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Giovanetti M, Branda F, Cella E, Scarpa F, Bazzani L, Ciccozzi A, Slavov SN, Benvenuto D, Sanna D, Casu M, Santos LA, Lai A, Zehender G, Caccuri F, Ianni A, Caruso A, Maroutti A, Pascarella S, Borsetti A, Ciccozzi M. Epidemic history and evolution of an emerging threat of international concern, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29012. [PMID: 37548148 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review focuses on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its impact as the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Its objective is to provide a cohesive overview of the epidemic history and evolutionary aspects of the virus, with a particular emphasis on its emergence, global spread, and implications for public health. The review delves into the timelines and key milestones of SARS-CoV-2's epidemiological progression, shedding light on the challenges encountered during early containment efforts and subsequent waves of transmission. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the virus is crucial in monitoring its potential for adaptation and future outbreaks. Genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 is discussed, with a focus on the emergence of new variants and their implications for transmissibility, severity, and immune evasion. The review highlights the important role of genomic surveillance in tracking viral mutations linked to establishing public health interventions. By analyzing the origins, global spread, and genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, valuable insights can be gained for the development of effective control measures, improvement of pandemic preparedness, and addressing future emerging infectious diseases of international concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Branda
- Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering (DIMES), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Liliana Bazzani
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Domenico Benvenuto
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Praça Ramos de Queirós, s/n, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giangluglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ianni
- M.G. Vannini Hospital IFSC Rome, Research Unit in Hygiene UCBM Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Pascarella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Freitas ÍN, Dourado AV, Araújo APDC, Souza SSD, Luz TMD, Guimarães ATB, Gomes AR, Islam ARMT, Rahman MM, Arias AH, Mubarak Ali D, Ragavendran C, Kamaraj C, Malafaia G. Toxicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides in combination with a mix of pollutants on zebrafish adults: A perspective study of behavioral, biometric, mutagenic, and biochemical toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159838. [PMID: 36343805 PMCID: PMC9635251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic environments via the discharge of domestic and hospital sewage has been confirmed in different locations. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the possible impacts of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposure to SARS-CoV-2 peptide fragments (PSPD-2001, 2002, and 2003) alone and combined with a mix of emerging pollutants. Our data did not reveal the induction of behavioral, biometric, or mutagenic changes. But we noticed an organ-dependent biochemical response. While nitric oxide and malondialdehyde production in the brain, gills, and muscle did not differ between groups, superoxide dismutase activity was reduced in the "PSPD", "Mix", and "Mix+PSPD" groups. An increase in catalase activity and a reduction in DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in the brains of animals exposed to the treatments. However, the "Mix+PSPD" group had a higher IBRv2 value, with NO levels (brain), the reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity (muscles), and the DPPH radical scavenging activity (brain and muscles), the most discriminant factors for this group. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis indicated a clear separation of the "Mix+PSPD" group from the others. Thus, we conclude that exposure to viral fragments, associated with the mix of pollutants, induced more significant toxicity in zebrafish adults than in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Nascimento Freitas
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Vieira Dourado
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Sindoval Silva de Souza
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Andrés Hugo Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Davoodbasha Mubarak Ali
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research and Virtual Education, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
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Chakraverty S, Gupta D. As a pandemic strikes: A study on the impact of mental stress, emotion drifts and activities on community emotional well-being. MEASUREMENT : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MEASUREMENT CONFEDERATION 2022; 204:112121. [PMID: 36311377 PMCID: PMC9597569 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The widespread, ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the fore concerns regarding the psychological well-being of people. Recent research revealed various issues impacting mental health of people. However, a systematic study of the emotional drift of the populace, has been precluded so far. Our investigative research seeks to explore stress factors for different subgroups in India, variation in primary emotions during COVID-19 initial phase, and the emotional impact of activities practiced by people to adjust to the new norms. We conduct an online questionnaire-based survey that elicits responses from 958 participants. Our analysis establishes significant correlations between pandemic-induced causative factors and stresses in subgroups and micro-community. Unexpected events during the pandemic disturbed community's emotional equilibrium. Lastly, we find specific activities demonstrating an ameliorative impact on the emotional well-being of people. Our analysis emphasizes the need for a pre-planned infrastructure to provide Psychological First Aid (PFA) to foster psychological preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chakraverty
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Divya Gupta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Delhi, India
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