1
|
Peigneur S, Tibery D, Tytgat J. The Helix Ring Peptide U 11 from the Venom of the Ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum, Acts as a Putative Pore-Forming Toxin. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:114. [PMID: 38786948 PMCID: PMC11123039 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
An insect neuroactive helix ring peptide called U11-MYRTX-Tb1a (abbreviated as U11) from the venom of the ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum. U11 is a 34-amino-acid peptide that is claimed to be one of the most paralytic peptides ever reported from ant venoms acting against blowflies and honeybees. The peptide features a compact triangular ring helix structure stabilized by a single disulfide bond, which is a unique three-dimensional scaffold among animal venoms. Pharmacological assays using Drosophila S2 cells have demonstrated that U11 is not cytotoxic but instead suggest that it may modulate potassium channels via the presence of a functional dyad. In our work described here, we have tested this hypothesis by investigating the action of synthetically made U11 on a wide array of voltage-gated K and Na channels since it is well known that these channels play a crucial role in the phenomenon of paralysis. Using the Xenopus laevis oocyte heterologous expression system and voltage clamp, our results have not shown any modulatory effect of 1 μM U11 on the activity of Kv1.1, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Shaker IR, Kv4.2, Kv7.1, Kv10.1, Kv11.1 and KQT1, nor on DmNav and BgNav. Instead, 10 μM U11 caused a quick and irreversible cytolytic effect, identical to the cytotoxic effect caused by Apis mellifera venom, which indicates that U11 can act as a pore-forming peptide. Interestingly, the paralytic dose (PD50) on blowflies and honeybees corresponds with the concentration at which U11 displays clear pore-forming activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that the insecticidal and paralytic effects caused by U11 may be explained by the putative pore formation of the peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.P.); (D.T.)
| | - Diogo Tibery
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.P.); (D.T.)
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.P.); (D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barassé V, Jouvensal L, Boy G, Billet A, Ascoët S, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Dejean A, Lacotte V, Rahioui I, Sivignon C, Gaget K, Ribeiro Lopes M, Calevro F, Da Silva P, Loth K, Paquet F, Treilhou M, Bonnafé E, Touchard A. Discovery of an Insect Neuroactive Helix Ring Peptide from Ant Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:600. [PMID: 37888631 PMCID: PMC10610885 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ants are among the most abundant terrestrial invertebrate predators on Earth. To overwhelm their prey, they employ several remarkable behavioral, physiological, and biochemical innovations, including an effective paralytic venom. Ant venoms are thus cocktails of toxins finely tuned to disrupt the physiological systems of insect prey. They have received little attention yet hold great promise for the discovery of novel insecticidal molecules. To identify insect-neurotoxins from ant venoms, we screened the paralytic activity on blowflies of nine synthetic peptides previously characterized in the venom of Tetramorium bicarinatum. We selected peptide U11, a 34-amino acid peptide, for further insecticidal, structural, and pharmacological experiments. Insecticidal assays revealed that U11 is one of the most paralytic peptides ever reported from ant venoms against blowflies and is also capable of paralyzing honeybees. An NMR spectroscopy of U11 uncovered a unique scaffold, featuring a compact triangular ring helix structure stabilized by a single disulfide bond. Pharmacological assays using Drosophila S2 cells demonstrated that U11 is not cytotoxic, but suggest that it may modulate potassium conductance, which structural data seem to corroborate and will be confirmed in a future extended pharmacological investigation. The results described in this paper demonstrate that ant venom is a promising reservoir for the discovery of neuroactive insecticidal peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Barassé
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Laurence Jouvensal
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Guillaume Boy
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Arnaud Billet
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Steven Ascoët
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Inserm, Univ Rouen Normandie, NorDiC Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm, Univ Rouen Normandie, NorDiC Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alain Dejean
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31062 Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97379 Kourou, France
| | - Virginie Lacotte
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Catherine Sivignon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen Gaget
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mélanie Ribeiro Lopes
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro Da Silva
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karine Loth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Françoise Paquet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Axel Touchard
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robinson SD, Deuis JR, Touchard A, Keramidas A, Mueller A, Schroeder CI, Barassé V, Walker AA, Brinkwirth N, Jami S, Bonnafé E, Treilhou M, Undheim EAB, Schmidt JO, King GF, Vetter I. Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2977. [PMID: 37221205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stings of certain ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) can cause intense, long-lasting nociception. Here we show that the major contributors to these symptoms are venom peptides that modulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, reducing their voltage threshold for activation and inhibiting channel inactivation. These peptide toxins are likely vertebrate-selective, consistent with a primarily defensive function. They emerged early in the Formicidae lineage and may have been a pivotal factor in the expansion of ants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique; BP 316, 97379, Kourou, Cedex, France
- Equipe BTSB-EA 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion; Place de Verdun, 81012, Albi, France
| | - Angelo Keramidas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Valentine Barassé
- Equipe BTSB-EA 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion; Place de Verdun, 81012, Albi, France
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Sina Jami
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- Equipe BTSB-EA 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion; Place de Verdun, 81012, Albi, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- Equipe BTSB-EA 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion; Place de Verdun, 81012, Albi, France
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Justin O Schmidt
- Southwestern Biological Institute, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ascoët S, Touchard A, Téné N, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Paquet F, Jouvensal L, Barassé V, Treilhou M, Billet A, Bonnafé E. The mechanism underlying toxicity of a venom peptide against insects reveals how ants are master at disrupting membranes. iScience 2023; 26:106157. [PMID: 36879819 PMCID: PMC9985030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hymenopterans represent one of the most abundant groups of venomous organisms but remain little explored due to the difficult access to their venom. The development of proteo-transcriptomic allowed us to explore diversity of their toxins offering interesting perspectives to identify new biological active peptides. This study focuses on U9 function, a linear, amphiphilic and polycationic peptide isolated from ant Tetramorium bicarinatum venom. It shares physicochemical properties with M-Tb1a, exhibiting cytotoxic effects through membrane permeabilization. In the present study, we conducted a comparative functional investigation of U9 and M-Tb1a and explored the mechanisms underlying their cytotoxicity against insect cells. After showing that both peptides induced the formation of pores in cell membrane, we demonstrated that U9 induced mitochondrial damage and, at high concentrations, localized into cells and induced caspase activation. This functional investigation highlighted an original mechanism of U9 questioning on potential valorization and endogen activity in T. bicarinatum venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ascoët
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Campus Agronomique, BP316 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Nathan Téné
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Inserm U1239, NorDiC, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Inserm US51, HeRacLeS, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm U1239, NorDiC, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Inserm US51, HeRacLeS, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Françoise Paquet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS-80054, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Laurence Jouvensal
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS-80054, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Valentine Barassé
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Arnaud Billet
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang B, Xiao Q, Li X, Wang J, Zhu J. Proteinaceous Venom Expression of the Yellow Meadow Ant, Lasius flavus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020106. [PMID: 36828420 PMCID: PMC9961005 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ants are one of the important groups of venomous animals with about 14,000 described species. Studies so far focused on the discovery of venom proteins are only available for limited stinging ants, and the proteinaceous compositions of the stingless ants are completely unknown. Here, we used the transcriptomic approach to identify venom components from the yellow meadow ant, Lasius flavus, a stingless ant. The transcriptomic analysis yielded an extraordinary simplicity of the venom expression profile, with 17 venom proteins, such as phospholipase B, odorant binding protein, and apolipoprotein D. Ten of them were discovered as novel toxins for future functional investigations. Quantitative real time PCR analysis revealed that genes encoding the identified venom proteins display exclusively or highly expression profiles in venom glands, validating them as venom compositions. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the evolutional diversity of toxins between stinging and stingless ants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Qiaoli Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms. Pain 2022; 163:S46-S56. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
A peptide toxin in ant venom mimics vertebrate EGF-like hormones to cause long-lasting hypersensitivity in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112630119. [PMID: 35131940 PMCID: PMC8851504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112630119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of mammalian ErbB receptor signaling by a venom toxin to cause hypersensitivity is a mode of action that has not previously been described. Natural selection of a defensive toxin to target ErbB signaling provides compelling independent evidence for a fundamental role of this receptor and its ligands in mammalian pain. The evolution of a toxin in ant venom to mimic a vertebrate nociceptive hormone serves as an example of both convergent evolution and molecular mimicry, illustrating how natural selection can shape the gene product of one organism to resemble that of another. Venoms are excellent model systems for studying evolutionary processes associated with predator–prey interactions. Here, we present the discovery of a peptide toxin, MIITX2-Mg1a, which is a major component of the venom of the Australian giant red bull ant Myrmecia gulosa and has evolved to mimic, both structurally and functionally, vertebrate epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide hormones. We show that Mg1a is a potent agonist of the mammalian EGF receptor ErbB1, and that intraplantar injection in mice causes long-lasting hypersensitivity of the injected paw. These data reveal a previously undescribed venom mode of action, highlight a role for ErbB receptors in mammalian pain signaling, and provide an example of molecular mimicry driven by defensive selection pressure.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi WW, Shi C, Wang TY, Li YL, Zhou YK, Zhang XH, Bierer D, Zheng JS, Liu L. Total Chemical Synthesis of Correctly Folded Disulfide-Rich Proteins Using a Removable O-Linked β- N-Acetylglucosamine Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:349-357. [PMID: 34978456 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich proteins are useful as drugs or tool molecules in biomedical studies, but their synthesis is complicated by the difficulties associated with their folding. Here, we describe a removable glycosylation modification (RGM) strategy that expedites the chemical synthesis of correctly folded proteins with multiple or even interchain disulfide bonds. Our strategy comprises the introduction of simple O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) groups at the Ser/Thr sites that effectively improve the folding of disulfide-rich proteins by stabilization of their folding intermediates. After folding, the O-GlcNAc groups can be efficiently removed using O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to afford the correctly folded proteins. Using this strategy, we completed the synthesis of correctly folded hepcidin, an iron-regulating hormone bearing four pairs of disulfide-bonds, and the first total synthesis of correctly folded interleukin-5 (IL-5), a 26 kDa homodimer cytokine responsible for eosinophil growth and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Shi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics (Shenzhen), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Tong-Yue Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics (Shenzhen), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Lei Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics (Shenzhen), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | - Donald Bierer
- Bayer AG, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics (Shenzhen), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|