1
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Chong L, Zou L, Xiang L, Song X, Miao W, Yan X, Xu M, Ling G, El Agha E, Bellusci S, Lou Z, Zhang H, Zhang JS. WSB1, a Hypoxia-Inducible E3 Ligase, Promotes Myofibroblast Accumulation and Attenuates Alveolar Epithelial Regeneration in Mouse Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:656-672. [PMID: 38325552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease for which there is no curative therapy available. Repetitive alveolar epithelial injury repair, myofibroblast accumulation, and excessive collagen deposition are key pathologic features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, eventually leading to cellular hypoxia and respiratory failure. The precise mechanism driving this complex maladaptive process remains inadequately understood. WD repeat and suppressor of cytokine signaling box containing 1 (WSB1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, the expression of which is associated strongly with hypoxia, and forms a positive feedback loop with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) under anoxic condition. This study explored the expression, cellular distribution, and function of WSB1 in bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse lung injury and fibrosis. WSB1 expression was highly induced by BLM injury and correlated with the progression of lung fibrosis. Significantly, conditional deletion of Wsb1 in adult mice ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Phenotypically, Wsb1-deficient mice showed reduced lipofibroblast to myofibroblast transition, but enhanced alveolar type 2 proliferation and differentiation into alveolar type 1 after BLM injury. Proteomic analysis of mouse lung tissues identified caveolin 2 as a potential downstream target of WSB1, contributing to BLM-induced epithelial injury repair and fibrosis. These findings unravel a vital role for WSB1 induction in lung injury repair, thus highlighting it as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chong
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zou
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liyan Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Song
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanqi Miao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xihua Yan
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gongxia Ling
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Elie El Agha
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Institute for Lung Health, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Wenzhou, China.
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2
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Yao Y, Miethe S, Kattler K, Colakoglu B, Walter J, Schneider-Daum N, Herr C, Garn H, Ritzmann F, Bals R, Beisswenger C. Mutual Regulation of Transcriptomes between Murine Pneumocytes and Fibroblasts Mediates Alveolar Regeneration in Air-Liquid Interface Cultures. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:203-214. [PMID: 38051640 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0078oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 and club cells are part of the stem cell niche of the lung and their differentiation is required for pulmonary homeostasis and tissue regeneration. A disturbed crosstalk between fibroblasts and epithelial cells contributes to the loss of lung structure in chronic lung diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand how fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells interact during regeneration. Here, we analyzed the interaction of fibroblasts and the alveolar epithelium modeled in air-liquid interface cultures. Single-cell transcriptomics showed that cocultivation with fibroblasts leads to increased expression of type 2 markers in pneumocytes, activation of regulons associated with the maintenance of alveolar type 2 cells (e.g., Etv5), and transdifferentiation of club cells toward pneumocytes. This was accompanied by an intensified transepithelial barrier. Vice versa, the activation of NF-κB pathways and the CEBPB regulon and the expression of IL-6 and other differentiation factors (e.g., fibroblast growth factors) were increased in fibroblasts cocultured with epithelial cells. Recombinant IL-6 enhanced epithelial barrier formation. Therefore, in our coculture model, regulatory loops were identified by which lung epithelial cells mediate regeneration and differentiation of the alveolar epithelium in a cooperative manner with the mesenchymal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah Miethe
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics and
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- The Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Betül Colakoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics and
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- The Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Ritzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
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3
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Taniguchi D, Ahmadipour M, Eiliazadeh AL, Duchesneau P, Nagayasu T, Haykal S, Karoubi G, Waddell TK. Mesenchymal cells support the early retention of primary alveolar type 2 cells on acellular mouse lung scaffolds. Regen Ther 2024; 25:92-100. [PMID: 38204599 PMCID: PMC10776435 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tissue engineering approaches via repopulation of acellular biological grafts provide an exciting opportunity to generate lung grafts for transplantation. Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells are a promising cell source for re-epithelialization. There are however inherent limitations with respect to their survival and growth, thus impeding their usability for tissue engineering applications. This study investigates the use of mesenchymal stromal cells to support primary AT2 cells for recellularization of mouse lung scaffolds. Methods AT2 cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BMC) were co-delivered to decellularized mouse lung scaffolds. Recellularized lungs were evaluated for cell surface coverage, viability, and differentiation at 1 and 4 days after cell seeding. Recellularization was evaluated via histological analysis and immunofluorescence. Results Simultaneous delivery of AT2 and BMC into acellular lung scaffolds resulted in enhanced cell surface coverage and reduced AT2 cell apoptosis in the recellularized scaffolds at Day 1 but not Day 4. AT2 cell number decreased after 4 days in both of AT2 only and codelivery groups suggesting limited expansion potential in the scaffold. After retention in the scaffold, AT2 cells differentiated into Aqp5-expressing cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that BMC support AT2 cell survival during the initial attachment and engraftment phase of recellularization. While our findings suggest only a short-term beneficial effect of BMC, our study demonstrates that AT2 cells can be delivered and retained in acellular lung scaffolds; thus with preconditioning and supporting cells, may be used for re-epithelialization. Selection and characterization of appropriate cell sources for use in recellularization, will be critical for ultimate clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taniguchi
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Mohammadali Ahmadipour
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Anthony L. Eiliazadeh
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Pascal Duchesneau
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Siba Haykal
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street 8N-869, Toronto, ON, M5G2P7, Canada
| | - Golnaz Karoubi
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S3G8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Thomas K. Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, DIvision of Thoracic Surgery, 101 College St. 2-817, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3G9, Canada
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4
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Jain KG, Xi NM, Zhao R, Ahmad W, Ali G, Ji HL. Alveolar Type 2 Epithelial Cell Organoids: Focus on Culture Methods. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3034. [PMID: 38002035 PMCID: PMC10669847 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases rank third in terms of mortality and represent a significant economic burden globally. Scientists have been conducting research to better understand respiratory diseases and find treatments for them. An ideal in vitro model must mimic the in vivo organ structure, physiology, and pathology. Organoids are self-organizing, three-dimensional (3D) structures originating from adult stem cells, embryonic lung bud progenitors, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These 3D organoid cultures may provide a platform for exploring tissue development, the regulatory mechanisms related to the repair of lung epithelia, pathophysiological and immunomodulatory responses to different respiratory conditions, and screening compounds for new drugs. To create 3D lung organoids in vitro, both co-culture and feeder-free methods have been used. However, there exists substantial heterogeneity in the organoid culture methods, including the sources of AT2 cells, media composition, and feeder cell origins. This article highlights the currently available methods for growing AT2 organoids and prospective improvements to improve the available culture techniques/conditions. Further, we discuss various applications, particularly those aimed at modeling human distal lung diseases and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Gopal Jain
- Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (K.G.J.); (R.Z.); (W.A.)
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Nan Miles Xi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
| | - Runzhen Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (K.G.J.); (R.Z.); (W.A.)
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (K.G.J.); (R.Z.); (W.A.)
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Gibran Ali
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (K.G.J.); (R.Z.); (W.A.)
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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5
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Hoffman ET, Uriarte JJ, Uhl FE, Eckstrom K, Tanneberger AE, Becker C, Moulin C, Asarian L, Ikonomou L, Kotton DN, Weiss DJ. Human alveolar hydrogels promote morphological and transcriptional differentiation in iPSC-derived alveolar type 2 epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12057. [PMID: 37491483 PMCID: PMC10368739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 epithelial cells (AT2s) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iAT2s) have rapidly contributed to our understanding of AT2 function and disease. However, while iAT2s are primarily cultured in three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel, a matrix derived from cancerous mouse tissue, it is unclear how a physiologically relevant matrix will impact iAT2s phenotype. As extracellular matrix (ECM) is recognized as a vital component in directing cellular function and differentiation, we sought to derive hydrogels from decellularized human lung alveolar-enriched ECM (aECM) to provide an ex vivo model to characterize the role of physiologically relevant ECM on iAT2 phenotype. We demonstrate aECM hydrogels retain critical in situ ECM components, including structural and basement membrane proteins. While aECM hydrogels facilitate iAT2 proliferation and alveolosphere formation, a subset of iAT2s rapidly change morphology to thin and elongated ring-like cells. This morphological change correlates with upregulation of recently described iAT2-derived transitional cell state genetic markers. As such, we demonstrate a potentially underappreciated role of physiologically relevant aECM in iAT2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Juan J Uriarte
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Franziska E Uhl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Korin Eckstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Alicia E Tanneberger
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Chloe Becker
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Chloe Moulin
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Loredana Asarian
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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6
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Leiby KL, Yuan Y, Ng R, Raredon MSB, Adams TS, Baevova P, Greaney AM, Hirschi KK, Campbell SG, Kaminski N, Herzog EL, Niklason LE. Rational engineering of lung alveolar epithelium. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:22. [PMID: 37117221 PMCID: PMC10147714 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered whole lungs may one day expand therapeutic options for patients with end-stage lung disease. However, the feasibility of ex vivo lung regeneration remains limited by the inability to recapitulate mature, functional alveolar epithelium. Here, we modulate multimodal components of the alveolar epithelial type 2 cell (AEC2) niche in decellularized lung scaffolds in order to guide AEC2 behavior for epithelial regeneration. First, endothelial cells coordinate with fibroblasts, in the presence of soluble growth and maturation factors, to promote alveolar scaffold population with surfactant-secreting AEC2s. Subsequent withdrawal of Wnt and FGF agonism synergizes with tidal-magnitude mechanical strain to induce the differentiation of AEC2s to squamous type 1 AECs (AEC1s) in cultured alveoli, in situ. These results outline a rational strategy to engineer an epithelium of AEC2s and AEC1s contained within epithelial-mesenchymal-endothelial alveolar-like units, and highlight the critical interplay amongst cellular, biochemical, and mechanical niche cues within the reconstituting alveolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Leiby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Taylor S Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pavlina Baevova
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Allison M Greaney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Alsafadi HN, Stegmayr J, Ptasinski V, Silva I, Mittendorfer M, Murray LA, Wagner DE. Simultaneous isolation of proximal and distal lung progenitor cells from individual mice using a 3D printed guide reduces proximal cell contamination of distal lung epithelial cell isolations. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2718-2731. [PMID: 36460000 PMCID: PMC9768627 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium consists of multiple, functionally distinct cell types and is maintained by regionally specific progenitor populations that repair the epithelium following injury. Several in vitro methods exist for studying lung epithelial repair using primary murine lung cells, but isolation methods are hampered by a lack of surface markers distinguishing epithelial progenitors along the respiratory epithelium. Here, we developed a 3D printed lobe divider (3DLD) to aid in simultaneous isolation of proximal versus distal lung epithelial progenitors from individual mice that give rise to differentiated epithelia in multiple in vitro assays. In contrast to 3DLD-isolated distal progenitor cells, commonly used manual tracheal ligation methods followed by lobe removal resulted in co-isolation of rare proximal cells with distal cells, which altered the transcriptional landscape and size distribution of distal organoids. The 3DLD aids in reproducible isolation of distal versus proximal progenitor populations and minimizes the potential for contaminating populations to confound in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani N. Alsafadi
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Stegmayr
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victoria Ptasinski
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iran Silva
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Mittendorfer
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lynne A. Murray
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden,Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Darcy E. Wagner
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Corresponding author
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8
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Naranjo S, Cabana CM, LaFave LM, Romero R, Shanahan SL, Bhutkar A, Westcott PMK, Schenkel JM, Ghosh A, Liao LZ, Del Priore I, Yang D, Jacks T. Modeling diverse genetic subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma with a next-generation alveolar type 2 organoid platform. Genes Dev 2022; 36:936-949. [PMID: 36175034 PMCID: PMC9575694 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349659.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common histological subtype, accounts for 40% of all cases. While existing genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) recapitulate the histological progression and transcriptional evolution of human LUAD, they are time-consuming and technically demanding. In contrast, cell line transplant models are fast and flexible, but these models fail to capture the full spectrum of disease progression. Organoid technologies provide a means to create next-generation cancer models that integrate the most advantageous features of autochthonous and transplant-based systems. However, robust and faithful LUAD organoid platforms are currently lacking. Here, we describe optimized conditions to continuously expand murine alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, a prominent cell of origin for LUAD, in organoid culture. These organoids display canonical features of AT2 cells, including marker gene expression, the presence of lamellar bodies, and an ability to differentiate into the AT1 lineage. We used this system to develop flexible and versatile immunocompetent organoid-based models of KRAS, BRAF, and ALK mutant LUAD. Notably, organoid-based tumors display extensive burden and complete penetrance and are histopathologically indistinguishable from their autochthonous counterparts. Altogether, this organoid platform is a powerful, versatile new model system to study LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Naranjo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Christina M Cabana
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lindsay M LaFave
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Rodrigo Romero
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Sean-Luc Shanahan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Arkopravo Ghosh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Laura Z Liao
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Isabella Del Priore
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Dian Yang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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9
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Varankar SS, Cardoso EC, Lee JH. Ex situ-armus: experimental models for combating respiratory dysfunction. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101946. [PMID: 35810725 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ex situ experimental models have become a main stay in pulmonary research. Organoids and explant systems have uncovered novel stem cell subsets, served as disease models, delineated cell fate transitions, and aided high throughput pre-clinical drug screening. Integration of gene-editing and bioengineering approaches have further generated novel avenues for regenerative medicine and transplantation strategies. In this article, we highlight recent studies, aided by ex situ systems, which have contributed to significant advances in our understanding of the human lower respiratory tract. We present key observations from these studies to gain improved insights into human disease. We conclude this article with a summary of existing challenges and potential technological advances to successfully mirror human tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Varankar
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Erik C Cardoso
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EL, UK.
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10
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Hein RFC, Wu JH, Holloway EM, Frum T, Conchola AS, Tsai YH, Wu A, Fine AS, Miller AJ, Szenker-Ravi E, Yan KS, Kuo CJ, Glass I, Reversade B, Spence JR. R-SPONDIN2 + mesenchymal cells form the bud tip progenitor niche during human lung development. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1598-1614.e8. [PMID: 35679862 PMCID: PMC9283295 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human respiratory epithelium is derived from a progenitor cell in the distal buds of the developing lung. These "bud tip progenitors" are regulated by reciprocal signaling with surrounding mesenchyme; however, mesenchymal heterogeneity and function in the developing human lung are poorly understood. We interrogated single-cell RNA sequencing data from multiple human lung specimens and identified a mesenchymal cell population present during development that is highly enriched for expression of the WNT agonist RSPO2, and we found that the adjacent bud tip progenitors are enriched for the RSPO2 receptor LGR5. Functional experiments using organoid models, explant cultures, and FACS-isolated RSPO2+ mesenchyme show that RSPO2 is a critical niche cue that potentiates WNT signaling in bud tip progenitors to support their maintenance and multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee F C Hein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua H Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ansley S Conchola
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis S Fine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alyssa J Miller
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Szenker-Ravi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A∗STAR, Singapore; Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Liao CC, Chiu CJ, Yang YH, Chiang BL. Neonatal lung-derived SSEA-1 + cells exhibited distinct stem/progenitor characteristics and organoid developmental potential. iScience 2022; 25:104262. [PMID: 35521516 PMCID: PMC9062680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells, because of their self-renewal and multiple cell type differentiation abilities, have good potential in regenerative medicine. We previously reported a lung epithelial cell population that expressed the stem cell marker SSEA-1 was abundant in neonatal but scarce in adult mice. In the current study, neonatal and adult mouse-derived pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells were isolated for further characterization. The results showed that neonatal-derived pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells highly expressed lung development-associated genes and had enhanced organoid generation ability compared with the adult cells. Neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells generated airway-like and alveolar-like organoids, suggesting multilineage cell differentiation ability. Organoid generation of neonatal but not adult pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells was enhanced by fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF 7). Furthermore, neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells colonized and developed in decellularized and injured lungs. These results suggest the potential of lung-derived neonatal-stage SSEA-1+ cells with enhanced stem/progenitor activity and shed light on future lung engineering applications. Pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells are abundant in neonatal and scarce in adult stages The stem/progenitor activity of pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells is enhanced in neonatal stage Neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells developed into airway- and alveolar-like organoids FGF7 regulates alveolar epithelium development of neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Liberti DC, Morrisey EE. Organoid models: assessing lung cell fate decisions and disease responses. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1159-1174. [PMID: 34674972 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organoids can be derived from various cell types in the lung, and they provide a reproducible and tractable model for understanding the complex signals driving cell fate decisions in a regenerative context. In this review, we provide a retrospective account of organoid methodologies and outline new opportunities for optimizing these methods to further explore emerging concepts in lung biology. Moreover, we examine the benefits of integrating organoid assays with in vivo modeling to explore how the various niches and compartments in the respiratory system respond to both acute and chronic lung disease. The strategic implementation and improvement of organoid techniques will provide exciting new opportunities to understand and identify new therapeutic approaches to ameliorate lung disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Liberti DC, Kremp MM, Liberti WA, Penkala IJ, Li S, Zhou S, Morrisey EE. Alveolar epithelial cell fate is maintained in a spatially restricted manner to promote lung regeneration after acute injury. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109092. [PMID: 33979629 PMCID: PMC8220578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells integrate signals from multiple molecular pathways to proliferate and differentiate to drive regeneration of the lung alveolus. Utilizing in vivo genetic and ex vivo organoid models, we investigated the role of Fgfr2 signaling in AT2 cells across the lifespan and during adult regeneration after influenza infection. We show that, although dispensable for adult homeostasis, Fgfr2 restricts AT2 cell fate during postnatal lung development. Using an unbiased computational imaging approach, we demonstrate that Fgfr2 promotes AT2 cell proliferation and restrains differentiation in actively regenerating areas after injury. Organoid assays reveal that Fgfr2-deficient AT2 cells remain competent to respond to multiple parallel proliferative inputs. Moreover, genetic blockade of AT2 cell cytokinesis demonstrates that cell division and differentiation are uncoupled during alveolar regeneration. These data reveal that Fgfr2 maintains AT2 cell fate, balancing proliferation and differentiation during lung alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison M Kremp
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William A Liberti
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ian J Penkala
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Lu T, Cao Y, Zhao P, Shen S, Xi Y. Organoid: a powerful tool to study lung regeneration and disease. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:21. [PMID: 33900491 PMCID: PMC8074347 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional self-organizing structures formed by adult tissue stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. They recapitulate cell-cell, cell-niche interactions in tissue development, homeostasis, regeneration and disease, and provide an in vitro model for drug screening. This review summarizes the recent advances of organoid cultures derived from adult lung stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells, especially focusing on the organoids of the distal airway stem/progenitor cells. We also discuss the applications of organoids in studying lung regeneration and pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, airway diseases and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyuan Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxi Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Wu X, Verschut V, Woest ME, Ng-Blichfeldt JP, Matias A, Villetti G, Accetta A, Facchinetti F, Gosens R, Kistemaker LEM. Rho-Kinase 1/2 Inhibition Prevents Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Effects on Pulmonary Remodeling and Repair. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:609509. [PMID: 33551810 PMCID: PMC7855981 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.609509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced myofibroblast transformation and alterations in mesenchymal-epithelial interactions contribute to chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK) consists as two isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, and both are playing critical roles in many cellular responses to injury. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the differential role of ROCK isoforms on TGF-β signaling in lung fibrosis and repair. For this purpose, we tested the effect of a non-selective ROCK 1 and 2 inhibitor (compound 31) and a selective ROCK2 inhibitor (compound A11) in inhibiting TGF-β-induced remodeling in lung fibroblasts and slices; and dysfunctional epithelial-progenitor interactions in lung organoids. Here, we demonstrated that the inhibition of ROCK1/2 with compound 31 represses TGF-β-driven actin remodeling as well as extracellular matrix deposition in lung fibroblasts and PCLS, whereas selective ROCK2 inhibition with compound A11 did not. Furthermore, the TGF-β induced inhibition of organoid formation was functionally restored in a concentration-dependent manner by both dual ROCK 1 and 2 inhibition and selective ROCK2 inhibition. We conclude that dual pharmacological inhibition of ROCK 1 and 2 counteracts TGF-β induced effects on remodeling and alveolar epithelial progenitor function, suggesting this to be a promising therapeutic approach for respiratory diseases associated with fibrosis and defective lung repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Manon E. Woest
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- AQUILO BV, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ana Matias
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gino Villetti
- Corporate Pre-Clinical R and D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Accetta
- Corporate Pre-Clinical R and D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | | | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Loes E. M. Kistemaker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- AQUILO BV, Groningen, Netherlands
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16
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Human Lung Stem Cell-Based Alveolospheres Provide Insights into SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Interferon Responses and Pneumocyte Dysfunction. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:890-904.e8. [PMID: 33128895 PMCID: PMC7577733 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes diffuse alveolar damage leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The absence of ex vivo models of human alveolar epithelium is hindering an understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis. Here, we report a feeder-free, scalable, chemically defined, and modular alveolosphere culture system for the propagation and differentiation of human alveolar type 2 cells/pneumocytes derived from primary lung tissue. Cultured pneumocytes express the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor type-2 (ACE2) and can be infected with virus. Transcriptome and histological analysis of infected alveolospheres mirror features of COVID-19 lungs, including emergence of interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammatory responses, loss of surfactant proteins, and apoptosis. Treatment of alveolospheres with IFNs recapitulates features of virus infection, including cell death. In contrast, alveolospheres pretreated with low-dose IFNs show a reduction in viral replication, suggesting the prophylactic effectiveness of IFNs against SARS-CoV-2. Human stem cell-based alveolospheres, thus, provide novel insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and can serve as a model for understanding human respiratory diseases.
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17
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Liao D, Li H. Dissecting the Niche for Alveolar Type II Cells With Alveolar Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:419. [PMID: 32582703 PMCID: PMC7287157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danying Liao
- Department of Haematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaibiao Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Glisinski KM, Schlobohm AJ, Paramore SV, Birukova A, Moseley MA, Foster MW, Barkauskas CE. Interleukin-13 disrupts type 2 pneumocyte stem cell activity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131232. [PMID: 31941839 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper 2 (Th2) inflammatory cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been associated with both obstructive and fibrotic lung diseases; however, its specific effect on the epithelial stem cells in the gas exchange compartment of the lung (alveolar space) has not been explored. Here, we used in vivo lung models of homeostasis and repair, ex vivo organoid platforms, and potentially novel quantitative proteomic techniques to show that IL-13 disrupts the self-renewal and differentiation of both murine and human type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s). Significantly, we find that IL-13 promotes ectopic expression of markers typically associated with bronchiolar airway cells and commonly seen in the alveolar region of lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we identify a number of proteins that are differentially secreted by AEC2s in response to IL-13 and may provide biomarkers to identify subsets of patients with pulmonary disease driven by "Th2-high" biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Glisinski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Adam J Schlobohm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sarah V Paramore
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew W Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Lignelli E, Palumbo F, Myti D, Morty RE. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L832-L887. [PMID: 31596603 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00369.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. A key histopathological feature of BPD is stunted late lung development, where the process of alveolarization-the generation of alveolar gas exchange units-is impeded, through mechanisms that remain largely unclear. As such, there is interest in the clarification both of the pathomechanisms at play in affected lungs, and the mechanisms of de novo alveoli generation in healthy, developing lungs. A better understanding of normal and pathological alveolarization might reveal opportunities for improved medical management of affected infants. Furthermore, disturbances to the alveolar architecture are a key histopathological feature of several adult chronic lung diseases, including emphysema and fibrosis, and it is envisaged that knowledge about the mechanisms of alveologenesis might facilitate regeneration of healthy lung parenchyma in affected patients. To this end, recent efforts have interrogated clinical data, developed new-and refined existing-in vivo and in vitro models of BPD, have applied new microscopic and radiographic approaches, and have developed advanced cell-culture approaches, including organoid generation. Advances have also been made in the development of other methodologies, including single-cell analysis, metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, as well as the generation and use of complex mouse genetics tools. The objective of this review is to present advances made in our understanding of the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and BPD over the period 1 January 2017-30 June 2019, a period that spans the 50th anniversary of the original clinical description of BPD in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Lignelli
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Francesco Palumbo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Despoina Myti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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20
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Wu X, van Dijk EM, Ng-Blichfeldt JP, Bos IST, Ciminieri C, Königshoff M, Kistemaker LEM, Gosens R. Mesenchymal WNT-5A/5B Signaling Represses Lung Alveolar Epithelial Progenitors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101147. [PMID: 31557955 PMCID: PMC6829372 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a worldwide concern with high morbidity and mortality, and is believed to be associated with accelerated ageing of the lung. Alveolar abnormalities leading to emphysema are a key characteristic of COPD. Pulmonary alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2) produce surfactant and function as progenitors for type 1 cells. Increasing evidence shows elevated WNT-5A/B expression in ageing and in COPD that may contribute to the disease process. However, supportive roles for WNT-5A/B in lung regeneration were also reported in different studies. Thus, we explored the role of WNT-5A/B on alveolar epithelial progenitors (AEPs) in more detail. We established a Precision-Cut-Lung Slices (PCLS) model and a lung organoid model by co-culturing epithelial cells (EpCAM+/CD45-/CD31-) with fibroblasts in matrigel in vitro to study the impact of WNT-5A and WNT-5B. Our results show that WNT-5A and WNT-5B repress the growth of epithelial progenitors with WNT-5B preferentially restraining the growth and differentiation of alveolar epithelial progenitors. We provide evidence that both WNT-5A and WNT-5B negatively regulate the canonical WNT signaling pathway in alveolar epithelium. Taken together, these findings reveal the functional impact of WNT-5A/5B signaling on alveolar epithelial progenitors in the lung, which may contribute to defective alveolar repair in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eline M van Dijk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - I Sophie T Bos
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Chiara Ciminieri
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, CO 80045 Aurora, USA.
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, CO 80045 Aurora, USA.
| | - Loes E M Kistemaker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Aquilo BV, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Shiraishi K, Nakajima T, Shichino S, Deshimaru S, Matsushima K, Ueha S. In vitro expansion of endogenous human alveolar epithelial type II cells in fibroblast-free spheroid culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:579-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ng-Blichfeldt JP, de Jong T, Kortekaas RK, Wu X, Lindner M, Guryev V, Hiemstra PS, Stolk J, Königshoff M, Gosens R. TGF-β activation impairs fibroblast ability to support adult lung epithelial progenitor cell organoid formation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L14-L28. [PMID: 30969812 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00400.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation contributes to remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but whether this impacts the ability of fibroblasts to support lung epithelial repair remains little explored. We pretreated human lung fibroblasts [primary (phFB) or MRC5 cells] with recombinant human TGF-β to induce myofibroblast differentiation, then cocultured them with adult mouse lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cells (EpCAM+) to investigate their capacity to support epithelial organoid formation in vitro. While control phFB and MRC5 lung fibroblasts supported organoid formation of mouse EpCAM+ cells, TGF-β pretreatment of both phFB and MRC5 impaired organoid-supporting ability. We performed RNA sequencing of TGF-β-treated phFB, which revealed altered expression of key Wnt signaling pathway components and Wnt/β-catenin target genes, and modulated expression of secreted factors involved in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling. TGF-β profoundly skewed the transcriptional program induced by the Wnt/β-catenin activator CHIR99021. Supplementing organoid culture media recombinant hepatocyte growth factor or fibroblast growth factor 7 promoted organoid formation when using TGF-β pretreated fibroblasts. In conclusion, TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation results in Wnt/β-catenin pathway skewing and impairs fibroblast ability to support epithelial repair likely through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of secreted growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Lung Repair and Regeneration Unit, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, Member of the German Center of Lung Research , Munich , Germany
| | - Tristan de Jong
- European Research Institute for Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rosa K Kortekaas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Xinhui Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Michael Lindner
- Translational Lung Research and CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Munich , Germany
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Lung Repair and Regeneration Unit, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, Member of the German Center of Lung Research , Munich , Germany.,Translational Lung Research and CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Munich , Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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23
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Shiraishi K, Shichino S, Tsukui T, Hashimoto S, Ueha S, Matsushima K. Engraftment and proliferation potential of embryonic lung tissue cells in irradiated mice with emphysema. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3657. [PMID: 30842492 PMCID: PMC6403395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in stem cell transplantation therapy, to treat chronic respiratory diseases, using lung epithelial cells or alveolospheres derived from endogenous lung progenitor cells. However, optimal transplantation strategy of these cells has not been addressed. To gain insight into the optimization of stem cell transplantation therapy, we investigated whether lung cell engraftment potential differ among different developmental stages. After preconditioning with irradiation and elastase to induce lung damage, we infused embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) CAG-EGFP whole lung cells, and confirmed the engraftment of epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells. The number of EGFP-positive epithelial cells increased from day 7 to 28 after infusion. Among epithelial cells derived from E13.5, E15.5, E18.5, P7, P14, and P56 mice, E15.5 cells demonstrated the most efficient engraftment. In vitro, E15.5 epithelial cells showed high proliferation potential. Transcriptome analyses of sorted epithelial cells from E13.5, E15.5, E18.5, P14, and P56 mice revealed that cell cycle and cell-cell adhesion genes were highly enriched in E15.5 epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that cell therapy for lung diseases might be most effective when epithelial cells with transcriptional traits similar to those of E15.5 epithelial cells are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Shiraishi
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukui
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-0022, Japan.
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