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Li Y, Liu M, Tang Q, Liang K, Sun Y, Yu Y, Lou Y, Liu Y, Yu H. Hydrogen-transfer strategy in lignin refinery: Towards sustainable and versatile value-added biochemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301912. [PMID: 38294404 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, the most prevalent natural source of polyphenols on Earth, offers substantial possibilities for the conversion into aromatic compounds, which is critical for attaining sustainability and carbon neutrality. The hydrogen-transfer method has garnered significant interest owing to its environmental compatibility and economic viability. The efficacy of this approach is contingent upon the careful selection of catalytic and hydrogen-donating systems that decisively affect the yield and selectivity of the monomeric products resulting from lignin degradation. This paper highlights the hydrogen-transfer technique in lignin refinery, with a specific focus on the influence of hydrogen donors on the depolymerization pathways of lignin. It delineates the correlation between the structure and activity of catalytic hydrogen-transfer arrangements and the gamut of lignin-derived biochemicals, utilizing data from lignin model compounds, separated lignin, and lignocellulosic biomass. Additionally, the paper delves into the advantages and future directions of employing the hydrogen-transfer approach for lignin conversion. In essence, this concept investigation illuminates the efficacy of the hydrogen-transfer paradigm in lignin valorization, offering key insights and strategic directives to maximize lignin's value sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Kaixia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yaxu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yuhan Lou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yongzhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
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2
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Baddam SR, Avula MK, Akula R, Battula VR, Kalagara S, Buchikonda R, Ganta S, Venkatesan S, Allaka TR. Design, synthesis and in silico molecular docking evaluation of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27773. [PMID: 38590856 PMCID: PMC10999864 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chalcone and triazole scaffolds have demonstrated a crucial role in the advancement of science and technology. Due to their significance, research has proceeded on the design and development of novel benzooxepine connected to 1,2,3-triazolyl chalcone structures. The new chalcone derivatives produced by benzooxepine triazole methyl ketone 2 and different aromatic carbonyl compounds 3 are discussed in this paper. All prepared compounds have well-established structures to a variety of spectral approaches, including mass analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR. Among the tested compounds, hybrids 4c, 4d, 4i, and 4k exhibited exceptional antibacterial susceptibilities with MIC range of 3.59-10.30 μM against the tested S. aureus strain. Compounds 4c, 4d displayed superior antifungal activity against F. oxysporum with MIC 3.25, 4.89 μM, when compared to fluconazole (MIC = 3.83 μM) respectively. On the other hand, analogues 4d, 4f, and 4k demonstrated equivalent antitubercular action against H37Rv strain with MIC range of 2.16-4.90 μM. The capacity of ligand 4f to form a stable compound on the active site of CYP51 from M. tuberculosis (1EA1) was confirmed by docking studies using amino acids Leu321(A), Pro77(A), Phe83(A), Lys74(A), Tyr76(A), Ala73(A), Arg96(A), Thr80(A), Met79(A), His259(A), and Gln72(A). Additionally, the chalcone‒1,2,3‒triazole hybrids ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), characteristics of molecules, estimations of toxicity, and bioactivity parameters were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Reddy Baddam
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, RNA Therapeutic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
| | - Mahesh Kumar Avula
- Technology Development Center, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, 500049, India
- Department of Organic Chemistry and FDW, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Raghunadh Akula
- Technology Development Center, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, 500049, India
| | - Venkateswara Rao Battula
- Department of Chemistry, AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Sudhakar Kalagara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, United States
| | - Ravinder Buchikonda
- Technology Development Center, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, 500049, India
| | - Srinivas Ganta
- ScieGen Pharmaceutical Inc., Hauppauge, NY, 11788, United States
| | - Srinivasadesikan Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science and Humanities, VIGNAN's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Tejeswara Rao Allaka
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India
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3
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Cordell GA. The contemporary nexus of medicines security and bioprospecting: a future perspective for prioritizing the patient. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:11. [PMID: 38270809 PMCID: PMC10811317 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Reacting to the challenges presented by the evolving nexus of environmental change, defossilization, and diversified natural product bioprospecting is vitally important for advancing global healthcare and placing patient benefit as the most important consideration. This overview emphasizes the importance of natural and synthetic medicines security and proposes areas for global research action to enhance the quality, safety, and effectiveness of sustainable natural medicines. Following a discussion of some contemporary factors influencing natural products, a rethinking of the paradigms in natural products research is presented in the interwoven contexts of the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolutions and based on the optimization of the valuable assets of Earth. Following COP28, bioprospecting is necessary to seek new classes of bioactive metabolites and enzymes for chemoenzymatic synthesis. Focus is placed on those performance and practice modifications which, in a sustainable manner, establish the patient, and the maintenance of their prophylactic and treatment needs, as the priority. Forty initiatives for natural products in healthcare are offered for the patient and the practitioner promoting global action to address issues of sustainability, environmental change, defossilization, quality control, product consistency, and neglected diseases to assure that quality natural medicinal agents will be accessible for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., 1320 Ashland Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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4
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Afanasenko AM, Wu X, De Santi A, Elgaher WAM, Kany AM, Shafiei R, Schulze MS, Schulz TF, Haupenthal J, Hirsch AKH, Barta K. Clean Synthetic Strategies to Biologically Active Molecules from Lignin: A Green Path to Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202308131. [PMID: 37840425 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Deriving active pharmaceutical agents from renewable resources is crucial to increasing the economic feasibility of modern biorefineries and promises to alleviate critical supply-chain dependencies in pharma manufacturing. Our multidisciplinary approach combines research in lignin-first biorefining, sustainable catalysis, and alternative solvents with bioactivity screening, an in vivo efficacy study, and a structural-similarity search. The resulting sustainable path to novel anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer molecules enabled the rapid identification of frontrunners for key therapeutic indications, including an anti-infective against the priority pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae with efficacy in vivo and promising plasma and metabolic stability. Our catalytic methods provided straightforward access, inspired by the innate structural features of lignin, to synthetically challenging biologically active molecules with the core structure of dopamine, namely, tetrahydroisoquinolines, quinazolinones, 3-arylindoles and the natural product tetrahydropapaveroline. Our diverse array of atom-economic transformations produces only harmless side products and uses benign reaction media, such as tunable deep eutectic solvents for modulating reactivity in challenging cyclization steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia M Afanasenko
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (the, Netherlands
| | - Xianyuan Wu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (the, Netherlands
| | - Alessandra De Santi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (the, Netherlands
| | - Walid A M Elgaher
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Roya Shafiei
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen (the, Netherlands
- Institute for Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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5
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Zhuo X, Zheng L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zou X, Zhong Y, Guo W. Visible Light-Enhanced [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N, N-Disubstituted Hydrazines with Organo-Cyanamides: Access to Polysubstituted 1,2,4-Triazol-3-amines. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38166434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Visible light-enhanced [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N,N-disubstituted hydrazines with N-cyano-N-aryl-p-toluenesulfonamides is an efficient reaction pathway to polysubstituted 1,2,4-triazol-3-amines. The reaction is performed under mild conditions without the addition of any transition metals. This strategy involves a C(sp3)-H bond activation, a cyano cycloaddition, and the formation of two new C═N bonds. The protocol shows the advantages of good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. The late-stage modification experiments provide practical applications in the field of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaoying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yumei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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van der Westhuizen D, Castro AC, Hazari N, Gevorgyan A. Bulky, electron-rich, renewable: analogues of Beller's phosphine for cross-couplings. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:6733-6742. [PMID: 38026730 PMCID: PMC10680433 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy01375h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the conversion of biomass into renewable chemicals, yet the range of value-added products that can be formed from biomass remains relatively small. Herein, we demonstrate that molecules available from biomass serve as viable starting materials for the synthesis of phosphine ligands, which can be used in homogeneous catalysis. Specifically, we prepared renewable analogues of Beller's ligand (di(1-adamantyl)-n-butylphosphine, cataCXium® A), which is widely used in homogeneous catalysis. Our new renewable phosphine ligands facilitate Pd-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille, and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions with high yields, and our catalytic results can be rationalized based on the stereoelectronic properties of the ligands. The new phosphine ligands generate catalytic systems that can be applied for the late-stage functionalization of commercial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abril C Castro
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway 9037 Tromsø Norway
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7
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Dong K, Zhao YL, Jin XL, Liu Q. Indole-Fused Benzoxepine Synthesis via Visible-Light-Driven Aerobic Dehydrogenative [5 + 2] Annulation. Org Lett 2023; 25:8258-8262. [PMID: 37955358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative annulation between 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)phenols and alkenylphenols is presented. Various indole-fused benzoxepines can be obtained at room temperature using atom-efficient strategies. This method not only avoids the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidants but also exhibits excellent atom economy by generating H2O as the only theoretical byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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8
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Singh S, Shinde VN, Kumar S, Meena N, Bhuvanesh N, Rangan K, Kumar A, Joshi H. Mono and Dinuclear Palladium Pincer Complexes of NNSe Ligand as a Catalyst for Decarboxylative Direct C-H Heteroarylation of (Hetero)arenes. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300628. [PMID: 37602812 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis of a new NNSe pincer ligand and its mono- and dinuclear palladium(II) pincer complexes. In the absence of a base, a dinuclear palladium pincer complex (C1) was isolated, while in the presence of Et3 N base a mononuclear palladium pincer complex (C2) was obtained. The new ligand and complexes were characterized using techniques like 1 H, 13 C{1 H} nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible), and cyclic voltammetry. Both the complexes showed pincer coordination mode with a distorted square planar geometry. The complex C1 has two pincer ligands attached through a Pd-Pd bond in a dinuclear pincer fashion. The air and moisture-insensitive, thermally robust palladium pincer complexes were used as the catalyst for decarboxylative direct C-H heteroarylation of (hetero)arenes. Among the complexes, dinuclear pincer complex C1 showed better catalytic activity. A variety of (hetero)arenes were successfully activated (43-87 % yield) using only 2.5 mol % of catalyst loading under mild reaction conditions. The PPh3 and Hg poisoning experiments suggested a homogeneous nature of catalysis. A plausible reaction pathway was proposed for the dinuclear palladium pincer complex catalyzed decarboxylative C-H bond activation reaction of (hetero)arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Singh
- ISC Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Vikki N Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- ISC Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Neha Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- ISC Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
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9
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Dong L, Wang Y, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Pan M, Liu X, Gu X, Antonietti M, Chen Z. Sustainable production of dopamine hydrochloride from softwood lignin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4996. [PMID: 37591869 PMCID: PMC10435513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is not only a widely used commodity pharmaceutical for treating neurological diseases but also a highly attractive base for advanced carbon materials. Lignin, the waste from the lignocellulosic biomass industry, is the richest source of renewable aromatics on earth. Efficient production of dopamine direct from lignin is a highly desirable target but extremely challenging. Here, we report an innovative strategy for the sustainable production of dopamine hydrochloride from softwood lignin with a mass yield of 6.4 wt.%. Significantly, the solid dopamine hydrochloride is obtained by a simple filtration process in purity of 98.0%, which avoids the tedious separation and purification steps. The approach begins with the acid-catalyzed depolymerization, followed by deprotection, hydrogen-borrowing amination, and hydrolysis of methoxy group, transforming lignin into dopamine hydrochloride. The technical economic analysis predicts that this process is an economically competitive production process. This study fulfills the unexplored potential of dopamine hydrochloride synthesis from lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, 210037, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuguo Dong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, 210037, Nanjing, China.
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Street, 29a, Rostock, 18059, Germany.
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10
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Wu X, De Bruyn M, Barta K. Deriving high value products from depolymerized lignin oil, aided by (bio)catalytic funneling strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9929-9951. [PMID: 37526604 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin holds tremendous and versatile possibilities to produce value-added chemicals and high performing polymeric materials. Over the years, different cutting-edge lignin depolymerization methodologies have been developed, mainly focusing on achieving excellent yields of mono-phenolic products, some even approaching the theoretical maximum. However, due to lignin's inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance, its depolymerization leads to relatively complex product streams, also containing dimers, and higher molecular weight fragments in substantial quantities. The subsequent chemo-catalytic valorization of these higher molecular weight streams, containing difficult-to-break, mainly C-C covalent bonds, is tremendously challenging, and has consequently received much less attention. In this minireview, we present an overview of recent advances on the development of sustainable biorefinery strategies aimed at the production of well-defined chemicals and polymeric materials, the prime focus being on depolymerized lignin oils, containing high molecular weight fractions. The key central unit operation to achieve this is (bio)catalytic funneling, which holds great potential to overcome separation and purification challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Wu
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario De Bruyn
- University of Graz, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Katalin Barta
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Graz, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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11
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Zou SL, Xiao LP, Li XY, Yin WZ, Sun RC. Lignin-based composites with enhanced mechanical properties by acetone fractionation and epoxidation modification. iScience 2023; 26:106187. [PMID: 36879809 PMCID: PMC9985049 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin is widely used in various fields of the national economy due to its excellent chemical and mechanical properties. Lignin is mainly derived from lignocelluloses as one of the most abundant renewable bioresources. Due to the diversity of lignin sources and the complexity as well as heterogeneity of its structure, the value of lignin has not been fully realized. Herein, we report the utilization of industrial alkali lignin for the preparation of low-carbon and environmentally friendly bio-based epoxy thermosetting materials. Specifically, epoxidized lignin with substituted petroleum-based chemical bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in various proportions was cross-linked to fabricate thermosetting epoxies. The cured thermosetting resin revealed enhanced tensile strength (4.6 MPa) and elongation (315.5%) in comparison with the common BADGE polymers. Overall, this work provides a practicable approach for lignin valorization toward tailored sustainable bioplastics in the context of a circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lin Zou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Ling-Ping Xiao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Yin
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
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12
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Chen M, Li Y, Liu H, Zhang D, Shi QS, Zhong XQ, Guo Y, Xie XB. High value valorization of lignin as environmental benign antimicrobial. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100520. [PMID: 36590981 PMCID: PMC9800644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a natural aromatic polymer of p-hydroxyphenylpropanoids with various biological activities. Noticeably, plants have made use of lignin as biocides to defend themselves from pathogen microbial invasions. Thus, the use of isolated lignin as environmentally benign antimicrobial is believed to be a promising high value approach for lignin valorization. On the other hand, as green and sustainable product of plant photosynthesis, lignin should be beneficial to reduce the carbon footprint of antimicrobial industry. There have been many reports that make use of lignin to prepare antimicrobials for different applications. However, lignin is highly heterogeneous polymers different in their monomers, linkages, molecular weight, and functional groups. The structure and property relationship, and the mechanism of action of lignin as antimicrobial remains ambiguous. To show light on these issues, we reviewed the publications on lignin chemistry, antimicrobial activity of lignin models and isolated lignin and associated mechanism of actions, approaches in synthesis of lignin with improved antimicrobial activity, and the applications of lignin as antimicrobial in different fields. Hopefully, this review will help and inspire researchers in the preparation of lignin antimicrobial for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Huiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xin-Qi Zhong
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
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13
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Guo Y, Alvigini L, Trajkovic M, Alonso-Cotchico L, Monza E, Savino S, Marić I, Mattevi A, Fraaije MW. Structure- and computational-aided engineering of an oxidase to produce isoeugenol from a lignin-derived compound. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7195. [PMID: 36418310 PMCID: PMC9684555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various 4-alkylphenols can be easily obtained through reductive catalytic fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. Selective dehydrogenation of 4-n-propylguaiacol results in the formation of isoeugenol, a valuable flavor and fragrance molecule and versatile precursor compound. Here we present the engineering of a bacterial eugenol oxidase to catalyze this reaction. Five mutations, identified from computational predictions, are first introduced to render the enzyme more thermostable. Other mutations are then added and analyzed to enhance chemoselectivity and activity. Structural insight demonstrates that the slow catalytic activity of an otherwise promising enzyme variant is due the formation of a slowly-decaying covalent substrate-flavin cofactor adduct that can be remedied by targeted residue changes. The final engineered variant comprises eight mutations, is thermostable, displays good activity and acts as a highly chemoselective 4-n-propylguaiacol oxidase. We lastly use our engineered biocatalyst in an illustrative preparative reaction at gram-scale. Our findings show that a natural enzyme can be redesigned into a tailored biocatalyst capable of valorizing lignin-based monophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Guo
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Alvigini
- grid.8982.b0000 0004 1762 5736Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simone Savino
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivana Marić
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- grid.8982.b0000 0004 1762 5736Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Electrochemical Valorization of Lignin: Status, Challenges, and Prospects. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Romero-Fernández MP, Cintas P, Rojas-Buzo S. Switchable Cycloadditions of Mesoionic Dipoles: Refreshing up a Regioselective Approach to Two Distinctive Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12854-12866. [PMID: 36103345 PMCID: PMC9552231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mesoionic rings are
among the most versatile 1,3-dipoles, as witnessed
recently by their incorporation into bio-orthogonal strategies, and
capable of affording unconventional heterocycles beyond the expected
scope of Huisgen cycloadditions. Herein, we revisit in detail the
reactivity of thiazol-3-ium-4-olates with alkynes, leading to thiophene
and/or pyrid-2-one derivatives. A structural variation at the parent
mesoionic dipole alters sufficiently the steric outcome, thereby favoring
the regioselective formation of a single transient cycloadduct, which
undergoes chemoselective fragmentation to either five- or six-membered
heterocycles. The synthetic protocol benefits largely from microwave
(MW) activation, which enhances reaction rates. The mechanism has
been interrogated with the aid of density functional theory (DFT)
calculations, which sheds light into the origin of the regioselectivity
and points to a predictive formulation of reactivity involving competing
pathways of mesoionic cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pilar Romero-Fernández
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Rojas-Buzo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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16
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Taming the radical cation intermediate enabled one-step access to structurally diverse lignans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3481. [PMID: 35710543 PMCID: PMC9203495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. We report herein a divergent synthesis of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols in a short synthetic sequence. Blue LED irradiation of a dichloromethane solution of dicinnamyl ether derivatives in the presence of Cu(TFA)2, an alcohol (2.0 equiv) and a catalytic amount of Fukuzumi’s salt affords the C7-alkoxylated aryltetralin cyclic ethers. Increasing the amount of alcohol under otherwise identical conditions diverts the reaction course to furnish the C7,C7’-dialkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans, while replacing Cu(TFA)2 with diphenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) provides selectively the C7-monoalkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans. Aza-, thia- and carba-analogues of lignans are equally accessible by simply changing the tethering atom of the allylic alcohols. Concise total syntheses of aglacins A, E, F, brassilignan, and dehydrodimethylconidendrin are documented featuring these transformations. Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. Here, the authors describe a divergent and stereoselective chemical synthesis of three types of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols, exploiting the different reaction manifolds of highly reactive radical cation intermediate.
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17
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Gandham SK, Kudale AA, Rao Allaka T, Jha A. Design and Synthesis of Benzoxepine–Based 1,2,3‐Triazoles: Molecular Docking and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Gandham
- Department of Chemistry GITAM Institute of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 530045 India
| | | | - Tejeswara Rao Allaka
- Institute of Science and Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana 500085 India
| | - Anjali Jha
- Department of Chemistry GITAM Institute of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 530045 India
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18
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Freese T, Fridrich B, Crespi S, Lubbe AS, Barta K, Feringa BL. A molecular motor from lignocellulose. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:3689-3696. [PMID: 35694221 PMCID: PMC9086859 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc00291d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest natural source of functionalized aromatics on the planet, therefore exploiting its inherent structural features for the synthesis of aromatic products is a timely and ambitious goal. While the recently developed lignin depolymerization strategies gave rise to well-defined aromatic platform chemicals, the diversification of these structures, especially toward high-end applications is still poorly addressed. Molecular motors and switches have found widespread application in many important areas such as targeted drug delivery systems, responsive coatings for self-healing surfaces, paints and resins or muscles for soft robotics. They typically comprise a functionalized aromatic backbone, yet their synthesis from lignin has not been considered before. In this contribution, we showcase the synthesis of a novel light-driven unidirectional molecular motor from the specific aromatic platform chemical 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (dihydrosynapyl alcohol) that can be directly obtained from lignocellulose via a reductive catalytic fractionation strategy. The synthetic path takes into account the principles of green chemistry and aims to maintain the intrinsic functionality of the lignin-derived platform molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Freese
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Bálint Fridrich
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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19
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Espro C, Paone E, Mauriello F, Gotti R, Uliassi E, Bolognesi ML, Rodríguez-Padrón D, Luque R. Sustainable production of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and bioactive compounds from biomass and waste. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11191-11207. [PMID: 34553208 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this tutorial review is to provide a general overview of processes, technologies and challenges in the production of pharmaceutical and bioactive compounds from food waste and lignocellulosic residues. Particular attention is given to benign-by-design processes instinctively devoted to environmental sustainability for the recovery of bioactive compounds from food waste as well as for the production of alcohols, acids, polyols, furans and aromatic compounds from lignocellulosic residues. At the same time, novel green synthetic routes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients and the development of novel bioactive compounds are discussed. Recent success industrial stories on the use of food waste and lignocellulosic residues for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Espro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emilia Paone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIEF), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.,Dipartimento DICEAM, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Mauriello
- Dipartimento DICEAM, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daily Rodríguez-Padrón
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra. Nnal. IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra. Nnal. IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Córdoba, Spain.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 117198, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Lv W, Wu X, Sheng H, He C, Hu J. Schizandrin A can inhibit non‑small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:214. [PMID: 34643254 PMCID: PMC8522958 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizandrin A (SchA) can be extracted from the vine plant Schisandra chinensis and has been reported to confer various biologically active properties. However, its potential biological effects on non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aims to address this issue. NSCLC and normal lung epithelial cell lines were first treated with SchA. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using CellTiter‑Glo Assay and colony formation assays, respectively. PI staining was used to measure cell cycle distribution. Cell cycle‑related proteins p53, p21, cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E1, cyclin E2, CDK2 and DNA damage‑related protein SOX4 were detected by western blot analysis. Annexin V‑FITC/PI staining, DNA electrophoresis and Hoechst 33342/PI dual staining were used to detect apoptosis. JC‑1 and DCFH‑DA fluorescent dyes were used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species concentrations, respectively. Apoptosis‑related proteins caspase‑3, cleaved caspase‑3, poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved PARP, BimEL, BimL, BimS, Bcl2, Bax, caspase‑9 and cleaved caspas‑9 were measured by western blot analysis. Dansylcadaverine was used to detect the presence of the acidic lysosomal vesicles. The expression levels of the autophagy‑related proteins LC3‑I/II, p62/SQSTM and AMPKα activation were measured using western blot analysis. In addition, the autophagy inhibitor 3‑methyladenine was used to inhibit autophagy. SchA treatment was found to reduce NSCLC cell viability whilst inhibiting cell proliferation. Low concentrations of SchA (10‑20 µM) mainly induced G1/S‑phase cell cycle arrest. By contrast, as the concentration of SchA used increases (20‑50 µM), cells underwent apoptosis and G2/M‑phase cell cycle a13rrest. As the treatment concentration of SchA increased from 0 to 50 µM, the expression of p53 and SOX4 protein also concomitantly increased, but the expression of p21 protein was increased by 10 µM SchA and decreased by higher concentrations (20‑50 µM). In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl‑like 11 (Bim)EL, BimL and BimS increased following SchA application. SchA induced the accumulation of acidic vesicles and induced a marked increase in the expression of LC3‑II protein, suggsting that SchA activated the autophagy pathway. However, the expression of the p62 protein was found to be increased by SchA, suggesting that p62 was not degraded during the autophagic flux. The 3‑methyladenine exerted no notable effects on SchA‑induced apoptosis. Taken together, results from the present study suggest that SchA exerted inhibitory effects on NSCLC physiology by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, SchA partially induced autophagy, which did not result in any cytoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Operating Room, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hongxu Sheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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