1
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Bideau L, Velasquillo-Ramirez Z, Baduel L, Basso M, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Ribes V, Vervoort M, Gazave E. Variations in cell plasticity and proliferation underlie distinct modes of regeneration along the antero-posterior axis in the annelid Platynereis. Development 2024; 151:dev202452. [PMID: 38950937 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The capacity to regenerate lost tissues varies significantly among animals. Some phyla, such as the annelids, display substantial regenerating abilities, although little is known about the cellular mechanisms underlying the process. To precisely determine the origin, plasticity and fate of the cells participating in blastema formation and posterior end regeneration after amputation in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we developed specific tools to track different cell populations. Using these tools, we find that regeneration is partly promoted by a population of proliferative gut cells whose regenerative potential varies as a function of their position along the antero-posterior axis of the worm. Gut progenitors from anterior differentiated tissues are lineage restricted, whereas gut progenitors from the less differentiated and more proliferative posterior tissues are much more plastic. However, they are unable to regenerate the stem cells responsible for the growth of the worms. Those stem cells are of local origin, deriving from the cells present in the segment abutting the amputation plane, as are most of the blastema cells. Our results favour a hybrid and flexible cellular model for posterior regeneration in Platynereis relying on different degrees of cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Bideau
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Loeiza Baduel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Marianne Basso
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Vanessa Ribes
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
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2
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Joutsen J, Pessa JC, Jokelainen O, Sironen R, Hartikainen JM, Sistonen L. Comprehensive analysis of human tissues reveals unique expression and localization patterns of HSF1 and HSF2. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:235-271. [PMID: 38458311 PMCID: PMC10963207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the main transcriptional regulators of the evolutionarily conserved heat shock response. Beyond cell stress, several studies have demonstrated that HSFs also contribute to a vast variety of human pathologies, ranging from metabolic diseases to cancer and neurodegeneration. Despite their evident role in mitigating cellular perturbations, the functions of HSF1 and HSF2 in physiological proteostasis have remained inconclusive. Here, we analyzed a comprehensive selection of paraffin-embedded human tissue samples with immunohistochemistry. We demonstrate that both HSF1 and HSF2 display distinct expression and subcellular localization patterns in benign tissues. HSF1 localizes to the nucleus in all epithelial cell types, whereas nuclear expression of HSF2 was limited to only a few cell types, especially the spermatogonia and the urothelial umbrella cells. We observed a consistent and robust cytoplasmic expression of HSF2 across all studied smooth muscle and endothelial cells, including the smooth muscle cells surrounding the vasculature and the high endothelial venules in lymph nodes. Outstandingly, HSF2 localized specifically at cell-cell adhesion sites in a broad selection of tissue types, such as the cardiac muscle, liver, and epididymis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically describe the expression and localization patterns of HSF1 and HSF2 in benign human tissues. Thus, our work expands the biological landscape of these factors and creates the foundation for the identification of specific roles of HSF1 and HSF2 in normal physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Joutsen
- Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital, Lapland Wellbeing Services County, Rovaniemi, Finland.
| | - Jenny C Pessa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Jokelainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Sironen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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3
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Phillips TA, Marcotti S, Cox S, Parsons M. Imaging actin organisation and dynamics in 3D. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261389. [PMID: 38236161 PMCID: PMC10906668 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in cell architecture and the control of fundamental processes including cell division, migration and survival. The dynamics and organisation of F-actin have been widely studied in a breadth of cell types on classical two-dimensional (2D) surfaces. Recent advances in optical microscopy have enabled interrogation of these cytoskeletal networks in cells within three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, tissues and in vivo. Emerging studies indicate that the dimensionality experienced by cells has a profound impact on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, with cells in 3D environments exhibiting cytoskeletal arrangements that differ to cells in 2D environments. However, the addition of a third (and fourth, with time) dimension leads to challenges in sample preparation, imaging and analysis, necessitating additional considerations to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio and spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarise the current tools for imaging actin in a 3D context and highlight examples of the importance of this in understanding cytoskeletal biology and the challenges and opportunities in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Phillips
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Microscopy Innovation Centre, King's College London, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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4
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Bai Y, Zhao F, Wu T, Chen F, Pang X. Actin polymerization and depolymerization in developing vertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213668. [PMID: 37745245 PMCID: PMC10515290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process that occurs throughout the life cycle. F-actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton, is essential for the morphogenesis of tissues and organs during development. F-actin is formed by the polymerization of G-actin, and the dynamic balance of polymerization and depolymerization ensures proper cellular function. Disruption of this balance results in various abnormalities and defects or even embryonic lethality. Here, we reviewed recent findings on the structure of G-actin and F-actin and the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. We also focused on the functions of actin isoforms and the underlying mechanisms of actin polymerization/depolymerization in cellular and organic morphogenesis during development. This information will extend our understanding of the role of actin polymerization in the physiologic or pathologic processes during development and may open new avenues for developing therapeutics for embryonic developmental abnormalities or tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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5
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Vella G, Hua Y, Bergers G. High endothelial venules in cancer: Regulation, function, and therapeutic implication. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:527-545. [PMID: 36827979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sufficient intratumoral CD8+ T lymphocytes is a significant obstacle to effective immunotherapy in cancer. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are organ-specific and specialized postcapillary venules uniquely poised to facilitate the transmigration of lymphocytes to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). HEVs can also form in human and murine cancer (tumor HEVs [TU-HEVs]) and contribute to the generation of diffuse T cell-enriched aggregates or tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which are commonly associated with a good prognosis. Thus, therapeutic induction of TU-HEVs may provide attractive avenues to induce and sustain the efficacy of immunotherapies by overcoming the major restriction of T cell exclusion from the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we provide current insight into the commonalities and discrepancies of HEV formation and regulation in LNs and tumors and discuss the specific function and significance of TU-HEVs in eliciting, predicting, and aiding anti-tumoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlanda Vella
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yichao Hua
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Thompson SB, Waldman MM, Jacobelli J. Polymerization power: effectors of actin polymerization as regulators of T lymphocyte migration through complex environments. FEBS J 2022; 289:6154-6171. [PMID: 34273243 PMCID: PMC8761786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During their life span, T cells are tasked with patrolling the body for potential pathogens. To do so, T cells migrate through numerous distinct anatomical sites and tissue environments with different biophysical characteristics. To migrate through these different environments, T cells use various motility strategies that rely on actin network remodeling to generate shape changes and mechanical forces. In this review, we initially discuss the migratory journey of T cells and then cover the actin polymerization effectors at play in T cells, and finally, we focus on the function of these effectors of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in mediating T-cell migration through diverse tissue environments. Specifically, we will discuss the current state of the field pertaining to our understanding of the roles in T-cell migration played by members of the three main families of actin polymerization machinery: the Arp2/3 complex; formin proteins; and Ena/VASP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Monique M. Waldman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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7
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Melis N, Subramanian B, Chen D, Weigert R. Imaging Neutrophil Migration in the Mouse Skin to Investigate Subcellular Membrane Remodeling Under Physiological Conditions. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63581. [PMID: 35635466 PMCID: PMC10575475 DOI: 10.3791/63581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of immune cell recruitment and function in tissues has been a very active field over the last two decades. Neutrophils are among the first immune cells to reach the site of inflammation and to participate in the innate immune response during infection or tissue damage. So far, neutrophil migration has been successfully visualized using various in vitro experimental systems based on uniform stimulation, or confined migration under agarose, or micro-fluidic channels. However, these models do not recapitulate the complex microenvironment that neutrophils encounter in vivo. The development of multiphoton microscopy (MPM)-based techniques, such as intravital subcellular microscopy (ISMic), offer a unique tool to visualize and investigate neutrophil dynamics at subcellular resolutions under physiological conditions. In particular, the ear of a live anesthetized mouse provides an experimental advantage to follow neutrophil interstitial migration in real-time due to its ease of accessibility and lack of surgical exposure. ISMic provides the optical resolution, speed, and depth of acquisition necessary to track both cellular and, more importantly, subcellular processes in 3D over time (4D). Moreover, multi-modal imaging of the interstitial microenvironment (i.e., blood vessels, resident cells, extracellular matrix) can be readily accomplished using a combination of transgenic mice expressing select fluorescent markers, exogenous labeling via fluorescent probes, tissue intrinsic fluorescence, and second/third harmonic generated signals. This protocol describes 1) the preparation of neutrophils for adoptive transfer into the mouse ear, 2) different settings for optimal sub-cellular imaging, 3) strategies to minimize motion artifacts while maintaining a physiological response, 4) examples of membrane remodeling observed in neutrophils using ISMic, and 5) a workflow for the quantitative analysis of membrane remodeling in migrating neutrophils in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute;
| | - Bhagawat Subramanian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill
| | - Desu Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute;
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8
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Sun J, Zhong X, Fu X, Miller H, Lee P, Yu B, Liu C. The Actin Regulators Involved in the Function and Related Diseases of Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:799309. [PMID: 35371070 PMCID: PMC8965893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.799309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is an important cytoskeletal protein involved in signal transduction, cell structure and motility. Actin regulators include actin-monomer-binding proteins, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family of proteins, nucleation proteins, actin filament polymerases and severing proteins. This group of proteins regulate the dynamic changes in actin assembly/disassembly, thus playing an important role in cell motility, intracellular transport, cell division and other basic cellular activities. Lymphocytes are important components of the human immune system, consisting of T-lymphocytes (T cells), B-lymphocytes (B cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells). Lymphocytes are indispensable for both innate and adaptive immunity and cannot function normally without various actin regulators. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structure and fundamental functions of a variety of well-known and newly discovered actin regulators, then we highlight the role of actin regulators in T cell, B cell and NK cell, and finally provide a landscape of various diseases associated with them. This review provides new directions in exploring actin regulators and promotes more precise and effective treatments for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Frattolin J, Watson DJ, Bonneuil WV, Russell MJ, Fasanella Masci F, Bandara M, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB, Moore JE. The Critical Importance of Spatial and Temporal Scales in Designing and Interpreting Immune Cell Migration Assays. Cells 2021; 10:3439. [PMID: 34943947 PMCID: PMC8700135 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy and other direct-imaging techniques have allowed for a characterisation of leukocyte migration that has revolutionised the field of immunology, resulting in an unprecedented understanding of the mechanisms of immune response and adaptive immunity. However, there is an assumption within the field that modern imaging techniques permit imaging parameters where the resulting cell track accurately captures a cell's motion. This notion is almost entirely untested, and the relationship between what could be observed at a given scale and the underlying cell behaviour is undefined. Insufficient spatial and temporal resolutions within migration assays can result in misrepresentation of important physiologic processes or cause subtle changes in critical cell behaviour to be missed. In this review, we contextualise how scale can affect the perceived migratory behaviour of cells, summarise the limited approaches to mitigate this effect, and establish the need for a widely implemented framework to account for scale and correct observations of cell motion. We then extend the concept of scale to new approaches that seek to bridge the current "black box" between single-cell behaviour and systemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Frattolin
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Daniel J. Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Willy V. Bonneuil
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Matthew J. Russell
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.J.R.); (B.S.B.)
| | - Francesca Fasanella Masci
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (F.F.M.); (M.B.); (R.J.B.N.)
| | - Mikaila Bandara
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (F.F.M.); (M.B.); (R.J.B.N.)
| | - Bindi S. Brook
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.J.R.); (B.S.B.)
| | - Robert J. B. Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (F.F.M.); (M.B.); (R.J.B.N.)
| | - James E. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.F.); (D.J.W.); (W.V.B.)
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10
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Vella G, Guelfi S, Bergers G. High Endothelial Venules: A Vascular Perspective on Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736670. [PMID: 34484246 PMCID: PMC8416033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized postcapillary venules composed of cuboidal blood endothelial cells that express high levels of sulfated sialomucins to bind L-Selectin/CD62L on lymphocytes, thereby facilitating their transmigration from the blood into the lymph nodes (LN) and other secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). HEVs have also been identified in human and murine tumors in predominantly CD3+T cell-enriched areas with fewer CD20+B-cell aggregates that are reminiscent of tertiary lymphoid-like structures (TLS). While HEV/TLS areas in human tumors are predominantly associated with increased survival, tumoral HEVs (TU-HEV) in mice have shown to foster lymphocyte-enriched immune centers and boost an immune response combined with different immunotherapies. Here, we discuss the current insight into TU-HEV formation, function, and regulation in tumors and elaborate on the functional implication, opportunities, and challenges of TU-HEV formation for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlanda Vella
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Guelfi
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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An optimized confocal intravital microscopy protocol for long-term live imaging of murine F-actin organization during naïve lymphocyte migration. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100498. [PMID: 34195670 PMCID: PMC8225983 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin plays a crucial role during cell motility, but the organization of F-actin filaments during lymphocyte migration has not been visualized in vivo. Here, we present a 4D imaging platform using high-resolution confocal intravital microscopy to precisely determine the F-actin filament profile during lymphocyte transendothelial migration and interstitial migration. This protocol allows prolonged live imaging by laser scanning microscopy with advanced spatial resolution compared with the traditional multi-photon intravital microscopy techniques. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yan et al. (2019).
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12
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Yan SLS, Hwang IY, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Kim JS, Park C, Kehrl JH. Unrestrained Gα i2 Signaling Disrupts Neutrophil Trafficking, Aging, and Clearance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679856. [PMID: 34135907 PMCID: PMC8202015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil trafficking, homeostatic and pathogen elicited, depends upon chemoattractant receptors triggering heterotrimeric G-protein Gαiβγ signaling, whose magnitude and kinetics are governed by RGS protein/Gαi interactions. RGS proteins typically limit Gαi signaling by reducing the duration that Gαi subunits remain GTP bound and able to activate downstream effectors. Yet how in totality RGS proteins shape neutrophil chemoattractant receptor activated responses remains unclear. Here, we show that C57Bl/6 mouse neutrophils containing a genomic knock-in of a mutation that disables all RGS protein-Gαi2 interactions (G184S) cannot properly balance chemoattractant receptor signaling, nor appropriately respond to inflammatory insults. Mutant neutrophils accumulate in mouse bone marrow, spleen, lung, and liver; despite neutropenia and an intrinsic inability to properly mobilize from the bone marrow. In vitro they rapidly adhere to ICAM-1 coated plates, but in vivo they poorly adhere to blood vessel endothelium. Those few neutrophils that cross blood vessels and enter tissues migrate haphazardly. Following Concanavalin-A administration fragmented G184S neutrophils accumulate in liver sinusoids leading to thrombo-inflammation and perivasculitis. Thus, neutrophil Gαi2/RGS protein interactions both limit and facilitate Gαi2 signaling thereby promoting normal neutrophil trafficking, aging, and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Li-Sue Yan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ji Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Blanchard L, Girard JP. High endothelial venules (HEVs) in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:719-753. [PMID: 33956259 PMCID: PMC8487881 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels mediating lymphocyte trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs. By supporting high levels of lymphocyte extravasation from the blood, HEVs play an essential role in lymphocyte recirculation and immune surveillance for foreign invaders (bacterial and viral infections) and alterations in the body’s own cells (neoantigens in cancer). The HEV network expands during inflammation in immune-stimulated LNs and is profoundly remodeled in metastatic and tumor-draining LNs. HEV-like blood vessels expressing high levels of the HEV-specific sulfated MECA-79 antigens are induced in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation in many human inflammatory and allergic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Such vessels are believed to contribute to the amplification and maintenance of chronic inflammation. MECA-79+ tumor-associated HEVs (TA-HEVs) are frequently found in human tumors in CD3+ T cell-rich areas or CD20+ B-cell rich tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TA-HEVs have been proposed to play important roles in lymphocyte entry into tumors, a process essential for successful antitumor immunity and lymphocyte-mediated cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines or adoptive T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the phenotype and function of HEVs in homeostatic, inflamed and tumor-draining lymph nodes, and those of HEV-like blood vessels in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the role and regulation of TA-HEVs in human cancer and mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blanchard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Zucchetti AE, Paillon N, Markova O, Dogniaux S, Hivroz C, Husson J. Influence of external forces on actin-dependent T cell protrusions during immune synapse formation. Biol Cell 2021; 113:250-263. [PMID: 33471387 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION We have previously observed that in response to antigenic activation, T cells produce actin-rich protrusions that generate forces involved in T cell activation. These forces are influenced by the mechanical properties of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, how external forces, which can be produced by APCs, influence the dynamic of the actin protrusion remains unknown. In this study, we quantitatively characterised the effects of external forces in the dynamic of the protrusion grown by activated T cells. RESULTS Using a micropipette force probe, we applied controlled compressive or pulling forces on primary T lymphocytes activated by an antibody-covered microbead, and measured the effects of these forces on the protrusion generated by T lymphocytes. We found that the application of compressive forces slightly decreased the length, the time at which the protrusion stops growing and retracts and the velocity of the protrusion formation, whereas pulling forces strongly increased these parameters. In both cases, the applied forces did not alter the time required for the T cells to start growing the protrusion (delay). Exploring the molecular events controlling the dynamic of the protrusion, we showed that inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex impaired the dynamic of the protrusion by reducing both its maximum length and its growth speed and increasing the delay to start growing. Finally, T cells developed similar protrusions in more physiological conditions, that is, when activated by an APC instead of an activating microbead. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the formation of the force-generating protrusion by T cells is set by an intracellular constant time and that its dynamic is sensitive to external forces. They also show that actin assembly mediated by actin-related protein Arp2/3 complex is involved in the formation and dynamic of the protrusion. SIGNIFICANCE Actin-rich protrusions developed by T cells are sensory organelles that serve as actuators of immune surveillance. Our study shows that forces experienced by this organelle modify their dynamic suggesting that they might modify immune responses. Moreover, the quantitative aspects of our analysis should help to get insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Olga Markova
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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15
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Choi S, Ferrari G, Tedesco FS. Cellular dynamics of myogenic cell migration: molecular mechanisms and implications for skeletal muscle cell therapies. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12357. [PMID: 33210465 PMCID: PMC7721365 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration is a critical process underlying morphogenesis and post-natal tissue regeneration. During embryonic myogenesis, migration of skeletal myogenic progenitors is essential to generate the anlagen of limbs, diaphragm and tongue, whereas in post-natal skeletal muscles, migration of muscle satellite (stem) cells towards regions of injury is necessary for repair and regeneration of muscle fibres. Additionally, safe and efficient migration of transplanted cells is critical in cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous. Although various myogenic cell types have been administered intramuscularly or intravascularly, functional restoration has not been achieved yet in patients with degenerative diseases affecting multiple large muscles. One of the key reasons for this negative outcome is the limited migration of donor cells, which hinders the overall cell engraftment potential. Here, we review mechanisms of myogenic stem/progenitor cell migration during skeletal muscle development and post-natal regeneration. Furthermore, strategies utilised to improve migratory capacity of myogenic cells are examined in order to identify potential treatments that may be applied to future transplantation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungWoo Choi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Giulia Ferrari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Zeng J, Eljalby M, Aryal RP, Lehoux S, Stavenhagen K, Kudelka MR, Wang Y, Wang J, Ju T, von Andrian UH, Cummings RD. Cosmc controls B cell homing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3990. [PMID: 32778659 PMCID: PMC7417590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes are only partly understood. Here, we report that B cell-specific deletion of the X-linked gene, Cosmc, and the consequent decrease of protein O-glycosylation, induces developmental blocks of mouse B cells. After transfer into wild-type recipient, Cosmc-null B cells fail to home to lymph nodes as well as non-lymphoid organs. Enzymatic desialylation of wild-type B cells blocks their migration into lymph nodes, indicating a requirement of sialylated O-glycans for proper trafficking. Mechanistically, Cosmc-deficient B cells have normal rolling and firm arrest on high endothelium venules (HEV), thereby attributing their inefficient trafficking to alterations in the subsequent transendothelial migration step. Finally, Cosmc-null B cells have defective chemokine signaling responses. Our results thus demonstrate that Cosmc and its effects on O-glycosylation are important for controlling B cell homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Eljalby
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajindra P Aryal
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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