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Zhi L, Liao C, Xu P, Sun F, Fan F, Li G, Yuan Z, Li X. New Alkalescent Electrolyte Chemistry for Zinc-Ferricyanide Flow Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403607. [PMID: 38659136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alkaline zinc-ferricyanide flow batteries are efficiency and economical as energy storage solutions. However, they suffer from low energy density and short calendar life. The strongly alkaline conditions (3 mol L-1 OH-) reduce the solubility of ferri/ferro-cyanide (normally only 0.4 mol L-1 at 25 °C) and induce the formation of zinc dendrites at the anode. Here, we report a new zinc-ferricyanide flow battery based on a mild alkalescent (pH 12) electrolyte. Using a chelating agent to rearrange ferri/ferro-cyanide ion-solvent interactions and improve salt dissociation, we increased the solubility of ferri/ferro-cyanide to 1.7 mol L-1 and prevented zinc dendrites. Our battery has an energy density of ~74 Wh L-1 catholyte at 60 °C and remains stable for 1800 cycles (1800 hours) at 0 °C and for >1400 cycles (2300 hours) at 25 °C. An alkalescent zinc-ferricyanide cell stack built using this alkalescent electrolyte stably delivers 608 W of power for ~40 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhi
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyi Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Fusai Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Zhizhang Yuan
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023, Dalian, China
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Pancoast AR, McCormack SL, Galinat S, Walser-Kuntz R, Jett BM, Sanford MS, Sigman MS. Data science enabled discovery of a highly soluble 2,2'-bipyrimidine anolyte for application in a flow battery. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13734-13742. [PMID: 38075655 PMCID: PMC10699568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of non-aqueous redox flow batteries as a viable energy storage solution relies upon the identification of soluble charge carriers capable of storing large amounts of energy over extended time periods. A combination of metrics including number of electrons stored per molecule, redox potential, stability, and solubility of the charge carrier impact performance. In this context, we recently reported a 2,2'-bipyrimidine charge carrier that stores two electrons per molecule with reduction near -2.0 V vs. Fc/Fc+ and high stability. However, these first-generation derivatives showed a modest solubility of 0.17 M (0.34 M e-). Seeking to improve solubility without sacrificing stability, we harnessed the synthetic modularity of this scaffold to design a library of sixteen candidates. Using computed molecular descriptors and a single node decision tree, we found that minimization of the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) can be used to predict derivatives with enhanced solubility. This parameter was used in combination with a heatmap describing stability to de-risk a virtual screen that ultimately identified a 2,2'-bipyrimidine with significantly increased solubility and good stability metrics in the reduced states. This molecule was paired with a cyclopropenium catholyte in a prototype all-organic redox flow battery, achieving a cell potential up to 3 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Sara L McCormack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Shelby Galinat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Brianna M Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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Yan S, Huang S, Xu H, Li L, Zou H, Ding M, Jia C, Wang Q. Redox Targeting-based Neutral Aqueous Flow Battery with High Energy Density and Low Cost. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300710. [PMID: 37475569 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutral aqueous flow batteries with common traits of the redox flow batteries, such as the independence of energy and power, scalability and operational flexibility, and additional merits of outstanding safety and low corrosivity show great promise for storing massive electrical energy from solar and wind energy. Particularly, the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6 ]3-/4- ) couple has been intensively employed as redox mediator to store energy in the catholyte ascribed to its abundance, low corrosivity, remarkable redox reversibility and stability. However, the low energy density arising from poor solubility of [Fe(CN)6 ]3-/4- restricts their commercial applications for energy storage systems. In this study, the practical energy density of a [Fe(CN)6 ]3-/4- -based catholyte is significantly boosted from 10.5 to 92.8 Wh L-1 by combining the counter-ion effect and the single-molecule redox-targeting (SMRT) reactions between [Fe(CN)6 ]3-/4- and Prussian blue (Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 , PB)/Prussian white (PW). Paired with concentrated K2 S anolyte, we demonstrate a neutral aqueous SMRT-based PB-Fe/S flow battery with ultra-long lifespan over 7000 cycles (4500 h) and ultra-low chemical cost of electrolytes in the cell as 19.26 $ kWh-1 . Remarkably, under the influences of SMRT reactions in the presence of PB granules in the catholyte, the capacity after 7000 cycles of the PB-Fe/S flow battery is 181.8 % of the initial capacity without PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yan
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
| | - Songpeng Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - He Xu
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
| | - Liangyu Li
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Zou
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
| | - Mei Ding
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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Ding M, Fu H, Lou X, He M, Chen B, Han Z, Chu S, Lu B, Zhou G, Jia C. A Stable and Energy-Dense Polysulfide/Permanganate Flow Battery. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16252-16263. [PMID: 37523251 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) as promising technologies for energy storage have attracted burgeoning efforts and have achieved many advances in the past decades. However, for practical applications, the exploration of high-performance RFB systems is still of significance. In this work, inspired by the high solubility and low cost of both polysulfides and permanganates, the S/Mn RFBs with S42-/S22- and MnO4-/MnO42- as negative and positive redox pairs are demonstrated. Moreover, to solve the poor cycling performance caused by the sluggish kinetics of polysulfide-involved redox reactions and instability of the carbon felt (CF) electrode in the strong oxidative and corrosive catholyte, both the anode and cathode are designed to obtain high performance. Herein, the NiSx/Ni foam exhibiting electrocatalysis activity toward polysulfide ions is prepared and works as the anode while the graphene-modified carbon felt (G/CF) with high stability is fabricated and utilized as the cathode. Additionally, NaMnO4 with a high solubility limit (3.92 M) in the alkaline supporting electrolyte is preferred to KMnO4 as the redox-active molecule in the catholyte. The resulting S/Mn RFB cells show outstanding cell performance, such as high energy density (67.8 Wh L-1), long cycling lifetime with a temporal capacity fade of 0.025% h-1, and low chemical cost of electrolytes (17.31 $ kWh-1). Moreover, a three-cell stack shows good cycling stability over 100 cycles (226.8 h) with high performance, verifying the good scalability of the proposed S/Mn RFB system. Therefore, the present strategy provides a reliable candidate for stable, energy-dense, and cost-effective devices for future energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Hu Fu
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Xuechun Lou
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Murong He
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Han
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shengqi Chu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- Institute of Energy Storage Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
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Yu D, Zhi L, Zhang F, Song Y, Wang Q, Yuan Z, Li X. Scalable Alkaline Zinc-Iron/Nickel Hybrid Flow Battery with Energy Density up to 200 Wh L -1. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209390. [PMID: 36444512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Achieving net-zero emissions requires low-cost and reliable energy storage devices that are essential to deploy renewables. Alkaline zinc-based flow batteries such as alkaline zinc-iron (or nickel) flow batteries are well suited for energy storage because of their high safety, high efficiency, and low cost. Nevertheless, their energy density is limited by the low solubility of ferro/ferricyanide and the limited areal capacity of sintered nickel electrodes. Here, combining the electrochemical reaction with the chemical reaction of ferro/ferricyanide couple in a homemade nickel electrode, an alkaline zinc-iron/nickel hybrid flow battery with a high energy density of 208.9 Wh L-1 and an energy efficiency of 84.7% at a high current density of 80 mA cm-2 is reported. The reversible chemical reactions between dual couples are proven to stabilize the nickel electrode by promoting the activation of the nickel electrode and further preventing the formation of γ-NiOOH. A kW-scale stack is demonstrated by the integration of ferro/ferricyanide couple with nickel electrode, delivering a coulombic efficiency of 98% and an energy efficiency of 89% at 40 mA cm-2 . This work demonstrates a promising pathway for constructing and upscaling flow batteries with high energy density and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Yu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhi
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - FeiFei Zhang
- National University of Singapore, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Yang Song
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- National University of Singapore, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Zhizhang Yuan
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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Wan CTC, Ismail A, Quinn AH, Chiang YM, Brushett FR. Synthesis and Characterization of Dense Carbon Films as Model Surfaces to Estimate Electron Transfer Kinetics on Redox Flow Battery Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1198-1214. [PMID: 36607828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising electrochemical technology for the efficient and reliable delivery of electricity, providing opportunities to integrate intermittent renewable resources and to support unreliable and/or aging grid infrastructure. Within the RFB, porous carbonaceous electrodes facilitate the electrochemical reactions, distribute the flowing electrolyte, and conduct electrons. Understanding electrode reaction kinetics is crucial for improving RFB performance and lowering costs. However, assessing reaction kinetics on porous electrodes is challenging as their complex structure frustrates canonical electroanalytical techniques used to quantify performance descriptors. Here, we outline a strategy to estimate electron transfer kinetics on planar electrode materials of similar surface chemistry to those used in RFBs. First, we describe a bottom-up synthetic process to produce flat, dense carbon films to enable the evaluation of electron transfer kinetics using traditional electrochemical approaches. Next, we characterize the physicochemical properties of the films using a suite of spectroscopic methods, confirming that their surface characteristics align with those of widely used porous electrodes. Last, we study the electrochemical performance of the films in a custom-designed cell architecture, extracting intrinsic heterogeneous kinetic rate constants for two iron-based redox couples in aqueous electrolytes using standard electrochemical methods (i.e., cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance, and spectroscopy). We anticipate that the synthetic methods and experimental protocols described here are applicable to a range of electrocatalysts and redox couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Tai-Chieh Wan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Akram Ismail
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York14627, United States
| | - Alexander H Quinn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Yet-Ming Chiang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Fikile R Brushett
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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Konev DV, Goncharova OA, Tolmachev YV, Vorotyntsev MA. The Role of Chlorine Dioxide in the Electroreduction of Chlorates at Low pH. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Spectroelectrochemistry of next-generation redox flow battery electrolytes: A survey of active species from four representative classes. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Techno-economic analyses of several redox flow batteries using levelized cost of energy storage. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang C, Guo L, Deng C, Huang H, Cheng Y. Semi-solid reactive interfaces based on ZnO@C core-shell materials for zinc-iron flow batteries. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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