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Yang H, Yu H, Stolarzewicz IA, Tang W. Enantioselective Transformations in the Synthesis of Therapeutic Agents. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9397-9446. [PMID: 37417731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of approved chiral drugs and drug candidates under medical studies has surged dramatically over the past two decades. As a consequence, the efficient synthesis of enantiopure pharmaceuticals or their synthetic intermediates poses a profound challenge to medicinal and process chemists. The significant advancement in asymmetric catalysis has provided an effective and reliable solution to this challenge. The successful application of transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis, and biocatalysis to the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries has promoted drug discovery by efficient and precise preparation of enantio-enriched therapeutic agents, and facilitated the industrial production of active pharmaceutical ingredient in an economic and environmentally friendly fashion. The present review summarizes the most recent applications (2008-2022) of asymmetric catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry ranging from process scales to pilot and industrial levels. It also showcases the latest achievements and trends in the asymmetric synthesis of therapeutic agents with state of the art technologies of asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Izabela A Stolarzewicz
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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Zondag SDA, Mazzarella D, Noël T. Scale-Up of Photochemical Reactions: Transitioning from Lab Scale to Industrial Production. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:283-300. [PMID: 36913716 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-074313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, we have witnessed a rapid emergence of new and powerful photochemical and photocatalytic synthetic methods. Although these methods have been used mostly on a small scale, there is a growing need for efficient scale-up of photochemistry in the chemical industry. This review summarizes and contextualizes the advancements made in the past decade regarding the scale-up of photo-mediated synthetic transformations. Simple scale-up concepts and important fundamental photochemical laws have been provided along with a discussion concerning suitable reactor designs that should facilitate scale-up of this challenging class of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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3
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Maspero A, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. From Batch to the Semi-Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of pNB, pNZ-Protected Meropenem. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051322. [PMID: 37242564 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meropenem is currently the most common carbapenem in clinical applications. Industrially, the final synthetic step is characterized by a heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation in batch mode with hydrogen and Pd/C. The required high-quality standard is very difficult to meet and specific conditions are required to remove both protecting groups [i.e., p-nitrobenzyl (pNB) and p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ)] simultaneously. The three-phase gas-liquid-solid system makes this step difficult and unsafe. The introduction of new technologies for small-molecule synthesis in recent years has opened up new landscapes in process chemistry. In this context, we have investigated meropenem hydrogenolysis using microwave (MW)-assisted flow chemistry for use as a new technology with industrial prospects. The reaction parameters (catalyst amount, T, P, residence time, flow rate) in the move from the batch process to semi-continuous flow were investigated under mild conditions to determine their influence on the reaction rate. The optimization of the residence time (840 s) and the number of cycles (4) allowed us to develop a novel protocol that halves the reaction time compared to batch production (14 min vs. 30 min) while maintaining the same product quality. The increase in productivity using this semi-continuous flow technique compensates for the slightly lower yield (70% vs. 74%) obtained in batch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Maspero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Usutani H, Yamamoto K, Hashimoto K. Process Intensification of a Napabucasin Manufacturing Method Utilizing Microflow Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10373-10382. [PMID: 36969467 PMCID: PMC10034843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microflow chemistry is one of the newest and most efficient technologies used today for the safe and effective production of medicines. In this paper, we show the use of this technology in the development of a manufacturing method for napabucasin, which has potential in the treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. In conventional "batch-type" reactor systems, the generation of side products can be controlled with traditional techniques such as reagent reverse-addition and temperature control. However, there is a limitation to which the yield and purity can be improved by these methods, as both are constrained by the efficiency of heat/mass transfer. Applying microflow chemistry technology alters the parameters of the constraint through the use of precise mixing in a microchannel, which offers increased possibility for improving yields and process intensification of the napabucasin process. Reported herein is a proof-of-concept study for the scale-up production of napabucasin using microflow chemistry techniques for manufacturing at the kilogram scale.
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5
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Flow photochemistry — from microreactors to large-scale processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2023.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. Towards Antibiotic Synthesis in Continuous-Flow Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031421. [PMID: 36771086 PMCID: PMC9919330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry has become a mainstream process and a notable trend among emerging technologies for drug synthesis. It is routinely used in academic and industrial laboratories to generate a wide variety of molecules and building blocks. The advantages it provides, in terms of safety, speed, cost efficiency and small-equipment footprint compared to analog batch processes, have been known for some time. What has become even more important in recent years is its compliance with the quality objectives that are required by drug-development protocols that integrate inline analysis and purification tools. There can be no doubt that worldwide government agencies have strongly encouraged the study and implementation of this innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly technology. In this brief review, we list and evaluate the development and applications of continuous-flow processes for antibiotic synthesis. This work spans the period of 2012-2022 and highlights the main cases in which either active ingredients or their intermediates were produced under continuous flow. We hope that this manuscript will provide an overview of the field and a starting point for a deeper understanding of the impact of flow chemistry on the broad panorama of antibiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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Scott D, Briggs NEB, Formosa A, Burnett A, Desai B, Hammersmith G, Rapp K, Capellades G, Myerson AS, Roper TD. Impurity Purging through Systematic Process Development of a Continuous Two-Stage Crystallization. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Scott
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Naomi E. B. Briggs
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Anna Formosa
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Annessa Burnett
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Bimbisar Desai
- TCG GreenChem, Inc., 701 Charles Ewing Boulevard, Ewing, New Jersey08628, United States
| | - Greg Hammersmith
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Kersten Rapp
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Gerard Capellades
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Thomas D. Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
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Grillo G, Cintas P, Colia M, Calcio Gaudino E, Cravotto G. Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.966451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial organic synthesis is time and energy consuming, and generates substantial waste. Traditional conductive heating and mixing in batch reactors is no longer competitive with continuous-flow synthetic methods and enabling technologies that can strongly promote reaction kinetics. These advances lead to faster and simplified downstream processes with easier workup, purification and process scale-up. In the current Industry 4.0 revolution, new advances that are based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence will be able to optimize and invigorate synthetic processes by connecting cascade reactors with continuous in-line monitoring and even predict solutions in case of unforeseen events. Alternative energy sources, such as dielectric and ohmic heating, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, reactive extruders and plasma have revolutionized standard procedures. So-called hybrid or hyphenated techniques, where the combination of two different energy sources often generates synergistic effects, are also worthy of mention. Herein, we report our consolidated experience of all of these alternative techniques.
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Jorge JM, Silva MVDM, Brêda GC, de Souza CP, Leão RAC, Almeida RV, Bornscheuer UT, de Souza ROMA. a‐Ketobutyrate Production under Continuous‐Flow conditions Catalyzed by Immobilized L‐Methionine γ‐Lyase. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Jorge
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Organic Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Marcus V. de M. Silva
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Organic Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Gabriela C. Brêda
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Organic chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Camila P. de Souza
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Organic Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Rodrigo V. Almeida
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Biochemistry BRAZIL
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Chaudhari MB, Gupta P, Llanes P, Zhou L, Zanda N, Pericàs MA. An enantio- and diastereoselective approach to indoloquinolizidines in continuous flow. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8273-8279. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free enantioselective Michael addition mediated by a polymer-supported Jørgensen–Hayashi catalyst and a domino Pictet–Spengler plus lactamisation sequence has been reported in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreshwar B. Chaudhari
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Leijie Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nicola Zanda
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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