Resveratrol loaded nanoparticles attenuate cognitive impairment and inflammatory markers in PTZ-induced kindled mice

Epilepsy Treatment and Diagnosis Enhanced by Current Nanomaterial Innovations: A Comprehensive Review

Epilepsy is a complex disease in the brain. Complete control of seizure has always been a challenge in epilepsy treatment. Currently, clinical management primarily involves pharmacological and surgical interventions, with the former being the preferred approach. However, antiepileptic drugs often exhibit low bioavailability due to inherent limitations such as poor water solubility and difficulty penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These issues significantly reduce the drugs' effectiveness and limit their clinical application in epilepsy treatment. Additionally, the diagnostic accuracy of current imaging techniques and electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy is suboptimal, often failing to precisely localize epileptogenic tissues. Accurate diagnosis is critical for the surgical management of epilepsy. Thus, there is a pressing need to enhance both the therapeutic outcomes of epilepsy medications and the diagnostic precision of the condition. In recent years, the advancement of nanotechnology in the biomedical sector has led to the development of nanomaterials as drug carriers. These materials are designed to improve drug bioavailability and targeting by leveraging their large specific surface area, facile surface modification, ability to cross the BBB, and high biocompatibility. Furthermore, nanomaterials have been utilized as contrast agents in imaging and as materials for EEG electrodes, enhancing the accuracy of epilepsy diagnoses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of current research on nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of epilepsy, offering new strategies and directions for future investigation.

Brain targeted lactoferrin coated lipid nanocapsules for the combined effects of apocynin and lavender essential oil in PTZ induced seizures

Apocynin (APO) is a plant derived antioxidant exerting specific NADPH oxidase inhibitory action substantiating its neuroprotective effects in various CNS disorders, including epilepsy. Due to rapid elimination and poor bioavailability, treatment with APO is challenging. Correspondingly, novel APO-loaded lipid nanocapsules (APO-LNC) were formulated and coated with lactoferrin (LF-APO-LNC) to improve br ain targetability and prolong residence time. Lavender oil (LAV) was incorporated into LNC as a bioactive ingredient to act synergistically with APO in alleviating pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. The optimized LF-APO-LAV/LNC showed a particle size 59.7 ± 4.5 nm with narrow distribution and 6.07 ± 1.6mV zeta potential) with high entrapment efficiency 92 ± 2.4% and sustained release (35% in 72 h). Following subcutaneous administration, LF-APO-LAV/LNC brought about ⁓twofold increase in plasma AUC and MRT compared to APO. A Log BB value of 0.2 ± 0.14 at 90 min reflects increased brain accumulation. In a PTZ-induced seizures rat model, LF-APO-LAV/LNC showed a Modified Racine score of 0.67 ± 0.47 with a significant increase in seizures latency and decrease in duration. Moreover, oxidant/antioxidant capacity and inflammatory markers levels in brain tissue were significantly improved. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of brain tissue sections further supported these findings. The results suggest APO/LAV combination in LF-coated LNC as a promising approach to counteract seizures.

Latest advances and clinical application prospects of resveratrol therapy for neurocognitive disorders

Neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, are non-psychiatric brain syndromes in which a significant decline in cognitive function causes great trauma to the mental status of the patient. The lack of effective treatments for neurocognitive disorders imposes a considerable burden on society, including a substantial economic impact. Over the past few decades, the identification of resveratrol, a natural plant compound, has provided researchers with an opportunity to formulate novel strategies for the treatment of neurocognitive disorders. This is because resveratrol effectively protects the brain of those with neurocognitive disorders by targeting some mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress. This article reviews the status of recent research investigating the use of resveratrol for the treatment of different neurocognitive disorders. By examining the possible mechanisms of action of resveratrol and the shared mechanisms of different neurocognitive disorders, treatments for neurocognitive disorders may be further clarified.

Nanomedicine revolutionizes epilepsy treatment: overcoming therapeutic hurdles with nanoscale solutions

INTRODUCTION

Epilepsy, a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, profoundly impacts the physical and mental well-being of millions globally. Historically, antiseizure drugs (ASDs) have been the primary treatment modality. However, despite the introduction of novel ASDs in recent decades, a significant proportion of patients still experiences uncontrolled seizures.

AREAS COVERED

The rapid advancement of nanomedicine in recent years has enabled precise targeting of the brain, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy for brain diseases, including epilepsy.

EXPERT OPINION

Nanomedicine holds immense promise in epilepsy treatment, including but not limited to enhancing drug solubility and stability, improving drug across blood-brain barrier, overcoming resistance, and reducing side effects, potentially revolutionizing clinical management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of current epilepsy treatment modalities and highlights recent advancements in nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems for epilepsy control. We discuss the diverse strategies used in developing novel nanotherapies, their mechanisms of action, and the potential advantages they offer compared to traditional treatment methods.

Therapeutic potential of stilbenes in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Neuropsychiatric disorders are anticipated to be a leading health concern in the near future, emphasizing an outstanding need for the development of new effective therapeutics to treat them. Stilbenes, with resveratrol attracting the most attention, are an example of multi-target compounds with promising therapeutic potential for a broad array of neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. This review is a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on stilbenes in several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. We describe and discuss the results of both in vitro and in vivo studies. The majority of studies concentrate on resveratrol, with limited findings exploring other stilbenes such as pterostilbene, piceatannol, polydatin, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, or synthetic resveratrol derivatives. Overall, although extensive preclinical studies show the potential benefits of stilbenes in various central nervous system disorders, clinical evidence on their therapeutic efficacy is largely missing.

Selenium Nanoparticles-Enriched Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 Prevents Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice Through Modulating Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Purpose

The bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system mediated by gut microbiota is closely related to the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selenium (Se) has been identified as playing a role against AD. Probiotics have beneficial effects on host brain function and behavior by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Herein, we evaluated the protective effects of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 (L. casei ATCC 393) and selenium nanoparticles-enriched L. casei ATCC 393 (L. casei ATCC 393-SeNPs) against D-galactose/aluminum chloride-induced AD model mice.

Methods

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was used to assess cognitive function of mice. The morphology and histopathological changes, antioxidant capacity and immune responses in the brain and ileum were evaluated. The alterations in intestinal permeability of the mice were determined using FITC-dextran. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16s rRNA sequencing.

Results

Thirteen weeks intervention with L. casei ATCC 393 or L. casei ATCC 393-SeNPs significantly improved cognitive dysfunction, and minimized amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein, and prevented neuronal death by modulating Akt/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway. Moreover, compared with L. casei ATCC 393, L. casei ATCC 393-SeNPs further effectively mitigated intestinal barrier dysfunction by improving antioxidant capacity, regulating immune response, restoring gut microbiota balance, and increasing the level of short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters, thereby inhibiting the activation of microglia and protecting brain neurons from neurotoxicity such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Conclusion

These findings indicated that targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis with L. casei ATCC 393-SeNPs may have therapeutic potential for the deficits of cognitive function in the AD model mice. Thus, we anticipate that L. casei ATCC 393-SeNPs may be a promising and safe Se nutritional supplement for use as a food additive to prevent the neurodegenerative disease.

R-α-Lipoic Acid Conjugated to d-α-Tocopherol Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate: Synthesis, Characterization, and Effect on Antiseizure Activity

α-Lipoic acid (LA), a dithiol micronutrient, acts as a vital cofactor in various cellular catabolic reactions and is also known as a universal antioxidant. The therapeutic efficacy of LA is compromised by a poor aqueous solubility as well as a short half-life. In the present study, LA was conjugated to d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) using carbodiimideacid-alcohol coupling reaction. The synthesized conjugate (TPGS-LA) was characterized using ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-vis spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The TPGS-LA conjugate was demonstrated to be biocompatible and to have better anticonvulsion activity as compared to native LA in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions in zebrafish. Moreover, zebrafish larvae pretreated with TPGS-LA conjugate demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of protein carbonylation levels and downregulation of c-fos expression during seizures as compared to native LA. Conclusively, the present findings demonstrate that the TPGS-LA conjugate can be a promising approach for the delivery of LA.

Immune Mechanism of Epileptogenesis and Related Therapeutic Strategies

Immunologic and neuroinflammatory pathways have been found to play a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders such as epilepsy, proposing the use of novel therapeutic strategies. In the era of personalized medicine and in the face of the exhaustion of anti-seizure therapeutic resources, it is worth looking at the current or future possibilities that neuroimmunomodulator or anti-inflammatory therapy can offer us in the management of patients with epilepsy. For this reason, we performed a narrative review on the recent advances on the basic epileptogenic mechanisms related to the activation of immunity or neuroinflammation with special attention to current and future opportunities for novel treatments in epilepsy. Neuroinflammation can be considered a universal phenomenon and occurs in structural, infectious, post-traumatic, autoimmune, or even genetically based epilepsies. The emerging research developed in recent years has allowed us to identify the main molecular pathways involved in these processes. These molecular pathways could constitute future therapeutic targets for epilepsy. Different drugs current or in development have demonstrated their capacity to inhibit or modulate molecular pathways involved in the immunologic or neuroinflammatory mechanisms described in epilepsy. Some of them should be tested in the future as possible antiepileptic drugs.

Resveratrol Downregulates Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Induced Oncostatin M Production through Blocking of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signal Cascade in Neutrophil-like Differentiated HL-60 Cells

Oncostatin M (OSM) is essential in a wide range of inflammatory responses, and most OSM is produced by neutrophils in respiratory diseases. While resveratrol (RES) is regarded as an anti-inflammatory agent in a variety of conditions, the mechanism of OSM inhibition by RES in neutrophils remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether RES could inhibit OSM production in neutrophil-like differentiated (d)HL-60 cells. The effects of RES were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Increases in production and mRNA expression of OSM resulted from the addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells; however, these increases were downregulated by RES treatment. Exposure to GM-CSF led to elevations of phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and nuclear factor (NF)-kB. Treatment with RES induced downregulation of the phosphorylated levels of PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells. These results suggest that RES could be applicable to prevent and/or treat inflammatory disorders through blockade of OSM.