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Riccomi A, Trombetta CM, Dorrucci M, Di Placido D, Sanarico N, Farchi F, Giuseppetti R, Villano U, Marcantonio C, Marchi S, Ciaramella A, Pezzotti P, Montomoli E, Valdarchi C, Ciccaglione AR, Vendetti S. Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:425. [PMID: 38675807 PMCID: PMC11054385 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have suggested that influenza vaccination can provide protection against COVID-19, but the underlying mechanisms that could explain this association are still unclear. In this study, the effect of the 2021/2022 seasonal influenza vaccination on the immune response to the booster dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was evaluated in a cohort of healthy individuals. A total of 113 participants were enrolled, 74 of whom had no prior COVID-19 diagnosis or significant comorbidities were considered for the analysis. Participants received the anti-influenza tetravalent vaccine and the booster dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine or the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine alone. Blood was collected before and 4 weeks after each vaccination and 12 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and analyzed for anti-flu and anti-spike-specific antibody titers and for in vitro influenza and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacity. Results indicated an increased reactivity in subjects who received both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations compared to those who received only the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, with sustained anti-spike antibody titers up to 12 weeks post-vaccination. Immune response to the influenza vaccine was evaluated, and individuals were stratified as high or low responders. High responders showed increased antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine both after 4 and 12 weeks post-vaccination. Conversely, individuals classified as low responders were less responsive to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. These data indicate that both external stimuli, such as influenza vaccination, and the host's intrinsic ability to respond to stimuli play a role in the response to the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Riccomi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - C. M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (S.M.)
- VisMederi Research Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M. Dorrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - D. Di Placido
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - N. Sanarico
- Center for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - F. Farchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - R. Giuseppetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - U. Villano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - C. Marcantonio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - S. Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (S.M.)
| | - A. Ciaramella
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - P. Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - E. Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (S.M.)
- VisMederi Research Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C. Valdarchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - A. R. Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
| | - S. Vendetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.D.); (D.D.P.); (F.F.); (U.V.)
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Cevirgel A, Shetty SA, Vos M, Nanlohy NM, Beckers L, Bijvank E, Rots N, van Beek J, Buisman A, van Baarle D. Pre-vaccination immunotypes reveal weak and robust antibody responders to influenza vaccination. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14048. [PMID: 38146131 PMCID: PMC10861208 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccine-induced immune responses are particularly essential in older adults who face an increased risk of immunosenescence. However, the complexity and variability of the human immune system make predicting vaccine responsiveness challenging. To address this knowledge gap, our study aimed to characterize immune profiles that are predictive of vaccine responsiveness using "immunotypes" as an innovative approach. We analyzed an extensive set of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in the whole blood of 307 individuals (aged 25-92) pre- and post-influenza vaccination which we associated with day 28 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers. Building on our previous work that stratified individuals into nine immunotypes based on immune cell subsets, we identified two pre-vaccination immunotypes associated with weak and one showing robust day 28 antibody response. Notably, the weak responders demonstrated HLA-DR+ T-cell signatures, while the robust responders displayed a high naïve-to-memory T-cell ratio and percentage of nonclassical monocytes. These specific signatures deepen our understanding of the relationship between the baseline of the immune system and its functional potential. This approach could enhance our ability to identify individuals at risk of immunosenescence. Our findings highlight the potential of pre-vaccination immunotypes as an innovative tool for informing personalized vaccination strategies and improving health outcomes, particularly for aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Cevirgel
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology research groupUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sudarshan A. Shetty
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology research groupUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Nening M. Nanlohy
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Elske Bijvank
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Nynke Rots
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Marie Buisman
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology research groupUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Distinct immunological and molecular signatures underpinning influenza vaccine responsiveness in the elderly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6894. [PMID: 36371426 PMCID: PMC9653450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza outbreaks, especially in high-risk groups such as the elderly, represent an important public health problem. Prevailing inadequate efficacy of seasonal vaccines is a crucial bottleneck. Understanding the immunological and molecular mechanisms underpinning differential influenza vaccine responsiveness is essential to improve vaccination strategies. Here we show comprehensive characterization of the immune response of randomly selected elderly participants (≥ 65 years), immunized with the adjuvanted influenza vaccine Fluad. In-depth analyses by serology, multi-parametric flow cytometry, multiplex and transcriptome analysis, coupled to bioinformatics and mathematical modelling, reveal distinguishing immunological and molecular features between responders and non-responders defined by vaccine-induced seroconversion. Non-responders are specifically characterized by multiple suppressive immune mechanisms. The generated comprehensive high dimensional dataset enables the identification of putative mechanisms and nodes responsible for vaccine non-responsiveness independently of confounding age-related effects, with the potential to facilitate development of tailored vaccination strategies for the elderly.
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Abstract
Together with inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV), live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) are an important tool to prevent influenza A virus (IAV) illnesses in patients. LAIVs present the advantages to have a needle-free administration and to trigger a mucosal immune response. LAIV is approved for healthy 2- to 49-year old individuals. However, due to its replicative nature and higher rate of adverse events at-risk populations are excluded from the benefits of this vaccine. Using targeted mutagenesis, we modified the nonstructural protein 1 of the currently licensed LAIV in order to impair its ability to bind the host cellular protein CPSF30 and thus its ability to inhibit host mRNA poly-adenylation. We characterized our optimized LAIV (optiLAIV) in three different mouse models mimicking healthy and high-risk patients. Using a neonatal mouse model, we show faster clearance of our optimized vaccine compared to the licensed LAIV. Despite lower replication, optiLAIV equally protected mice against homosubtypic and hetesubtypic influenza strain challenges. We confirmed the safer profile of optiLAIV in Stat1-/- mice (highly susceptible to viral infections) by showing no signs of morbidity compared to a 50% mortality rate observed following LAIV inoculation. Using a human nasal 3D tissue model, we showed an increased induction of ER stress-related genes following immunization with optiLAIV. Induction of ER stress was previously shown to improve antigen-specific immune responses and is proposed as the mechanism of action of the licensed adjuvant AS03. This study characterizes a safer LAIV candidate in two mouse models mimicking infants and severely immunocompromised patients and proposes a simple attenuation strategy that could broaden LAIV application and reduce influenza burden in high-risk populations. IMPORTANCE Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a needle-free, mucosal vaccine approved for healthy 2- to 49-year old individuals. Its replicative nature and higher rate of adverse events excludes at-risk populations. We propose a strategy to improve LAIV safety and explore the possibility to expand its applications in children under 2-year old and immunocompromised patients. Using a neonatal mouse model, we show faster clearance of our optimized vaccine (optiLAIV) compared to the licensed LAIV. Despite lower replication, optiLAIV equally protected mice against influenza virus challenges. We confirmed the safer profile of optiLAIV in Stat1-/- mice (highly susceptible to viral infections) by showing no signs of morbidity compared to a 50% mortality rate from LAIV. OptiLAIV could expand the applications of the current LAIV and help mitigate the burden of IAV in susceptible populations.
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