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Wu HH, Zhu Q, Liang N, Xiang Y, Xu TY, Huang ZC, Cai JY, Weng LL, Ge HS. CISD2 regulates oxidative stress and mitophagy to maintain the balance of the follicular microenvironment in PCOS. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2377870. [PMID: 39010730 PMCID: PMC467114 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2377870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To observe the CISD2 expression among PCOS patients and to explore its profound impact on the follicular microenvironment. Moreover, we want to elucidate the intricate mechanistic contribution of CISD2 to the onset and progression of PCOS. METHODS Oxidase NOX2, mitophagy-related proteins, and CISD2 were detected by WB. The changes in mitochondrial structure and quantity were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial and lysosome colocalization was used to detect the changes of mitophagy. MDA kit, GSH and GSSG Assay kit and ROS probe were used to detect oxidative stress damage. RESULTS We found that CISD2, mitophagy and oxidase in the GCs of PCOS patients were significantly increased. Testosterone stimulation leads to the increase of oxidase, mitophagy, and CISD2 in KGN cells. CISD2 inhibition promoted the increase of mitophagy, and the activation of mitochondria-lysosome binding, while alleviating the oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CISD2 can improve the occurrence of oxidative stress by increasing the level of mitophagy, thus affecting the occurrence and development of PCOS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hui Wu
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liang
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yue Xu
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Chao Huang
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yu Cai
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Lin Weng
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Shan Ge
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Reproduction Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Ding H, Xiang Y, Zhu Q, Wu H, Xu T, Huang Z, Ge H. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated ferroptosis in granulosa cells contributes to follicular dysfunction of polycystic ovary syndrome driven by hyperandrogenism. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 49:104078. [PMID: 39024925 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does hyperandrogenaemia affect the function of ovarian granulosa cells by activating ferroptosis, and could this process be regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress? DESIGN Levels of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in granulosa cells were detected in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing IVF. Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress levels of ovarian tissue and follicle development were detected in control mice and PCOS-like mice models, induced by dehydroepiandrosterone. An in-vitro PCOS model of KGN cells was constructed with testosterone and ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), determined the potential mechanism associated with excessive induction of ferroptosis in granulosa cells related to PCOS, and levels of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress were detected. RESULTS Activation of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress occurred in granulosa cells of women with PCOS and the varies of PCOS-like mice. The findings in KGN cells demonstrated that testosterone treatment results in elevation of oxidative stress levels, particularly lipid peroxidation, and intracellular iron accumulation in granulosa cells. The expression of genes and proteins associated with factors related to ferroptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential and ultrastructure showed that testosterone activated ferroptosis, whereas Fer-1 reversed these alterations. During in-vitro experiments, activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by testosterone treatment was detected in granulosa cells. In granulosa cells, TUDCA, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress, significantly mitigated testosterone-induced ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Ferroptosis plays a part in reproductive injury mediated by hyperandrogens associated with PCOS, and may be regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyue Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongshan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China; Graduate School, Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China.
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Berkel C. Inducers and Inhibitors of Pyroptotic Death of Granulosa Cells in Models of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01643-3. [PMID: 39026050 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GCs), the largest cell population and primary source of steroid hormones in the ovary, are the important somatic ovarian components. They have critical roles in folliculogenesis by supporting oocyte, facilitating its growth, and providing a microenvironment suitable for follicular development and oocyte maturation, thus having essential functions in maintaining female fertility and in reproductive health in general. Pyroptotic death of GCs and associated inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several reproductive disorders in females including Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Here, I reviewed factors, either intrinsic or extrinsic, that induce or inhibit pyroptosis in GCs in various models of these disorders, both in vitro and in vivo, and also covered associated molecular mechanisms. Most of these studied factors influence NLRP3 inflammasome- and GSDMD (Gasdermin D)-mediated pyroptosis in GCs, compared to other inflammasomes and gasdermins (GSDMs). I conclude that a more complete mechanistic understanding of these factors in terms of GC pyroptosis is required to be able to develop novel strategies targeting inflammatory cell death in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Berkel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye.
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Gu M, Wang Y, Yu Y. Ovarian fibrosis: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:139. [PMID: 38970048 PMCID: PMC11225137 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian fibrosis, characterized by the excessive proliferation of ovarian fibroblasts and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), serves as one of the primary causes of ovarian dysfunction. Despite the critical role of ovarian fibrosis in maintaining the normal physiological function of the mammalian ovaries, research on this condition has been greatly underestimated, which leads to a lack of clinical treatment options for ovarian dysfunction caused by fibrosis. This review synthesizes recent research on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian fibrosis, encompassing TGF-β, extracellular matrix, inflammation, and other profibrotic factors contributing to abnormal ovarian fibrosis. Additionally, we summarize current treatment approaches for ovarian dysfunction targeting ovarian fibrosis, including antifibrotic drugs, stem cell transplantation, and exosomal therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research progress on ovarian fibrosis and to propose potential therapeutic strategies targeting ovarian fibrosis for the treatment of ovarian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Jabarpour M, Amidi F, Aleyasin A, Nashtaei MS, Marghmaleki MS. Randomized clinical trial of astaxanthin supplement on serum inflammatory markers and ER stress-apoptosis gene expression in PBMCs of women with PCOS. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18464. [PMID: 39036884 PMCID: PMC11261353 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is related to pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory conditions generated by Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study aimed to determine the effect of Astaxanthin (ASX), as carotenoid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, on serum inflammatory markers, apoptotic factors and ER stress-apoptotic genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women with PCOS. This randomized, double-blind clinical trial included 56 PCOS patients aged 18-40. For 8 weeks, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: either 12 mg ASX (n = 28) or placebo (n = 28). Real-time PCR was used to quantify gene expression associated with ER stress-apoptosis in PCOS women's PBMCs. The levels of TNF-α, IL18, IL6 and CRP were determined by obtaining blood samples from all patients before and after the intervention using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, the levels of active caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected in the PBMC by ELISA kit. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of ASX on disease symptoms. Following the 8-week intervention, ASX supplementation was able to reduce the expression of GRP78 (p = 0.051), CHOP (p = 0.008), XBP1 (p = 0.002), ATF4 (0.038), ATF6 (0.157) and DR5 (0.016) when compared to the placebo. However, this decrease was not statistically significant for ATF6 (p = 0.067) and marginally significant for GRP78 (p = 0.051). The levels of TNF-α (p = 0.009), IL-18 (p = 0.003), IL-6 (p = 0.013) and active caspase-3 (p = 0.012) were also statistically significant lower in the therapy group. However, there was no significant difference in CRP (p = 0.177) and caspase-8 (p = 0.491) levels between the treatment and control groups. In our study, ASX had no significant positive effect on BMI, hirsutism, hair loss and regularity of the menstrual cycle. It appears that ASX may benefit PCOS by changing the ER stress-apoptotic pathway and reducing serum inflammatory markers; however, additional research is required to determine this compound's potential relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoome Jabarpour
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Infertility, Shariati HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Infertility, Yas HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ashraf Aleyasin
- Department of Infertility, Shariati HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Infertility, Shariati HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Omidvar-Mehrabadi A, Ebrahimi F, Shahbazi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M. Cytokine and chemokine profiles in women with endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and unexplained infertility. Cytokine 2024; 178:156588. [PMID: 38555853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Numerous factors (including immunological, congenital, hormonal, and morphological disorders) can lead to infertility. In this regard, 3 specific diseases associated with infertility are discussed in this review study (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], endometriosis [EMS], and unexplained infertility [UI]). PCOS is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, and EMS is a benign disease characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue. UI refers to couples who are unable to conceive for no known reason. Conception and pregnancy are significantly affected by the immune system; in this regard, chemokines and cytokines play important roles in the regulation of immune responses. Patients with PCOS, EMS, and UI have altered cytokine and chemokine profiles, suggesting that dysregulation of these molecules may contribute to infertility in these conditions. Accordingly, the issue of infertility is addressed in this review study, a condition that affects approximately 16% of couples worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fateme Ebrahimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahbazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Zhu H, Wu Y, Zhuang Z, Xu J, Chen F, Wang Q, Tang Q. Ampelopsis japonica aqueous extract improves ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS by modulating lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116093. [PMID: 38159378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder that is closely associated with the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). Ampelopsis japonica (AJ) is the dried tuberous root of Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (A. japonica), with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, wound-healing, and antitumor properties; however, it is unclear whether this herb has a therapeutic effect on PCOS. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effect of AJ on PCOS and reveal its potential mechanism of action. A PCOS rat model was established using letrozole. After establishing the PCOS model, the rats received oral treatment of AJ and Diane-35 (Positive drug: ethinylestradiol + cyproterone tablets) for 2 weeks. Lipidomics was conducted using liquid-phase mass spectrometry and chromatography. AJ significantly regulated serum hormone levels and attenuated pathological variants in the ovaries of rats with PCOS. Furthermore, AJ significantly reduced the apoptotic rate of ovarian GCs. Lipidomic analysis revealed that AJ modulated glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways mediated by lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (Chpt1), and choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase (Cept1). Therefore, we established that AJ may reduce ovarian GC apoptosis by modulating lipid metabolism, ultimately improving ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS. Therefore, AJ is a novel candidate for PCOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziming Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feilong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qingfa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Dadkhah M, Gholizadeh N, Nasimi Doost Azgomi R, Hosseinzadeh S, Hamedeyazdan S, Haghighat K, Afshari S, Salimi M, Moini Jazani A. Therapeutic Effects of Pimpinella anisum Fruit Extract on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Rat Model: Emerging Role of Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2024; 23:e143290. [PMID: 39005731 PMCID: PMC11246645 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-143290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrine disorder. Objectives This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of Pimpinella anisum L. (P. anisum) fruit on pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and ovarian tissue structure in a rat model of PCOS. Methods After inducing PCOS, female Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and PCOS groups. They orally received daily doses of normal saline or hydro-alcoholic extract of P. anisum at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, ovarian and liver tissues were collected to measure lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, TNF-α, IL-6 mRNA expression, and its content. Additionally, histopathological examinations of the ovarian tissue were conducted. Results Our findings revealed a dose-dependent change in the biochemical and histopathological parameters. Treatment with P. anisum resulted in a significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression levels and their content in the ovarian and liver tissues. It also reduced MDA levels while increasing SOD and GPx activity in both ovarian and liver tissues of PCOS rats. Furthermore, the number of follicular cysts in the PCOS rat model was significantly reduced. Conclusions The beneficial effects of P. anisum in PCOS rats are partly attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in ovarian tissue. These findings suggest that P. anisum could be a potential candidate for the treatment of PCOS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Negin Gholizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Health School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sanaz Hamedeyazdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Haghighat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Salva Afshari
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mina Salimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Arezoo Moini Jazani
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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