Role of IL-17A in different stages of ischemic stroke

Circulating interleukins concentrations and post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Interleukins may play a role in supporting the diagnosis of post-stroke depression (PSD). Here, eight databases were employed to search for studies on circulating interleukins concentrations in patients with PSD. A total of 45 studies exploring circulating interleukins in PSD and stroke patients without depression (NPSD) were included in the retrieval database, including IL-1(5), IL-1β (10), IL-2(6), IL-6(35), IL-10(7), IL-17(5), IL-18(6). Then, the RevMan 5.4 software was used for meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the PSD patients have higher concentrations of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and lower concentrations of IL-10 than NPSD patients. Additionally, the circulating IL-1, IL-6, and IL-18 concentrations in PSD patients were significantly higher than those in NPSD patients in the acute phase; the circulating IL-6 and IL-17 concentrations in PSD patients were significantly higher than those in NPSD patients at discharge; the PSD patients have lower concentrations sin IL-2 but higher concentrations in IL-6 and IL-17 than NPSD patients at the 3rd and 6th month. Our research provides evidence that circulating interleukins may have clinical utility as a biomarker for identifying PSD.

The immune system in neurological diseases: What innate-like T cells have to say

The immune system classically consists of 2 lines of defense, innate and adaptive, both of which interact with one another effectively to protect us against any pathogenic threats. Importantly, there is a diverse subset of cells known as innate-like T cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are pivotal players in eliciting inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the regulatory impact of these innate-like T cells in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and that such immune cells can traffic into the brain in multiple pathological conditions, which can be typically attributed to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. However, until now, it has been poorly understood whether innate-like T cells have direct protective or causative properties, particularly in CNS diseases. Therefore, in this review, our attention is focused on discussing the critical roles of 3 unique subsets of unconventional T cells, namely, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, in the context of CNS diseases, disorders, and injuries and how the interplay of these immune cells modulates CNS pathology, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of their complex functions.

Oxygen therapy attenuates neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury

Acute hyperbaric O2 (HBO) therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) can reduce inflammation and increase neuronal survival. To our knowledge, it is unknown if these benefits of HBO require hyperbaric vs. normobaric hyperoxia. We used a C4 lateralized contusion SCI in adult male and female rats to test the hypothesis that the combination of hyperbaria and 100% O2 (i.e. HBO) more effectively mitigates spinal inflammation and neuronal loss, and enhances respiratory recovery, as compared to normobaric 100% O2. Experimental groups included spinal intact, SCI no O2 therapy, and SCI + 100% O2 delivered at normobaric pressure (1 atmosphere, ATA), or at 2- or 3 ATA. O2 treatments lasted 1-h, commenced within 2-h of SCI, and were repeated for 10 days. The spinal inflammatory response was assessed with transcriptomics (RNAseq) and immunohistochemistry. Gene co-expression network analysis showed that the strong inflammatory response to SCI was dramatically diminished by both hyper- and normobaric O2 therapy. Similarly, both HBO and normobaric O2 treatments reduced the prevalence of immunohistological markers for astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and microglia (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule) in the injured spinal cord. However, HBO treatment also had unique impacts not detected in the normobaric group including upregulation of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-4) in the plasma, and larger inspiratory tidal volumes at 10-days (whole body-plethysmography measurements). We conclude that normobaric O2 treatment can reduce the spinal inflammatory response after SCI, but pressured O2 (i.e., HBO) provides further benefit.

Novel Imidazotriazine Derivatives as IL-17 Modulators for Treating Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders

Provided herein are novel imidazotriazine derivatives used as IL-17 modulators, their pharmaceutical compositions, the use of such compounds in treating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and processes for preparing such compounds.