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O'Connell GC, Smothers CG, Wang J, Ruksakulpiwat S, Armentrout BL. Brain Expression Levels of Commonly Measured Blood Biomarkers of Neurological Damage Differ with Respect to Sex, Race, and Age. Neuroscience 2024; 551:79-93. [PMID: 38762083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that blood biomarkers have potential to improve the diagnosis and management of both acute and chronic neurological conditions. The most well-studied candidates, and arguably those with the broadest utility, are proteins that are highly enriched in neural tissues and released into circulation upon cellular damage. It is currently unknown how the brain expression levels of these proteins is influenced by demographic factors such as sex, race, and age. Given that source tissue abundance is likely a key determinant of the levels observed in the blood during neurological pathology, understanding such influences is important in terms of identifying potential clinical scenarios that could produce diagnostic bias. In this study, we leveraged existing mRNA sequencing data originating from 2,642 normal brain specimens harvested from 382 human donors to examine potential demographic variability in the expression levels of genes which code for 28 candidate blood biomarkers of neurological damage. Existing mass spectrometry data originating from 26 additional normal brain specimens harvested from 26 separate human donors was subsequently used to tentatively assess whether observed transcriptional variance was likely to produce corresponding variance in terms of protein abundance. Genes associated with several well-studied or emerging candidate biomarkers including neurofilament light chain (NfL), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCH-L1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) exhibited significant differences in expression with respect to sex, race, and age. In many instances, these differences in brain expression align well with and provide a mechanistic explanation for previously reported differences in blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C O'Connell
- Molecular Biomarker Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Molecular Biomarker Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Salvio AL, Fernandes RA, Ferreira HFA, Duarte LA, Gutman EG, Raposo-Vedovi JV, Filho CHFR, da Costa Nunes Pimentel Coelho WL, Passos GF, Andraus MEC, da Costa Gonçalves JP, Cavalcanti MG, Amaro MP, Kader R, de Andrade Medronho R, Figueiredo CP, Amado-Leon LA, Alves-Leon SV. High Levels of NfL, GFAP, TAU, and UCH-L1 as Potential Predictor Biomarkers of Severity and Lethality in Acute COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3545-3558. [PMID: 37996731 PMCID: PMC11087339 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Few studies showed that neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), total tubulin-associated unit (TAU), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) may be related to neurological manifestations and severity during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The objective of this work was to investigate the relationship among nervous system biomarkers (NfL, TAU, GFAP, and UCH-L1), biochemical parameters, and viral loads with heterogeneous outcomes in a cohort of severe COVID-19 patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university hospital. For that, 108 subjects were recruited within the first 5 days at ICU. In parallel, 16 mild COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Severe COVID-19 group was divided between "deceased" and "survivor." All subjects were positive for SARS-CoV-2 detection. NfL, total TAU, GFAP, and UCH-L1 quantification in plasma was performed using SIMOA SR-X platform. Of 108 severe patients, 36 (33.33%) presented neurological manifestation and 41 (37.96%) died. All four biomarkers - GFAP, NfL, TAU, and UCH-L1 - were significantly higher among deceased patients in comparison to survivors (p < 0.05). Analyzing biochemical biomarkers, higher Peak Serum Ferritin, D-Dimer Peak, Gamma-glutamyltransferase, and C-Reactive Protein levels were related to death (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, GFAP, NfL, TAU, UCH-L1, and Peak Serum Ferritin levels were correlated to death. Regarding SARS-CoV-2 viral load, no statistical difference was observed for any group. Thus, Ferritin, NFL, GFAP, TAU, and UCH-L1 are early biomarkers of severity and lethality of SARS-COV-2 infection and may be important tools for therapeutic decision-making in the acute phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Lemos Salvio
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Renan Amphilophio Fernandes
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Helena França Alcaraz Ferreira
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Larissa Araujo Duarte
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Elisa Gouvea Gutman
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Jessica Vasques Raposo-Vedovi
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Emília Cosenza Andraus
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - João Paulo da Costa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Marta Guimarães Cavalcanti
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
- Epidemiology and Evaluation Service, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Marisa Pimentel Amaro
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Post-Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael Kader
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Post-Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Andrade Medronho
- Epidemiology and Evaluation Service, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Almeida Amado-Leon
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil.
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil.
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Huang Z, Haile K, Gedefaw L, Lau BWM, Jin L, Yip SP, Huang CL. Blood Biomarkers as Prognostic Indicators for Neurological Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15738. [PMID: 37958721 PMCID: PMC10649265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to various neurological complications. This meta-analysis assessed the relationship between glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in the blood and neurological injury in COVID-19 patients. A comprehensive search of various databases was conducted until 18 August 2023, to find studies reporting GFAP and NfL blood levels in COVID-19 patients with neurological complications. GFAP and NfL levels were estimated between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls, and meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4 software for analysis. In the 21 collected studies, it was found that COVID-19 patients had significantly higher levels of pooled GFAP (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.73; p ≤ 0.001) and NfL (SMD = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.82; p ≤ 0.001) when compared to the healthy controls. The pooled GFAP (SMD = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.26, 1.45; p ≤ 0.01) and NfL (SMD = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.26; p ≤ 0.001) were significantly higher in non-survivors. These findings indicate a significant association between COVID-19 severity and elevated levels of GFAP and NfL, suggesting that GFAP and NfL could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for the early detection and monitoring of COVID-19-related neurological injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.H.); (L.G.); (L.J.)
| | - Kassahun Haile
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wolkite University, Wolkite P.O. Box 07, Ethiopia;
| | - Lealem Gedefaw
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.H.); (L.G.); (L.J.)
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.H.); (L.G.); (L.J.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.H.); (L.G.); (L.J.)
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.H.); (L.G.); (L.J.)
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Zoccali F, Petrella C, Zingaropoli MA, Fiore M, Ralli M, Minni A, Barbato C. Neurofilament Expression as a Biomarker of Post-COVID-19 Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Diseases 2023; 11:92. [PMID: 37489444 PMCID: PMC10366716 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) affects a patient's quality of life and requires rapid treatment. The etiology is viral, vascular, and autoimmune, even though, in most cases, it remains idiopathic SSHL. Since 2019, several different complications have been identified following COVID-19 infection. The post-COVID-19 ENT manifestations reported in the literature are sore throat, headache, pharyngeal erythema, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, and tonsil enlargement. Cases of SSHL, vestibular neuronitis, and audio-vestibular disorders (such as tinnitus, dizziness, and vertigo) have also been reported, albeit in a smaller percentage of patients. We reported our experience of a case of post-COVID-19 SSHL in the absence of any other type of post-COVID symptoms or brain and internal auditory canal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography modifications. We aimed to identify a serological biomarker of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and we also dosed and monitored the value of the serum neurofilament light (NfL). the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that associates SSHL and the serological increase in NfL as a potential biomarker of neuronal-disease-related damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zoccali
- Department of Sense Organs DOS, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Department of Sense Organs DOS, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs DOS, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Minni
- Department of Sense Organs DOS, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, ASL Rieti-Sapienza University, Viale Kennedy, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Rogatzki MJ, Szeghy RE, Stute NL, Province VM, Augenreich MA, Stickford JL, Stickford AS, Hanson ED, Ratchford SM. Plasma UCHL1, GFAP, Tau, and NfL Are Not Different in Young Healthy Persons With Mild COVID-19 Symptoms Early in the Pandemic: A Pilot Study. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:330-341. [PMID: 37284701 PMCID: PMC10240333 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of brain injury biomarkers have been found primarily in middle-aged or older persons experiencing moderate-to-severe COVID-19 symptoms. However, there is little research in young adults, and there is concern that COVID-19 causes brain injury even in the absence of moderate-to-severe symptoms. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate whether neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tau, or ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (UCHL1) are elevated in the plasma of young adults with mild COVID-19 symptoms. Twelve participants diagnosed with COVID-19 had plasma collected 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after diagnosis to determine whether NfL, GFAP, tau, and UCHL1 concentrations increased over time or whether plasma concentrations were elevated compared with COVID-19-naïve participants. We also compared plasma NfL, GFAP, tau, and UCHL1 concentrations between sexes. Our results showed no difference between NfL, GFAP, tau, and UCHL1 concentrations in COVID-19-naïve participants and COVID-19-positive participants at any of the four time points (p = 0.771). Within the COVID-19-positive participants, UCHL1 levels were higher at month 3 after diagnosis compared to month 1 or month 2 (p = 0.027). Between sexes, females were found to have higher UCHL1 (p = 0.003) and NfL (p = 0.037) plasma concentrations compared to males, whereas males had higher plasma tau concentrations than females (p = 0.024). Based on our data, it appears that mild COVID-19 in young adults does not increase plasma NfL, GFAP, tau, or UCHL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rogatzki
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel E. Szeghy
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nina L. Stute
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Valesha M. Province
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marc A. Augenreich
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathon L. Stickford
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abigail S.L. Stickford
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik D. Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen M. Ratchford
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
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Cevallos-Macías D, Vizcaíno Salazar G, Siteneski A. Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an updated review. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2023. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v64n1a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the group of seven coronaviruses that affect humans, and its infection causes the COVID-19 disease. The association between the COVID-19 condition and risk factors of neurological manifestations is unclear to date. This review aims to update the main neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease. First, we present the hypothesis of the neuroinvasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Then, we discuss the possible symptoms related to patients with COVID-19 infection in the central and peripheral nervous systems, followed by the perspectives of diagnosis and treatment of possible neurological manifesta-tions. The hypothesis of the neuroinvasion mechanism includes direct routes, as the virus crosses the blood-brain barrier or the ACE2 receptor pathway role, and indirect pathways, such as malfunctions of the immune system and vascular system dysregulation. Various studies report COVID-19 consequences, such as neuroanatomic alterations and cognitive impairment, besides peripheral condi-tions, such as anosmia, ageusia, and Guillain Barré Syndrome. However, the het-erogeneity of the studies about neurologic damage in patients after COVID-19 infection precludes any generalization of current findings. Finally, new studies are necessary to understand the adequate diagnosis, therapeutic method of early treatment, and risk group of patients for neurological manifestations of COVID-19 post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cevallos-Macías
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Gilberto Vizcaíno Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador. Instituto de Investigación y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Aline Siteneski
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador. Instituto de Investigación y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
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Petrella C, Zingaropoli MA, Ceci FM, Pasculli P, Latronico T, Liuzzi GM, Ciardi MR, Angeloni A, Ettorre E, Menghi M, Barbato C, Ferraguti G, Minni A, Fiore M. COVID-19 Affects Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurofilament Light Chain in Aged Men: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040655. [PMID: 36831321 PMCID: PMC9954454 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Severe COVID-19 is known to induce neurological damage (NeuroCOVID), mostly in aged individuals, by affecting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 and the neurofilament light chain (NFL) pathways. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate BDNF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and NFL in the serum of aged men affected by COVID-19 at the beginning of the hospitalization period and characterized by different outcomes, i.e., attending a hospital ward or an intensive care unit (ICU) or with a fatal outcome. As a control group, we used a novelty of the study, unexposed age-matched men. We also correlated these findings with the routine blood parameters of the recruited individuals. RESULTS We found in COVID-19 individuals with severe or lethal outcomes disrupted serum BDNF, NFL, and MMP-2 presence and gross changes in ALT, GGT, LDH, IL-6, ferritin, and CRP. We also confirmed and extended previous data, using ROC analyses, showing that the ratio MMPs (2 and 9) versus BDNF and NFL might be a useful tool to predict a fatal COVID-19 outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum BDNF and NFL and/or their ratios with MMP-2 and MMP-9 could represent early predictors of NeuroCOVID in aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Maria Ceci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Evaristo Ettorre
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Menghi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Minni
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, ASL Rieti-Sapienza University, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, Viale Kennedy, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (M.F.)
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Dalmau J, Dalakas MC, Kolson DL, Paul F, Sánchez-Valle R, Zamvil SS. N2 Year in Review. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/1/e200076. [PMID: 36596717 PMCID: PMC9827124 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (J.D., R.S.-V.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D., D.L.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.C.D.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece; Thomas Jefferson University (M.C.D.), Philadelphia, PA; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (F.P.), Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Marinos C Dalakas
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (J.D., R.S.-V.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D., D.L.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.C.D.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece; Thomas Jefferson University (M.C.D.), Philadelphia, PA; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (F.P.), Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Dennis L Kolson
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (J.D., R.S.-V.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D., D.L.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.C.D.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece; Thomas Jefferson University (M.C.D.), Philadelphia, PA; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (F.P.), Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (J.D., R.S.-V.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D., D.L.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.C.D.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece; Thomas Jefferson University (M.C.D.), Philadelphia, PA; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (F.P.), Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (J.D., R.S.-V.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D., D.L.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.C.D.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece; Thomas Jefferson University (M.C.D.), Philadelphia, PA; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (F.P.), Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (J.D., R.S.-V.), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D., D.L.K.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.C.D.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece; Thomas Jefferson University (M.C.D.), Philadelphia, PA; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (F.P.), Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
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