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Nguyen K, Relja B, Epperson M, Park SH, Thornburg NJ, Costantini VP, Vinjé J. Salivary immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307936. [PMID: 39226256 PMCID: PMC11371244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines have played a critical role in reducing severe outcomes of COVID-19. Humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination have been extensively studied in blood; however, limited information is available on the presence and duration of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in saliva and other mucosal fluids. Saliva offers a non-invasive sampling method that may also provide a better understanding of mucosal immunity at sites where the virus enters the body. Our objective was to evaluate the salivary immune response after vaccination with the COVID-19 Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. Two hundred three staff members of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were enrolled prior to receiving their first dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Participants were asked to self-collect 6 saliva specimens at days 0 (prior to first dose), 14, 28 (prior to second dose), 42, and 56 using a SalivaBio saliva collection device. Saliva specimens were tested for anti-spike protein SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG enzyme immunoassays. Overall, SARS-CoV-2-specific salivary IgA titers peaked 2 weeks after each vaccine dose, followed by a sharp decrease during the following weeks. In contrast to IgA titers, IgG antibody titers increased substantially 2 weeks after the first vaccine dose, peaked 2 weeks after the second dose and persisted at an elevated level until at least 8 weeks after the first vaccine dose. Additionally, no significant differences in IgA/IgG titers were observed based on age, sex, or race/ethnicity. All participants mounted salivary IgA and IgG immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after receiving the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Because of the limited follow-up time for this study, more data are needed to assess the antibody levels beyond 2 months after the first dose. Our results confirm the potential utility of saliva in assessing immune responses elicited by immunization and possibly by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Nguyen
- National Foundation for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Inc., Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Boris Relja
- National Foundation for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Inc., Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, VA, United States of America
| | - Monica Epperson
- Laboratory Branch, Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - So Hee Park
- Eagle Global Scientific, LLC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Laboratory Branch, Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Veronica P. Costantini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Li J, Chu LT, Hartanto H, Guo G, Liu L, Wu J, Wu M, Cui C, Wang G, Liu W, Kwong HK, Wu S, Chen TH. Microfluidic particle counter visualizing mucosal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract for rapid evaluation of immune protection. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2658-2668. [PMID: 38660972 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal antibodies in the upper respiratory tract are the earliest and most critical responders to prevent respiratory infections, providing an indication for the rapid evaluation of immune protection. Here, we report a microfluidic particle counter that directly visualizes mucosal antibody levels in nasal mucus. The mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies in nasal secretions first react with magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) that are surface-modified to form a "MMPs-anti-spike RBD IgG-PMPs" complex when RBD is present. After magnetic separation and loading into the microfluidic particle counter, the free PMPs, which are reduced with increasing anti-spike RBD IgG antibody levels, are trapped by a microfluidic particle dam and accumulate in the trapping channel. A sensitive mode [limit of detection (LOD): 14.0 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 70 min] and an equipment-free rapid mode (LOD: 37.4 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 20 min) were achieved. Eighty-seven nasal secretion (NS) samples from vaccinees were analyzed using our microfluidic particle counter, and the results closely resemble those of the gold-standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis shows that higher antibody levels were found in convalescent volunteers compared to noninfected volunteers. Together, we demonstrate a rapid kit that directly indicates immune status, which can guide vaccine strategy for individuals and the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lok Ting Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guang Dong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hogi Hartanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Guihuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chenyu Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gaobo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Wengang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Winklmeier S, Rübsamen H, Özdemir C, Wratil PR, Lupoli G, Stern M, Schneider C, Eisenhut K, Ho S, Wong HK, Taskin D, Petry M, Weigand M, Eichhorn P, Foesel BU, Mader S, Keppler OT, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Intramuscular vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 transiently induces neutralizing IgG rather than IgA in the saliva. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330864. [PMID: 38375482 PMCID: PMC10875124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immunity is crucial for restricting SARS-CoV-2 at its entry site. Intramuscularly applied vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 stimulate high levels of neutralizing Abs in serum, but the impact of these intramuscular vaccinations on features of mucosal immunity is less clear. Here, we analyzed kinetic and functional properties of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs in the saliva after vaccination with BNT162b2. We analyzed a total of 24 healthy donors longitudinally for up to 16 months. We found that specific IgG appeared in the saliva after the second vaccination, declined thereafter and reappeared after the third vaccination. Adjusting serum and saliva for the same IgG concentration revealed a strong correlation between the reactivity in these two compartments. Reactivity to VoCs correlated strongly as seen by ELISAs against RBD variants and by live-virus neutralizing assays against replication-competent viruses. For further functional analysis, we purified IgG and IgA from serum and saliva. In vaccinated donors we found neutralizing activity towards authentic virus in the IgG, but not in the IgA fraction of the saliva. In contrast, IgA with neutralizing activity appeared in the saliva only after breakthrough infection. In serum, we found neutralizing activity in both the IgA and IgG fractions. Together, we show that intramuscular mRNA vaccination transiently induces a mucosal immunity that is mediated by IgG and thus differs from the mucosal immunity after infection. Waning of specific mucosal IgG might be linked to susceptibility for breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heike Rübsamen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ceren Özdemir
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul R. Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gaia Lupoli
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Stern
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Celine Schneider
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Samantha Ho
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hoi Kiu Wong
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Damla Taskin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marvin Petry
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Weigand
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel U. Foesel
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Mader
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
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Castro VT, Chardin H, Amorim dos Santos J, Barra GB, Castilho GR, Souza PM, Magalhães PDO, Acevedo AC, Guerra ENS. Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary antibodies in vaccinated adults. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1296603. [PMID: 38022522 PMCID: PMC10661372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the detection of antibodies becomes useful for immunological monitoring and COVID-19 control. Therefore, this longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum and saliva of COVID-19-vaccinated adults. The study included 13 not vaccinated and 35 vaccinated participants with two doses of CoronaVac (Sinovac/Butantan) vaccine who subsequently received BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine as a booster dose. Vaccinated participants donated saliva and serum in three different time points. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for antibody detection. In our results, the serum neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were detected in 34/35 samples after second dose and in 35/35 samples one and five months after the booster dose. In saliva, NAb were detected in 30/35 samples after second dose and in 35/35 of samples one and five months after the booster dose. IgA was detected in 19/34 saliva samples after second dose, in 18/35 one month after the booster and in 30/35 five months after. IgG in saliva was detected in 1/34 samples after second dose, 33/35 samples one month after the booster dose and in 20/35 five months after. A strong correlation was found between IgG and neutralizing activity in saliva, and salivary IgA would be a sign of recent exposure to the virus. In conclusion, saliva can be suitable for monitoring antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Heterologous vaccination contributed to increase anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Brazilian health context. Complementary studies with large groups are mandatory to conclude the interest in following mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Tavares Castro
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Hélène Chardin
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche d’Odontologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Amorim dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Monteiro Souza
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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