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Chung RS, Martin Del Campo Vera R, Sundaram S, Cavaleri J, Gilbert ZD, Leonor A, Shao X, Zhang S, Kammen A, Mason X, Heck C, Liu CY, Kellis SS, Lee B. Beta-band power modulation in the human amygdala differentiates between go/no-go responses in an arm-reaching task. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:046019. [PMID: 38959877 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad5ebe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Traditionally known for its involvement in emotional processing, the amygdala's involvement in motor control remains relatively unexplored, with sparse investigations into the neural mechanisms governing amygdaloid motor movement and inhibition. This study aimed to characterize the amygdaloid beta-band (13-30 Hz) power between 'Go' and 'No-go' trials of an arm-reaching task.Approach. Ten participants with drug-resistant epilepsy implanted with stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) electrodes in the amygdala were enrolled in this study. SEEG data was recorded throughout discrete phases of a direct reach Go/No-go task, during which participants reached a touchscreen monitor or withheld movement based on a colored cue. Multitaper power analysis along with Wilcoxon signed-rank and Yates-correctedZtests were used to assess significant modulations of beta power between the Response and fixation (baseline) phases in the 'Go' and 'No-go' conditions.Main results. In the 'Go' condition, nine out of the ten participants showed a significant decrease in relative beta-band power during the Response phase (p⩽ 0.0499). In the 'No-go' condition, eight out of the ten participants presented a statistically significant increase in relative beta-band power during the response phase (p⩽ 0.0494). Four out of the eight participants with electrodes in the contralateral hemisphere and seven out of the eight participants with electrodes in the ipsilateral hemisphere presented significant modulation in beta-band power in both the 'Go' and 'No-go' conditions. At the group level, no significant differences were found between the contralateral and ipsilateral sides or between genders.Significance.This study reports beta-band power modulation in the human amygdala during voluntary movement in the setting of motor execution and inhibition. This finding supplements prior research in various brain regions associating beta-band power with motor control. The distinct beta-power modulation observed between these response conditions suggests involvement of amygdaloid oscillations in differentiating between motor inhibition and execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Chung
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Roberto Martin Del Campo Vera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Shivani Sundaram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathon Cavaleri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Zachary D Gilbert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrea Leonor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Xiecheng Shao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Selena Zhang
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Kammen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Xenos Mason
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Christi Heck
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Spencer S Kellis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Wang Y, Wu D, Sun K, Zhu Y, Chen X, Xiao W. The Effect of Rhythmic Audio-Visual Stimulation on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:506. [PMID: 38790484 PMCID: PMC11119230 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control, as an essential cognitive ability, affects the development of higher cognitive functions. Rhythmic perceptual stimulation has been used to improve cognitive abilities. It is unclear, however, whether it can be used to improve inhibitory control. This study used the Go/NoGo task and the Stroop task to assess various levels of inhibitory control using rhythmic audio-visual stimuli as the stimulus mode. Sixty subjects were randomly divided into three groups to receive 6 Hz, 10 Hz, and white noise stimulation for 30 min. Two tasks were completed by each subject both before and after the stimulus. Before and after the task, closed-eye resting EEG data were collected. The results showed no differences in behavioral and EEG measures of the Go/NoGo task among the three groups. While both 6 Hz and 10 Hz audio-visual stimulation reduced the conflict effect in the Stroop task, only 6 Hz audio-visual stimulation improved the amplitude of the N2 component and decreased the conflict score. Although rhythmic audio-visual stimulation did not enhance response inhibition, it improved conflict inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.W.); (D.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
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Fang Z, Sack AT, Leunissen I. The phase of tACS-entrained pre-SMA beta oscillations modulates motor inhibition. Neuroimage 2024; 290:120572. [PMID: 38490584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control has been linked to beta oscillations in the fronto-basal ganglia network. Here we aim to investigate the functional role of the phase of this oscillatory beta rhythm for successful motor inhibition. We applied 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) while presenting stop signals at 4 (Experiment 1) and 8 (Experiment 2) equidistant phases of the tACS entrained beta oscillations. Participants showed better inhibitory performance when stop signals were presented at the trough of the beta oscillation whereas their inhibitory control performance decreased with stop signals being presented at the oscillatory beta peak. These results are consistent with the communication through coherence theory, in which postsynaptic effects are thought to be greater when an input arrives at an optimal phase within the oscillatory cycle of the target neuronal population. The current study provides mechanistic insights into the neural communication principles underlying successful motor inhibition and may have implications for phase-specific interventions aimed at treating inhibitory control disorders such as PD or OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Fang
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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4
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Lu H, Zhang Y, Qiu H, Zhang Z, Tan X, Huang P, Zhang M, Miao D, Zhu X. A new perspective for evaluating the efficacy of tACS and tDCS in improving executive functions: A combined tES and fNIRS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26559. [PMID: 38083976 PMCID: PMC10789209 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function enhancement is considered necessary for improving the quality of life of patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has been shown to have some beneficial effects on executive functioning, but the quantification of these improvements remains controversial. We aimed to explore the potential beneficial effects on executive functioning induced by the use of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)/transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the accompanying brain function variations in the resting state. METHODS We recruited 229 healthy adults to participate in Experiments 1 (105 participants) and 2 (124 participants). The participants in each experiment were randomly divided into tACS, tDCS, and sham groups. The participants completed cognitive tasks to assess behavior related to three core components of executive functions. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to monitor the hemodynamic changes in crucial cortical regions in the resting state. RESULTS Inhibition and cognitive flexibility (excluding working memory) were significantly increased after tACS/tDCS, but there were no significant behavioral differences between the tACS and tDCS groups. fNIRS revealed that tDCS induced decreases in the functional connectivity (increased neural efficiency) of the relevant cortices. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of executive function was observed after tES, and the beneficial effects of tACS/tDCS may need to be precisely evaluated via brain imaging indicators at rest. tDCS revealed better neural benefits than tACS during the stimulation phase. These findings might provide new insights for selecting intervention methods in future studies and for evaluating the clinical efficacy of tES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Lu
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huake Qiu
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xuanyi Tan
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, College of EducationShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Danmin Miao
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Military Medical PsychologyAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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5
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Tatti E, Cacciola A, Carrara F, Luciani A, Quartarone A, Ghilardi MF. Movement-related ERS and connectivity in the gamma frequency decrease with practice. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120444. [PMID: 37926216 PMCID: PMC10758293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work showed that movements are accompanied by modulation of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in both beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (>30 Hz) ranges. The amplitude of beta event-related synchronization (ERS) is not linked to movement characteristics, but progressively increases with motor practice, returning to baseline after a period of rest. Conversely, movement-related gamma ERS amplitude is proportional to movement distance and velocity. Here, high-density EEG was recorded in 51 healthy subjects to investigate whether i) three-hour practice in two learning tasks, one with a motor component and one without, affects gamma ERS amplitude and connectivity during a motor reaching test, and ii) 90-minutes of either sleep or quiet rest have an effect on gamma oscillatory activity. We found that, while gamma ERS was appropriately scaled to the target extent at all testing points, its amplitude decreased after practice, independently of the type of interposed learning, and after both quiet wake and nap, with partial correlations with subjective fatigue scores. During movement execution, connectivity patterns within fronto-parieto-occipital electrodes, over areas associated with attentional networks, decreased after both practice and after 90-minute rest. While confirming the prokinetic nature of movement-related gamma ERS, these findings demonstrated the preservation of gamma ERS scaling to movement velocity with practice, despite constant amplitude reduction. We thus speculate that such decreases, differently from the practice-related increases of beta ERS, are related to reduced attention or working memory mechanisms due to fatigue or a switch of strategy toward automatization of movement execution and do not specifically reflect plasticity phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tatti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, CUNY, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, United States.
| | - Alberto Cacciola
- Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Center for Complex Network Intelligence (CCNI), Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Federico Carrara
- Department of Mathematics, Polytechnic University of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Luciani
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, CUNY, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, United States; Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS-Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113, Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - M Felice Ghilardi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, CUNY, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, United States.
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Fujiyama H, Williams A, Tan J, Levin O, Hinder MR. Comparison of online and offline applications of dual-site transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) for improving response inhibition. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108737. [PMID: 37995902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is thought to be brain state-dependent, such that tACS during task performance would be hypothesised to offer greater potential for improving performance compared to tACS at rest. However, to date, no empirical study has tested this postulation. The current study compared the effects of dual-site beta tACS applied during a stop signal task (online) to the effects of the same tACS protocol applied prior to the task (offline) and a sham control stimulation in 53 young, healthy adults (32 female; 18-35 yrs). The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and centre (midline) of the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), which are thought to play critical roles in action cancellation, were simultaneously stimulated, sending phase-synchronised stimulation for 15 min with the aim of increasing functional connectivity. The offline group showed significant within-group improvement in response inhibition without showing overt task-related changes in functional connectivity measured with EEG connectivity analysis, suggesting offline tACS is efficacious in inducing behavioural changes potentially via a post-stimulation early plasticity mechanism. In contrast, neither the online nor sham group showed significant improvements in response inhibition. However, EEG connectivity analysis revealed significantly increased task-related functional connectivity following online stimulation and a medium effect size observed in correlation analyses suggested that an increase in functional connectivity in the beta band at rest was potentially associated with an improvement in response inhibition. Overall, the results indicate that both online and offline dual-site beta tACS can be beneficial in improving inhibitory control via distinct underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakuei Fujiyama
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Jane Tan
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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Meng Q, Zhu Y, Yuan Y, Ni R, Yang L, Liu J, Bu J. Dual-site beta tACS over rIFG and M1 enhances response inhibition: A parallel multiple control and replication study. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100411. [PMID: 37731603 PMCID: PMC10507441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is a core component of cognitive control. Past electrophysiology and neuroimaging studies have identified beta oscillations and inhibitory control cortical regions correlated with response inhibition, including the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and primary motor cortex (M1). Hence, increasing beta activity in multiple brain regions is a potential way to enhance response inhibition. Here, a novel dual-site transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) method was used to modulate beta activity over the rIFG-M1 network in a sample of 115 (excluding 2 participants) with multiple control groups and a replicated experimental design. In Experiment 1, 70 healthy participants were randomly assigned to three dual-site beta-tACS groups, including in-phase, anti-phase or sham stimulation. During and after stimulation, participants were required to complete the stop-signal task, and electroencephalography (EEG) was collected before and after stimulation. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale was completed before the experiment to evaluate participants' impulsiveness. In addition, we conducted an active control experiment with a sample size of 20 to exclude the potential effects of the dual-site tACS "return" electrode. To validate the behavioural findings of Experiment 1, 25 healthy participants took part in Experiment 2 and were randomized into two groups, including in-phase and sham stimulation groups. We found that compared to the sham group, in-phase but not anti-phase beta-tACS significantly improved both response inhibition performance and beta synchronization of the inhibitory control network in Experiment 1. Furthermore, the increased beta synchronization was correlated with enhanced response inhibition. In an independent sample of Experiment 2, the enhanced response inhibition performance observed in the in-phase group was replicated. After combining the data from the above two experiments, the time dynamics analysis revealed that the in-phase beta-tACS effect occurred in the post-stimulation period but not the stimulation period. The state-dependence analysis showed that individuals with poorer baseline response inhibition or higher attentional impulsiveness had greater improvement in response inhibition for the in-phase group. These findings strongly support that response inhibition in healthy adults can be improved by in-phase dual-site beta-tACS of the rIFG-M1 network, and provide a new potential treatment targets of synchronized cortical network activity for patients with clinically deficient response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujian Meng
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Ni
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiafang Liu
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Bu
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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8
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Van Hoornweder S, Nuyts M, Frieske J, Verstraelen S, Meesen RLJ, Caulfield KA. A Systematic Review and Large-Scale tES and TMS Electric Field Modeling Study Reveals How Outcome Measure Selection Alters Results in a Person- and Montage-Specific Manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529540. [PMID: 36865243 PMCID: PMC9980068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Electric field (E-field) modeling is a potent tool to examine the cortical effects of transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation (TMS and tES, respectively) and to address the high variability in efficacy observed in the literature. However, outcome measures used to report E-field magnitude vary considerably and have not yet been compared in detail. Objectives The goal of this two-part study, encompassing a systematic review and modeling experiment, was to provide an overview of the different outcome measures used to report the magnitude of tES and TMS E-fields, and to conduct a direct comparison of these measures across different stimulation montages. Methods Three electronic databases were searched for tES and/or TMS studies reporting E-field magnitude. We extracted and discussed outcome measures in studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Additionally, outcome measures were compared via models of four common tES and two TMS modalities in 100 healthy younger adults. Results In the systematic review, we included 118 studies using 151 outcome measures related to E-field magnitude. Structural and spherical regions of interest (ROI) analyses and percentile-based whole-brain analyses were used most often. In the modeling analyses, we found that there was an average of only 6% overlap between ROI and percentile-based whole-brain analyses in the investigated volumes within the same person. The overlap between ROI and whole-brain percentiles was montage- and person-specific, with more focal montages such as 4Ã-1 and APPS-tES, and figure-of-eight TMS showing up to 73%, 60%, and 52% overlap between ROI and percentile approaches respectively. However, even in these cases, 27% or more of the analyzed volume still differed between outcome measures in every analyses. Conclusions The choice of outcome measures meaningfully alters the interpretation of tES and TMS E-field models. Well-considered outcome measure selection is imperative for accurate interpretation of results, valid between-study comparisons, and depends on stimulation focality and study goals. We formulated four recommendations to increase the quality and rigor of E-field modeling outcome measures. With these data and recommendations, we hope to guide future studies towards informed outcome measure selection, and improve the comparability of studies.
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9
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Stock AK, Wendiggensen P, Ghin F, Beste C. Alcohol-induced deficits in reactive control of response selection and inhibition are counteracted by a seemingly paradox increase in proactive control. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 36658291 PMCID: PMC9852446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose alcohol intoxication reduces cognitive control, including inhibition. Although inhibition deficits may contribute to the behavioral deficits commonly observed in alcohol use disorder (AUD), many questions about potentially modulating factors have remained unanswered. We examined the effects of experimentally induced high-dose alcohol intoxication (~ 1.1 ‰) on the interplay between controlled vs. automatic response selection and inhibition in healthy young men. A holistic EEG-based theta activity analysis that considered both reactive control during task performance and preceding proactive control processes was run. It revealed a previously unknown seesaw relationship, with decreased reactive control, but paradoxically increased proactive control. Most importantly, alcohol-induced increases in proactive occipital theta band power were associated with reductions in negative alcohol effects on reactive control processes associated with decreased activity in the SMA and medial frontal cortex. Our findings demonstrate that research should not solely focus on immediate effects during task performance. Aside from differential neurobiochemical and neuroanatomical effects of alcohol, it is also conceivable that proactive control may have been recruited in a (secondary) response to compensate for alcohol-induced impairments in reactive control. Against this background, it could be promising to investigate changes in such compensatory mechanisms in pronounced alcohol-associated inhibition deficits, like in AUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany. .,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Faculty of Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Paul Wendiggensen
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Filippo Ghin
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Van Hoornweder S, A Caulfield K, Nitsche M, Thielscher A, L J Meesen R. Addressing transcranial electrical stimulation variability through prospective individualized dosing of electric field strength in 300 participants across two samples: the 2-SPED approach. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:056045. [PMID: 36240729 PMCID: PMC9855635 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9a78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a promising method for modulating brain activity and excitability with variable results to date. To minimize electric (E-)field strength variability, we introduce the 2-sample prospective E-field dosing (2-SPED) approach, which uses E-field strengths induced by tES in a first population to individualize stimulation intensity in a second population.Approach. We performed E-field modeling of three common tES montages in 300 healthy younger adults. First, permutation analyses identified the sample size required to obtain a stable group average E-field in the primary motor cortex (M1), with stability being defined as the number of participants where all group-average E-field strengths ± standard deviation did not leave the population's 5-95 percentile range. Second, this stable group average was used to individualize tES intensity in a second independent population (n = 100). The impact of individualized versus fixed intensity tES on E-field strength variability was analyzed.Main results. In the first population, stable group average E-field strengths (V/m) in M1 were achieved at 74-85 participants, depending on the tES montage. Individualizing the stimulation intensity (mA) in the second population resulted in uniform M1 E-field strength (all p < 0.001) and significantly diminished peak cortical E-field strength variability (all p < 0.01), across all montages.Significance. 2-SPED is a feasible way to prospectively induce more uniform E-field strengths in a region of interest. Future studies might apply 2-SPED to investigate whether decreased E-field strength variability also results in decreased physiological and behavioral variability in response to tES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Van Hoornweder
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kevin A Caulfield
- Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Michael Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle de la Camp-Platz, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Section for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raf L J Meesen
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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