Baicalein alleviates pyroptosis and inflammation in hyperlipidemic pancreatitis by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway through the miR-192-5p/TXNIP axis

The Regulatory Role of NcRNAs in Pyroptosis and Disease Pathogenesis

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), as critical regulators of gene expression, play a pivotal role in the modulation of pyroptosis and exhibit a close association with a wide range of diseases. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death mediated by inflammasomes, characterized by cell membrane perforation, release of inflammatory cytokines, and a robust immune response. Recent studies have revealed that ncRNAs influence the initiation and execution of pyroptosis by regulating the expression of pyroptosis-related genes or modulating associated signaling pathways. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms and applications of ncRNAs in diseases such as cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. It further explores the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, elucidates the intricate interactions among ncRNAs, pyroptosis, and diseases, and provides novel strategies and directions for the precision treatment of related diseases.

Flavonoids regulating NLRP3 inflammasome: a promising approach in alleviating diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A common and serious side effect of diabetes is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which is characterised by gradual nerve damage brought on by oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and prolonged hyperglycemia. Studies identify NLRP3 inflammasome as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of DPN, connecting neuroinflammation and neuronal damage to metabolic failure. Because of their strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, flavonoids, a broad class of naturally occurring polyphenols, have drawn interest as potential treatments for DPN. The various ways that flavonoids affect the NLRP3 inflammasome and their potential as a treatment for DPN are examined in this review. It has been demonstrated that flavonoids prevent NLRP3 activation, which lowers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18 and causes neuroinflammation. Flavonoids work mechanistically by reducing oxidative stress, altering important signalling pathways, and blocking the activities of NF-κB and caspase-1, which are both essential for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Preclinical research has shown that flavonoids have strong neuroprotective benefits, and few clinical evidence also points to the potential of flavonoids to improve nerve function and lessen neuropathic pain in diabetic patients. The current review emphasises how flavonoids may be used as a treatment strategy to target inflammation in DPN caused by the NLRP3 inflammasome. By targeting important inflammatory pathways, flavonoids provide a new way to slow the progression of this debilitating illness. Further investigation into the mechanisms, clinical translation, and novel drug delivery techniques could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Asiatic Acid Alleviates LPS-Induced Pyroptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis via Inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in Broiler Hepatocytes

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is the major compoent of Gram-negative bacteria and an important factor in inducing inflammation, which usually leads to multiple organ failure in broilers, seriously affecting the growth performance of broilers and hindering the development of poultry farming. Under the policy of prohibiting antibiotics in feed, it has become more urgent to find natural drugs to prevent liver damage caused by LPS in broilers. Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects of AA in LPS-induced liver damage in broilers still need to be clarified. This study aims to explore the complete mechanism of AA against LPS-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in broilers. A total of 60 broilers (1 day old) were randomly divided into the control group, LPS group, LPS+AA (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) group and control+AA (60 mg/kg) group. At 16, 18 and 20 days of age, the broilers were attacked with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) to construct liver injury model. H&E staining assessed liver pathological changes. The mRNA and protein expression levels related to the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, pyroptosis, and ERS-mediated apoptosis in the liver tissue were detected. Our results founded that intraperitoneal injection of LPS in broilers increased the activities of AST and ALT, as well as raising the related gene and protein expression of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, pyroptosis, and ERS-mediated apoptosis. Interestingly, AA improved LPS-induced liver damage and decreased the activities of AST and ALT in broilers. Additionally, AA mitigated LPS-induced ALI by reducing the mRNA levels and protein expressions of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, pyroptosis and ERS-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study investigated that AA mitigated LPS-induced ALI in broilers by reducing pyroptosis and ERS-mediated apoptosis via inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, AA may serve as a potential feed additive for the prevention of LPS-induced ALI in broilers.

Based on the immune system: the role of the IL-2 family in pancreatic disease

The IL-2 family, consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21, is a key regulator of the immune response. As an important endocrine and digestive organ, the function of the pancreas is regulated by the immune system. Studies have shown that each cytokine of the IL-2 family influences the occurrence and development of pancreatic diseases by participating in the regulation of the immune system. In this paper, we review the structural and functional characteristics of IL-2 family members, focus on their molecular mechanisms in pancreatic diseases including acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and highlight the importance of the related proteins in the regulation of immune response and disease progression, which will provide valuable insights for new biomarkers in pancreatic diseases, early diagnosis of the diseases, assessment of the disease severity, and development of new therapeutic regimens. The insights of the study are summarized in the following sections.

Ultra-early indicators of acute hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis may influence treatment decision-making

This study aimed to explore whether ultra-early indicators can predict the severity of acute hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) and guide clinical decisions. This retrospective study analyzed data from HTGP patients who were categorized into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and moderately severe/severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP/SAP) groups based on their final clinical outcomes. Ultra-early indicators (serum calcium, triglyceride [TG], interleukin-6 [IL-6], D-dimer, hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], arterial lactate) were measured within 6 h of admission. Among 110 patients, 56 had MAP and 54 had MSAP/SAP. Within 6 h of admission, TG, IL-6, D-dimer, HbA1c, and arterial lactate levels were significantly higher in the MSAP/SAP group, while serum calcium was lower. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic curve identified IL-6, D-dimer, and serum calcium as independent risk factors and ultra-early predictors of HTGP severity. Patients with MSAP/SAP who received blood purification within 24 h had a shorter hospital stay compared to those treated later. IL-6, D-dimer, and serum calcium are promising biomarkers for early prediction of HTGP severity. Early blood purification within 24 h reduces complications and hospital stay in MSAP/SAP patients, while traditional treatments remain effective for MAP patients, potentially reducing medical costs.

Effects of Baicalein Pretreatment on the NLRP3/GSDMD Pyroptosis Pathway and Neuronal Injury in Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in the Mice

Status epilepticus (SE) links to high mortality and morbidity. Considering the neuroprotective property of baicalein (BA), we investigated its effects on post-SE neuronal injury via the NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Mice were subjected to SE modeling and BA interference, with seizure severity and learning and memory abilities evaluated. The histological changes, neurological injury and neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-positive cell number in hippocampal CA1 region, and cell death were assessed. Levels of the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)/gasdermin-D (GSDMD) pathway-related proteins, inflammatory factors, and Iba-1 + NLRP3+ and Iba-1 + GSDMD-N+ cells were determined. BA ameliorated post-SE cognitive dysfunction and neuronal injury in mice, as evidenced by shortened escape latency, increased number of crossing the target quadrant within 60 s and the time staying in the target quadrant, alleviated hippocampal damage, increased viable cell number, decreased neuronal injury, and increased NSE-positive cells. Mechanistically, BA repressed microglial pyroptosis, reduced inflammatory factor release, and attenuated neuronal injury by inhibiting the NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. The NLRP3 inhibitor exerted similar effects as BA on SE mice, while the NLRP3 activator partially reversed BA-improved post-SE neuronal injury in mice. Conjointly, BA reduced microglial pyroptosis in hippocampal CA1 area by inhibiting the NLRP3/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway, thereby ameliorating post-SE neuronal injury in mice.

Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder during pregnancy characterized by glucose intolerance, which poses risks to both maternal and fetal health. Baicalein, a flavonoid derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, exhibits various biological functions and has been implicated in the modulation of several diseases. However, the regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of Baicalein in GDM progression remain unclear. In this study, we found that Baicalein ameliorates metabolic disturbances in GDM mice by improving glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose levels, and plasma insulin levels. Additionally, Baicalein treatment positively impacted litter size and birth weight. GDM mice exhibited increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which were mitigated following Baicalein administration (40 mg/kg). Furthermore, elevated protein levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 observed in GDM mice were reduced by Baicalein treatment. In conclusion, Baicalein inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviates placental inflammation and oxidative stress associated with GDM. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic role of Baicalein in managing GDM.

The current status of early nursing for emergency pancreatitis and analysis of factors influencing prognosis: A retrospective study

This study is to investigate the incidence of pain and the influencing factors of prognostic complications in early admission care of pancreatitis in the emergency department patients. This provides a basis for clinical nursing management and prognosis improvement. Hundred patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to the tertiary hospital between January 2021 and December 2023 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It collected basic baseline data and medical data of patients during admission, clarifies whether patients have complications, and analyzed the length of hospital stay. Comparing hospital stays >7 days with <7 days. A questionnaire on patient psychological status was collected, and single factor analysis was conducted on different prognostic factors. Binary logistic regression was used for single factor analysis, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. The presence or absence of complications during treatment is the main criterion for determining the prognostic impact of pancreatitis in the emergency department patients. Among 100 patients, 26 (26%) had complications during hospitalization, 74 (74%) had no complications during hospitalization, and 64 (64%) had a stay of >7 days. There were statistically significant differences (P < .05) in smoking status and history of hypertension between the complication group and the non-complication group. In the comparison between the group with <7 days of hospitalization and the group with >7 days of hospitalization, age, education level, smoking status, and history of hyperlipidemia showed statistical significance (P < .05). The fasting days, BISAP score, first bowel movement time, C-reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, duration of severe pain within 24 hours of admission, and duration of severe pain within 24 to 48 hours of admission were all statistically significant (P < .05). Pancreatitis in the emergency department patients are prone to exacerbation and prolonged pain during early hospitalization. In nursing, timely attention should be paid to the patient's pain issues, timely pain relief measures should be taken, and the occurrence of complications should be reduced, reducing the patient's hospitalization time. Meanwhile, it is necessary to constantly pay attention to changes in the patient's gastrointestinal function and experimental indicators.

Pyroptosis in health and disease: mechanisms, regulation and clinical perspective

Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death characterized by cell swelling and osmotic lysis, resulting in cytomembrane rupture and release of immunostimulatory components, which play a role in several pathological processes. Significant cellular responses to various stimuli involve the formation of inflammasomes, maturation of inflammatory caspases, and caspase-mediated cleavage of gasdermin. The function of pyroptosis in disease is complex but not a simple angelic or demonic role. While inflammatory diseases such as sepsis are associated with uncontrollable pyroptosis, the potent immune response induced by pyroptosis can be exploited as a therapeutic target for anti-tumor therapy. Thus, a comprehensive review of the role of pyroptosis in disease is crucial for further research and clinical translation from bench to bedside. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in understanding the role of pyroptosis in disease, covering the related development history, molecular mechanisms including canonical, non-canonical, caspase 3/8, and granzyme-mediated pathways, and its regulatory function in health and multiple diseases. Moreover, this review also provides updates on promising therapeutic strategies by applying novel small molecule inhibitors and traditional medicines to regulate pyroptosis. The present dilemmas and future directions in the landscape of pyroptosis are also discussed from a clinical perspective, providing clues for scientists to develop novel drugs targeting pyroptosis.

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Acute Hypertriglyceridemic Pancreatitis

ABSTRACT

The incidence rate of hypertriglyceridemia pancreatitis (HTGP) has experienced a notable increase in recent years, with eclipsing alcohol as the second leading cause of acute pancreatitis (AP). HTGP is often associated with more severe local and systemic complications. Recognized as a metabolic disorder hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), it holds significant relevance in the pathogenesis of HTGP, yet its mechanisms are not fully understood. Both primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired) factors contribute to elevated triglyceride (TG) levels, which concurrently influence the progression of HTGP. This article presents a comprehensive review of the evolving research on HTGP pathogenesis, encompassing lipid synthesis and metabolism, calcium signal transduction, inflammatory mediators, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, mitochondrial injury by fatty acids, oxidative stress response, genetic factors, and gene mutations. By unraveling the intricate mechanisms underlying HTGP, this article aims to enhance physicians' understanding of the disease and facilitate the development of potential targeted pharmacological interventions for patients.

mTORC2 knockdown mediates lipid metabolism to alleviate hyperlipidemic pancreatitis through PPARα

Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis (HP) is an inflammatory injury of the pancreas triggered by elevated serum triglyceride (TG) levels. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate whether the activity of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) affects the progression of HP and its underlying mechanisms. In vivo, a high-fat diet and retrograde administration of sodium taurocholate were employed to establish the HP models in rats, with pancreatic tissue pathology evaluated. The expression of Rictor and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR) was examined. The serum levels of TG, fatty acid metabolites, inflammatory and lipid metabolism-related factors were determined. In vitro, pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) were exposed to palmitic acid and cholecystokinin-8. PAC apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis were assessed. In the HP models, rats and PACs exhibited upregulated Rictor and downregulated PPARα, and Rictor knockdown promoted PPARα expression. In vivo, Rictor knockdown decreased the serum levels of TG, α-amylase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory factors, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Rictor knockdown increased ACOX1 and CPT1α and decreased SREBP-1, CD36, SCD1, ACLY, and ACACA. Rictor knockdown reduced damage to pancreatic tissue structure. In vitro, Rictor knockdown inhibited PAC apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Treatment with the PPARα antagonist GW6471 abolished the beneficial effects of Rictor knockdown. Rictor/mTORC2 deficiency reduces serum TG levels, maintains lipid homeostasis, and suppresses inflammation by inhibiting PPARα expression. Weakening mTORC2 activity holds promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for HP.

Unlocking the potential of pyroptosis in tumor immunotherapy: a new horizon in cancer treatment

Background

The interaction between pyroptosis-a form of programmed cell death-and tumor immunity represents a burgeoning field of interest. Pyroptosis exhibits a dual role in cancer: it can both promote tumor development and counteract it by activating immune responses that inhibit tumor evasion and encourage cell death. Current tumor immunotherapy strategies, notably CAR-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alongside the potential of certain traditional Chinese medicinal compounds, highlight the intricate relationship between pyroptosis and cancer immunity. As research delves deeper into pyroptosis mechanisms within tumor therapy, its application in enhancing tumor immune responses emerges as a novel research avenue.

Purpose

This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying pyroptosis, its impact on tumor biology, and the advancements in tumor immunotherapy research.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted across PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang Database from the inception of the study until August 22, 2023. The search employed keywords such as "pyroptosis", "cancer", "tumor", "mechanism", "immunity", "gasdermin", "ICB", "CAR-T", "PD-1", "PD-L1", "herbal medicine", "botanical medicine", "Chinese medicine", "traditional Chinese medicine", "immunotherapy", linked by AND/OR, to capture the latest findings in pyroptosis and tumor immunotherapy.

Results

Pyroptosis is governed by a complex mechanism, with the Gasdermin family playing a pivotal role. While promising for tumor immunotherapy application, research into pyroptosis's effect on tumor immunity is still evolving. Notably, certain traditional Chinese medicine ingredients have been identified as potential pyroptosis inducers, meriting further exploration.

Conclusion

This review consolidates current knowledge on pyroptosis's role in tumor immunotherapy. It reveals pyroptosis as a beneficial factor in the immunotherapeutic landscape, suggesting that leveraging pyroptosis for developing novel cancer treatment strategies, including those involving traditional Chinese medicine, represents a forward-looking approach in oncology.

MiRNA-192-5p-targeted activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule improved inflammatory injury of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

BACKGROUND

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common gastrointestinal emergency in neonates. MiRNA-192-5p was found associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) progression, also with aberrant expression in intestinal cancer tissue. However, the effects of miRNA-192-5p on NEC have not been reported.

METHODS

Based on the bioinformatics analysis of the GEO dataset, miR-192-5p was identified as the differentially expressed miRNA in NEC, and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) was predicted as its target. After that, in vitro, rat intestinal epithelial cell-6 (IEC-6) were stimulated with LPS to construct a cell model of NEC. IEC-6 cells were transfected with miRNA-192-5p mimics, miRNA-192-5p inhibitors, or miRNA-192-5p inhibitors + sh-ALCAM, and relevant negative control. In vivo, SD rats were treated with artificial feeding, hypoxic reoxygenation, cold stimulation, and LPS gavage to induce NEC, followed by injection of agomiR-NC or agomiRNA-192-5p. Then effects of miRNA-192-5p on NEC model IEC-6 cell viability, apoptosis, ALCAM expression, Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels, intestinal injury, intestinal permeability were detected.

RESULTS

MiRNA-192-5p expression was downregulated in NEC IEC-6 cells, whose overexpression increased IEC-6 cell viability. MiRNA-192-5p inhibitors increased IL-1β, IL-6 levels and promoted IEC-6 cell apoptosis. MiRNA-192-5p targeting of ALCAM decreased ALCAM expression, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. AgomiRNA-192-5p decreased ALCAM, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in intestinal tissue and pathological damage and increased miRNA-192-5p levels.

CONCLUSION

MiR-192-5p protects against intestinal injury by inhibiting ALCAM-mediated inflammation and intestinal epithelial cells, which would provide a new idea for NEC treatment.

Lentinus edodes mycelium polysaccharide inhibits AGEs-induced HUVECs pyroptosis by regulating LncRNA MALAT1/miR-199b/mTOR axis and NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway

A novel Lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide (LMP) prepared in our laboratory has been identified to be effective in inhibiting the damage of islet β cells induced by glucose toxicity. However, whether it can effectively alleviate the pyroptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) remains unclear. Bioinformatics and cell biology techniques were used to explore the mechanism of LMP inhibiting AGEs-induced HUVECs damage. The results indicated that AGEs significantly increased the expression of LncRNA MALAT1, decreased cell viability to 79.67 %, increased intracellular ROS level to 248.19 % compared with the control group, which further led to cell membrane rupture. The release of LDH in cellular supernatant was increased to 149.42 %, and the rate of propidium iodide staining positive cells increased to 277.19 %, indicating the cell pyroptosis occurred. However, the above trend was effectively retrieved after the treatment with LMP. LMP effectively decreased the expression of LncRNA MALAT1 and mTOR, promoted the expression of miR-199b, inhibited AGEs-induced HUVECs pyroptosis by regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. LncRNA MALAT1 might be a new target for LMP to inhibit AGEs-induced HUVECs pyroptosis. This study manifested the role of LMP in improving diabetes angiopathy and broadens the application of polysaccharide.

Mitochondrial (mt)DNA-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling promotes pyroptosis of macrophages via interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7/IRF3 activation to aggravate lung injury during severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

Macrophage proinflammatory activation contributes to the pathology of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and, simultaneously, macrophage functional changes, and increased pyroptosis/necrosis can further exacerbate the cellular immune suppression during the process of SAP, where cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays an important role. However, the function and mechanism of cGAS-STING in SAP-induced lung injury (LI) remains unknown.

METHODS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was combined with caerulein-induced SAP in wild type, cGAS -/- and sting -/- mice. Primary macrophages were extracted via bronchoalveolar lavage and peritoneal lavage. Ana-1 cells were pretreated with LPS and stimulated with nigericin sodium salt to induce pyroptosis in vitro.

RESULTS

SAP triggered NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages in mouse model. Knockout of cGAS/STING could ameliorate NLRP3 activation and macrophage pyroptosis. In addition, mitochondrial (mt)DNA released from damaged mitochondria further induced macrophage STING activation in a cGAS- and dose-dependent manner. Upregulated STING signal can promote NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated macrophage pyroptosis and increase serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and, thus, exacerbate SAP-associated LI (SAP-ALI). Downstream molecules of STING, IRF7, and IRF3 connect the mtDNA-cGAS-STING axis and the NLRP3-pyroptosis axis.

CONCLUSIONS

Negative regulation of any molecule in the mtDNA-cGAS-STING-IRF7/IRF3 pathway can affect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, thereby reducing macrophage pyroptosis and improving SAP-ALI in mouse model.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular changes of acute pancreatitis in experimental models

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) encompasses a spectrum of pancreatic inflammatory conditions, ranging from mild inflammation to severe pancreatic necrosis and multisystem organ failure. Given the challenges associated with obtaining human pancreatic samples, research on AP predominantly relies on animal models. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying AP using various AP models.

AIM

To investigate the shared molecular changes underlying the development of AP across varying severity levels.

METHODS

AP was induced in animal models through treatment with caerulein alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, using Ptf1α to drive the specific expression of the hM3 promoter in pancreatic acinar cells transgenic C57BL/6J- hM3/Ptf1α(cre) mice were administered Clozapine N-oxide to induce AP. Subsequently, we conducted RNA sequencing of pancreatic tissues and validated the expression of significantly different genes using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.

RESULTS

Caerulein-induced AP showed severe inflammation and edema, which were exacerbated when combined with LPS and accompanied by partial pancreatic tissue necrosis. Compared with the control group, RNA sequencing analysis revealed 880 significantly differentially expressed genes in the caerulein model and 885 in the caerulein combined with the LPS model. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated substantial enrichment of the TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway, and NF-κB signaling pathway, alongside elevated levels of apoptosis-related pathways, such as apoptosis, P53 pathway, and phagosome pathway. The significantly elevated genes in the TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways, as well as in the apoptosis pathway, were validated through quantitative real-time PCR experiments in animal models. Validation from the GEO database revealed that only MYD88 concurred in both mouse pancreatic tissue and human AP peripheral blood, while TLR1, TLR7, RIPK3, and OAS2 genes exhibited marked elevation in human AP. The genes TUBA1A and GADD45A played significant roles in apoptosis within human AP. The transgenic mouse model hM3/Ptf1α(cre) successfully validated significant differential genes in the TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways as well as the apoptosis pathway, indicating that these pathways represent shared pathological processes in AP across different models.

CONCLUSION

The TLR and NOD receptor signaling pathways play crucial roles in the inflammatory progression of AP, notably the MYD88 gene. Apoptosis holds a central position in the necrotic processes of AP, with TUBA1A and GADD45A genes exhibiting prominence in human AP.

Obesity-induced downregulation of miR-192 exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by promoting macrophage activation

BACKGROUND

Macrophage activation may play a crucial role in the increased susceptibility of obese individuals to acute lung injury (ALI). Dysregulation of miRNA, which is involved in various inflammatory diseases, is often observed in obesity. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-192 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in obese mice and its mechanism of dysregulation in obesity.

METHODS

Human lung tissues were obtained from obese patients (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and control patients (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). An obese mouse model was established by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD), followed by intratracheal instillation of LPS to induce ALI. Pulmonary macrophages of obese mice were depleted through intratracheal instillation of clodronate liposomes. The expression of miR-192 was examined in lung tissues, primary alveolar macrophages (AMs), and the mouse alveolar macrophage cell line (MH-S) using RT-qPCR. m6A quantification and RIP assays helped determine the cause of miR-192 dysregulation. miR-192 agomir and antagomir were used to investigate its function in mice and MH-S cells. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were used to explore the downstream targets of miR-192.

RESULTS

In obese mice, depletion of macrophages significantly alleviated lung tissue inflammation and injury, regardless of LPS challenge. miR-192 expression in lung tissues and alveolar macrophages was diminished during obesity and further decreased with LPS stimulation. Obesity-induced overexpression of FTO decreased the m6A modification of pri-miR-192, inhibiting the generation of miR-192. In vitro, inhibition of miR-192 enhanced LPS-induced polarization of M1 macrophages and activation of the AKT/ NF-κB inflammatory pathway, while overexpression of miR-192 suppressed these reactions. BIG1 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-192, and its overexpression offset the protective effects of miR-192. In vivo, when miR-192 was overexpressed in obese mice, the activation of pulmonary macrophages and the extent of lung injury were significantly improved upon LPS challenge.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that obesity-induced downregulation of miR-192 expression exacerbates LPS-induced ALI by promoting macrophage activation. Targeting macrophages and miR-192 may provide new therapeutic avenues for obesity-associated ALI.

Baicalein Alleviates Arsenic-induced Oxidative Stress through Activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 Signalling Pathway in Normal Human Liver Cells

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying arsenicinduced liver injury, the Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is the main regulatory pathway involved in antioxidant protein and phase II detoxification enzyme expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and mechanism of baicalein in the alleviation of arsenic-induced oxidative stress in normal human liver cells.

METHODS

Normal human liver cells (MIHA cells) were treated with NaAsO2 (0, 5, 10, 20 μM) to observe the effect of different doses of NaAsO2 on MIHA cells. In addition, the cells were treated with DMSO (0.1%), NaAsO2 (20 μM), or a combination of NaAsO2 (20 μM) and Baicalein (25, 50 or 100 μM) for 24 h to observe the antagonistic effect of Baicalein on NaAsO2. Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit- 8 (CCK-8 kit). The intervention doses of baicalein in subsequent experiments were determined to be 25, 50 and 100μM. The intracellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed using a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) probe kit. The malonaldehyde (MDA), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined by a test kit. The expression levels of key genes and proteins were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Baicalein upregulated the protein expression levels of phosphorylated Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) and nuclear Nrf2, inhibited the downregulation of Nrf2 target genes induced by arsenic, and decreased the production of ROS and MDA. These results demonstrate that baicalein promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation by upregulating p-Nrf2 and inhibiting the downregulation of Nrf2 target genes in arsenic-treated MIHA cells, thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of cells and reducing oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

Baicalein alleviated arsenic-induced oxidative stress through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway in normal human liver cells.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as an independent protective factor against aggravation of acute pancreatitis: a case-control study

Background and aims

At present, evidence on the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and aggravation of acute pancreatitis (AP) is limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the lowest HDL-C level during intensive care units (ICU) stay and AP aggravation and to determine the optimum cutoff lowest HDL-C level.

Methods

Patients admitted to the ICU of the Shandong Provincial Hospital for AP from 2015 to 2021 were included. The lowest HDL-C level during ICU stay was set as the independent variable, and the progression or non-progression to severe AP (SAP) was set as the dependent variable. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the two variables, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to analyze the predictive ability of the lowest HDL-C level for progression to SAP.

Results

This study included 115 patients. The difference in the lowest HDL-C level between the SAP and moderately SAP groups was significant (P < 0.05). After adjusting for covariates, the lowest HDL-C level showed a negative correlation with the occurrence of SAP, with a relative risk of 0.897 (95% confidence interval: 0.827-0.973). The area under the ROC curve for prediction of AP aggravation by the lowest HDL-C level was 0.707, and the optimum cutoff lowest HDL-C level was 0.545 mmol/L.

Conclusion

No less than 0.545 mmol/L of the HDL-C level during ICU stay may be an independent protective factor for the aggravation of AP.

Baicalein, a component of banxia xiexin decoction, alleviates CPT-11-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction by inhibiting ALOX15-mediated ferroptosis

Baicalein, one of the active ingredients of banxia xiexin decoction, has good therapeutic efficacy in treating diarrhea and improving gastrointestinal dysfunction. The role and mechanism of Baicalein on irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction are the focus of this study. Concretely, CPT-11 induced delayed diarrhea rat model and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6 cell injury model with Baicalein treatment as needed. Colonic pathological changes were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and inflammatory factor expressions in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed to quantify ferroptosis-related protein expressions. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) kits and colorimetric assay kit were applied to detect lipid peroxidation levels and Fe2+ content, respectively. In vitro experiments also included quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, cell counting kit-8, and C11 BODIPY staining. CPT-11 induced aggravation of intestinal tissue damage, inflammatory factor release, Fe2+ accumulation, upregulation of lipid peroxidation and 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) expression, and downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and SLC7A11 in vivo in rats; however, Baicalein dose-dependently reversed the effects of CPT-11. Baicalein elevated cell viability, reduced lipid peroxidation and Fe2+ accumulation, and elevated Gpx4 and SLC7A11 levels, whereas ALOX15 overexpression reversed the effects of Baicalein on a CPT-11-induced IEC-6 cell injury model. In conclusion, Baicalein plays a mitigating role in CPT-11-induced delayed diarrhea via ALOX15-mediated ferroptosis.

Baicalein Suppresses NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis in Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis via Induced Autophagy

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to pose a significant threat to global health because it causes granulomas and systemic inflammatory responses during active tuberculosis (TB). Mtb can induce macrophage pyroptosis, which results in the release of IL-1β and causes tissue damage, thereby promoting its spread. In the absence of anti-TB drugs, host-directed therapy (HDT) has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy against TB. In this study, we used an in vitro Mtb-infected macrophage model to assess the effect of baicalein, derived from Scutellariae radix, on pyroptosis induced in Mtb-infected macrophages. Further, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of baicalein. The results of the study suggest that baicalein inhibits pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages by downregulating the assembly of AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting autophagy. Further research has also shown that the mechanism by which baicalein promotes autophagy may involve the inhibition of the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway and the inhibition of the AIM2 protein, which affects the levels of CHMP2A protein required to promote autophagy. Thus, our data show that baicalein can inhibit Mtb infection-induced macrophage pyroptosis and has the potential to be a new adjunctive HDT drug. IMPORTANCE Current strategies for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis have limited efficacy and undesirable side effects; hence, research on new treatments, including innovative medications, is required. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has emerged as a viable strategy for modulating host cell responses in order to enhance protective immunity against infections. Baicalein, extracted from Scutellariae radix, was shown to inhibit pyroptosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages and was associated with autophagy. Our findings reveal that baicalein can be used as an adjunctive treatment for tuberculosis or other inflammatory diseases by regulating immune function and enhancing the antibacterial ability of the host. It also provides a new idea for exploring the anti-inflammatory mechanism of baicalein.

Inhibition of TRAF6 improves hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis by alleviating pyroptosis in vitro and in vivo rat models

OBJECTIVE

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is one of the common causes of acute pancreatitis (AP). Hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) is associated with higher mortality owing to its tendency for greater severity and rapid progression. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of involvement of tumor necrosis factor receptor-related factor 6 (TRAF6) in pyroptosis during HTG-AP.

METHODS

The HTG environment was simulated with palmitic acid treatment in vitro and a high-fat diet in vivo. Cerulein was used to establish the HTG-AP model, followed by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of TRAF6. Pyroptosis activation, inflammatory reaction, and the interaction between TRAF6 and pyroptosis in HTG-AP were assessed.

RESULTS

HTG was found to aggravate the development of pancreatitis, accompanied by increased pyroptosis and enhanced inflammatory response in HTG-AP models. Mechanistically, TRAF6 downregulation decreased the activation of pyroptosis in cerulein-induced HTG-AP.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, inhibition of TRAF6 improved HTG-AP and the associated inflammation by alleviating pyroptosis.

Interplay between Phytochemicals and the Colonic Microbiota

Phytochemicals are natural compounds found in food ingredients with a variety of health-promoting properties. Phytochemicals improve host health through their direct systematic absorption into the circulation and modulation of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota increases the bioactivity of phytochemicals and is a symbiotic partner whose composition and/or diversity is altered by phytochemicals and affects host health. In this review, the interactions of phytochemicals with the gut microbiota and their impact on human diseases are reviewed. We describe the role of intestinal microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, amino acid derivatives, and vitamins, from a therapeutic perspective. Next, phytochemical metabolites produced by the gut microbiota and the therapeutic effect of some selected metabolites are reviewed. Many phytochemicals are degraded by enzymes unique to the gut microbiota and act as signaling molecules in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and metabolic pathways. Phytochemicals can ameliorate diseases by altering the composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiota, and they increase the abundance of some gut microbiota that produce beneficial substances. We also discuss the importance of investigating the interactions between phytochemicals and gut microbiota in controlled human studies.

Phytochemicals as potential target on thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are currently the major cause of death and morbidity on a global scale. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a marker related to metabolism, oxidation, and inflammation induced in CVDs. The overexpression of TXNIP is closely related to the occurrence and development of CVDs. Hence, TXNIP inhibition is critical for reducing the overactivation of its downstream signaling pathway and, as a result, myocardial cell damage. Due to the chemical variety of dietary phytochemicals, they have garnered increased interest for CVDs prevention and therapy. Phytochemicals are a source of medicinal compounds for a variety of conditions, which aids in the development of effective and safe TXNIP-targeting medications. The objective of this article is to find and virtual screen novel safe, effective, and economically viable TXNIP inhibitors from flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids derived from foods and plants. The results of the docking study revealed that silibinin, rutin, luteolin, baicalin, procyanidin B2, hesperetin, icariin, and tilianin in flavonoids, polydatin, resveratrol, and salidroside in phenols, and neferine in alkaloids had the highest Vina scores, indicating that these compounds are the active chemicals on TXNIP. In particular, silibinin can be utilized as a lead chemical in the process of structural alteration. These dietary phytochemicals may aid in the discovery of lead compounds for the development of innovative TXNIP agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Metal-organic framework-based nanoplatform enhance fibroblast activity to treat periodontitis

After periodontal tissue injury, reconstruct soft tissue sealing around the tooth surface is of fundamental importance to treat periodontitis. Among multiple cell types, fibroblast plays a central role in reestablishing functional periodontium. To enhance fibroblast activity, a novel metal-organic framework-based nanoplatform is fabricated using mesoporous Prussian blue (MPB) nanoparticles to load baicalein (BA), named MPB-BA. Drug release test displayed sustained BA release of MPB-BA. Cell proliferation, transwell migration and wound healing tests revealed accelerated fibroblast proliferation and migration for the established MPB-BA nanoplatform. Moreover, vinculin immunofluorescence staining, western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed up-regulated vinculin protein and integrin α5 and integrin β1 gene expressions for MPB-BA, suggesting improved cell adhesion. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichromatic staining suggested superior anti-inflammatory and collagen fiber reconstruction effects for MPB-BA in a rat experimental periodontitis model in vivo. Our study may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontitis.

The Role of MicroRNAs in Pancreatitis Development and Progression

Pancreatitis (acute and chronic) is an inflammatory disease associated with significant morbidity, including a high rate of hospitalization and mortality. MicroRNAs (miRs) are essential post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression. They are crucial in many diseases' development and progression. Recent studies have demonstrated aberrant miRs expression patterns in pancreatic tissues obtained from patients experiencing acute and chronic pancreatitis compared to tissues from unaffected individuals. Increasing evidence showed that miRs regulate multiple aspects of pancreatic acinar biology, such as autophagy, mitophagy, and migration, impact local and systemic inflammation and, thus, are involved in the disease development and progression. Notably, multiple miRs act on pancreatic acinar cells and regulate the transduction of signals between pancreatic acinar cells, pancreatic stellate cells, and immune cells, and provide a complex interaction network between these cells. Importantly, recent studies from various animal models and patients' data combined with advanced detection techniques support their importance in diagnosing and treating pancreatitis. In this review, we plan to provide an up-to-date summary of the role of miRs in the development and progression of pancreatitis.

Identification of key microRNAs in exosomes derived from patients with the severe acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE

Exosomes have been identified as important carriers of various genetic materials, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Increasing evidence indicates that the course of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is associated with miRNAs transported by exosomes. We aimed to identify the signature miRNAs as biomarkers of SAP.

METHODS

We obtained exosomes from the SAP patients' blood. After separation, purification, and identification, we performed high-throughput sequencing and screened the differentially expressed(DE) miRNAs in the exosomes. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identified the target genes of the miRNAs and the pathways enriched based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses, and selected the key miRNAs related to SAP. Total RNA was extracted from patient serum exosomes to detect the expression levels of the selected miRNAs in exosomes of three experimental groups (mild -, moderately severe -, and severe AP) and a control group, using Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

RESULTS

272 DE miRNAs were identified between SAP and control group. Using bioinformatics analysis, we determined that the functions of the target genes were enriched in six signaling pathways including focal adhesion. Based on this, seven candidate signature miRNAs were selected: miR-603, miR-548ad-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-4477a, miR-192-5p, miR-215-5p, and miR-583. The RT-qPCR results of the seven miRNAs in the SAP group were consistent with the sequencing results.

CONCLUSION

Exosome-derived miR-603, miR-548ad-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-4477a, miR-192-5p, miR-215-5p, miR-583 are positively correlated with SAP, which might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SAP and serve as the biomarkers of SAP.

Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency protects against severe acute pancreatitis by suppressing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1

Acute pancreatitis is a common acute inflammatory abdominal disease. When acute pancreatitis progresses to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), it can lead to systemic inflammation and even multiple organ failure. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is an important protein involved in redox reactions of the inflammatory response. However, the specific role of TXNIP in SAP remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) in acute pancreatitis when induced by high doses of arginine. We found that pancreatic damage and the inflammatory response associated with acute pancreatitis were largely restrained in TXNIP knock-out mice but were enhanced in mice overexpressing TXNIP. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ASK1 diminished in TXNIP-KO mice with pancreatitis in comparison with wild-type mice. The role of oxidative stress in SAP was explored in two models: TXNIP and AVV-TXNIP. TXNIP knockdown or the inhibition of ASK1 by gs-4997 abrogated the increase in p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ASK1 in AR42J cells incubated with L-Arg. The administration of gs-4997 to mice with pancreatitis largely reduced the upregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1. Systemic inflammatory reactions and injury in the lungs and kidneys were assessed in TXNIP-KO and AVV-TXNIP mice with expected outcomes. In conclusion, TXNIP is a novel mediator of SAP and exerts action by regulating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress via the ASK1-dependent activation of the JNK/p38 pathways. Thus, targeting TXNIP may represent a promising approach to protect against SAP.

Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways and Non-Coding RNAs by Baicalein in Different Cancers

Landmark discoveries in molecular oncology have provided a wide-angle overview of the heterogenous and therapeutically challenging nature of cancer. The power of modern ‘omics’ technologies has enabled researchers to deeply and comprehensively characterize molecular mechanisms underlying cellular functions. Interestingly, high-throughput technologies have opened new horizons for the design and scientific fool-proof evaluation of the pharmacological properties of targeted chemical compounds to tactfully control the activities of the oncogenic protein networks. Groundbreaking discoveries have galvanized the expansion of the repertoire of available pharmacopoeia to therapeutically target a myriad of deregulated oncogenic pathways. Natural product research has undergone substantial broadening, and many of the drugs which constitute the backbone of modern pharmaceuticals have been derived from the natural cornucopia. Baicalein has gradually gained attention because of its unique ability to target different oncogenic signal transduction cascades in various cancers. We have partitioned this review into different sub-sections to provide a broader snapshot of the oncogenic pathways regulated by baicalein. In this review, we summarize baicalein-mediated targeting of WNT/β-catenin, AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, MAPK, and NOTCH pathways. We also critically analyze how baicalein regulates non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) in different cancers. Finally, we conceptually interpret baicalein-mediated inhibition of primary and secondary growths in xenografted mice.

Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals

Low back pain is a major cause of disability worldwide that declines the quality of life; it poses a substantial economic burden for the patient and society. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain, and it is also the pathological basis of several spinal degenerative diseases, such as intervertebral disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The current clinical drug treatment of IDD focuses on the symptoms and not their pathogenesis, which results in frequent recurrence and gradual aggravation. Moreover, the side effects associated with the long-term use of these drugs further limit their use. The pathological mechanism of IDD is complex, and oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in promoting IDD. They induce the destruction of the extracellular matrix in IVD and reduce the number of living cells and functional cells, thereby destroying the function of IVD and promoting the occurrence and development of IDD. Phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, grains, and other herbs play a protective role in the treatment of IDD as they have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This article reviews the protective effects of phytochemicals on IDD and their regulatory effects on different molecular pathways related to the pathogenesis of IDD. Moreover, the therapeutic limitations and future prospects of IDD treatment have also been reviewed. Phytochemicals are promising candidates for further development and research on IDD treatment.