular, adding miR-146a inhibitors to macrophages attenuated the inhibitory effect of 2'-FL on the expression of TRAF6 and IRAKI in the TLR4 pathway, suggesting that miR-146a might be involved in the immune regulation of 2'-FL. The above results indicated that 2'-FL had a similar effect to HMOs, and its effect of reducing β-LG allergy might be related to the regulation of miR-146a to inhibit TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Congwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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15
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Hosseini A, Gharibi T, Mohammadzadeh A, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Babaloo Z, Shanehbandi D, Baghbani E, Baradaran B. Ruxolitinib attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development as animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). Life Sci 2021; 276:119395. [PMID: 33781828 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS STAT3 signaling is critical for Th17 development that plays an important role in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and regulatory T cells effects of JAK1/2 and STAT3 inhibition, we assessed the JAK 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib effects on Th17 cell/Tregs balance. MAIN METHODS Ruxolitinib was administered to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice via oral gavage, and its effects were assessed. The expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A and IL-10, were analyzed by real-time PCR. The frequency of Th17 cells and Tregs were evaluated by flow cytometry. KEY FINDING Ruxolitinib ameliorated the EAE severity and decreased the proportion of Th17 cells and inflammatory markers levels. In contrast, the balance of Tregs and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine were increased in ruxolitinib-treated mice. Furthermore, ruxolitinib markedly decreased the expression of Th17 related transcription factor, RORɣt, whereas FOXP3 expression associated with Treg differentiation was increased. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that ruxolitinib may be a promising therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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