Self-assembly of DNA origami for nanofabrication, biosensing, drug delivery, and computational storage

Target-responsive triplex aptamer nanoswitch enables label-free and ultrasensitive detection of antibody in human serum via lighting-up RNA aptamer transcriptions

Accurate and sensitive monitoring of the concentration change of anti-digoxigenin (Anti-Dig) antibody is of great importance for diagnosing infectious and immunological diseases. Combining a novel triplex aptamer nanoswitch and the high signal-to-noise ratio of lighting-up RNA aptamer signal amplification, a label-free and ultrasensitive fluorescent sensing approach for detecting Anti-Dig antibodies is described. The target Anti-Dig antibodies recognize and bind with the nanoswitch to open its triplex helix stem structure to release Taq DNA polymerase and short ssDNA primer simultaneously, which activates the Taq DNA polymerase to initiate downstream strand extension of ssDNA primer to yield specific dsDNA containing RNA promoter sequence. T7 RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to these promoter sequences to initiate RNA transcription reaction to produce many RNA aptamer sequences. These aptamers can recognize and bind with Malachite Green (MG) dye specifically and produce highly amplified fluorescent signal for monitoring Anti-Dig antibodies from 50 pM to 50 nM with a detection limit down to 33 pM. The method also exhibits high selectivity for Anti-Dig antibodies and can be used to discriminate trace Anti-Dig antibodies in diluted serum samples. Our method is superior to many immunization-based Anti-Dig antibody detection methods and thus holds great potential for monitoring disease progression and efficacy.

Harnessing DNA origami's therapeutic potential for revolutionizing cardiovascular disease treatment: A comprehensive review

DNA origami is a cutting-edge nanotechnology approach that creates precise and detailed 2D and 3D nanostructures. The crucial feature of DNA origami is how it is created, which enables precise control over its size and shape. Biocompatibility, targetability, programmability, and stability are further advantages that make it a potentially beneficial technique for a variety of applications. The preclinical studies of sophisticated programmable nanomedicines and nanodevices that can precisely respond to particular disease-associated triggers and microenvironments have been made possible by recent developments in DNA origami. These stimuli, which are endogenous to the targeted disorders, include protein upregulation, pH, redox status, and small chemicals. Oncology has traditionally been the focus of the majority of past and current research on this subject. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate world of DNA origami, exploring its defining features and capabilities. This review covers the fundamental characteristics of DNA origami, targeting DNA origami to cells, cellular uptake, and subcellular localization. Throughout the review, we emphasised on elucidating the imperative for such a therapeutic platform, especially in addressing the complexities of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, we explore the vast potential inherent in DNA origami technology, envisioning its promising role in the realm of CVD treatment and beyond.

Signal amplification strategy of DNA self-assembled biosensor and typical applications in pathogenic microorganism detection

Biosensors have emerged as ideal analytical devices for various bio-applications owing to their low cost, convenience, and portability, which offer great potential for improving global healthcare. DNA self-assembly techniques have been enriched with the development of innovative amplification strategies, such as dispersion-to-localization of catalytic hairpin assembly, and dumbbell hybridization chain reaction, which hold great significance for building biosensors capable of realizing sensitive, rapid and multiplexed detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, focusing primarily on the signal amplification strategies based on DNA self-assembly, we concisely summarized the strengths and weaknesses of diverse isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques. Subsequently, both single-layer and cascade amplification strategies based on traditional catalytic hairpin assembly and hybridization chain reaction were critically explored. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in DNA self-assembled biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms is presented to summarize methods for biorecognition and signal amplification. Finally, a brief discussion is provided about the current challenges and future directions of DNA self-assembled biosensors.

Structural DNA nanotechnology at the nexus of next-generation bio-applications: challenges and perspectives

DNA nanotechnology has significantly progressed in the last four decades, creating nucleic acid structures widely used in various biological applications. The structural flexibility, programmability, and multiform customization of DNA-based nanostructures make them ideal for creating structures of all sizes and shapes and multivalent drug delivery systems. Since then, DNA nanotechnology has advanced significantly, and numerous DNA nanostructures have been used in biology and other scientific disciplines. Despite the progress made in DNA nanotechnology, challenges still need to be addressed before DNA nanostructures can be widely used in biological interfaces. We can open the door for upcoming uses of DNA nanoparticles by tackling these issues and looking into new avenues. The historical development of various DNA nanomaterials has been thoroughly examined in this review, along with the underlying theoretical underpinnings, a summary of their applications in various fields, and an examination of the current roadblocks and potential future directions.

Piggybacking functionalized DNA nanostructures into live cell nuclei

DNA origami (DO) are promising tools for in vitro or in vivo applications including drug delivery; biosensing, detecting biomolecules; and probing chromatin sub-structures. Targeting these nanodevices to mammalian cell nuclei could provide impactful approaches for probing visualizing and controlling important biological processes in live cells. Here we present an approach to deliver DO strucures into live cell nuclei. We show that labelled DOs do not undergo detectable structural degradation in cell culture media or human cell extracts for 24 hr. To deliver DO platforms into the nuclei of human U2OS cells, we conjugated 30 nm long DO nanorods with an antibody raised against the largest subunit of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), a key enzyme involved in gene transcription. We find that DOs remain structurally intact in cells for 24hr, including within the nucleus. Using fluorescence microscopy we demonstrate that the electroporated anti-Pol II antibody conjugated DOs are efficiently piggybacked into nuclei and exihibit sub-diffusive motion inside the nucleus. Our results reveal that functionalizing DOs with an antibody raised against a nuclear factor is a highly effective method for the delivery of nanodevices into live cell nuclei.

Stress Monitoring Using Machine Learning, IoT and Wearable Sensors

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a fundamental framework for interconnected device communication, representing a relatively new paradigm and the evolution of the Internet into its next phase. Its significance is pronounced in diverse fields, especially healthcare, where it finds applications in scenarios such as medical service tracking. By analyzing patterns in observed parameters, the anticipation of disease types becomes feasible. Stress monitoring with wearable sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) is a potential application that can enhance wellness and preventative health management. Healthcare professionals have harnessed robust systems incorporating battery-based wearable technology and wireless communication channels to enable cost-effective healthcare monitoring for various medical conditions. Network-connected sensors, whether within living spaces or worn on the body, accumulate data crucial for evaluating patients' health. The integration of machine learning and cutting-edge technology has sparked research interest in addressing stress levels. Psychological stress significantly impacts a person's physiological parameters. Stress can have negative impacts over time, prompting sometimes costly therapies. Acute stress levels can even constitute a life-threatening risk, especially in people who have previously been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia. To offer a proactive solution within the realm of smart healthcare, this article introduces a novel machine learning-based system termed "Stress-Track". The device is intended to track a person's stress levels by examining their body temperature, sweat, and motion rate during physical activity. The proposed model achieves an impressive accuracy rate of 99.5%, showcasing its potential impact on stress management and healthcare enhancement.

Construction of DNA Bilayer Tiles and Arrays Using Circular DNA Molecules as Scaffolds

Using oligonucleotides to weave 2D tiles such as double crossovers (DX) and multi-arm junction (mAJ) tiles and arrays is well-known, but weaving 3D tiles is rare. Here, we report the construction of two new bilayer tiles in high yield using small circular 84mer oligonucleotides as scaffolds. Further, we designed five E-tiling approaches to construct porous nanotubes of microns long in medium yield via solution assembly and densely covered planar microscale arrays via surface-mediated assembly.

Application of intelligent responsive DNA self-assembling nanomaterials in drug delivery

Smart nanomaterials are nano-scaled materials that respond in a controllable and reversible way to external physical or chemical stimuli. DNA self-assembly is an effective way to construct smart nanomaterials with precise structure, diverse functions and wide applications. Among them, static structures such as DNA polyhedron, DNA nanocages and DNA hydrogels, as well as dynamic reactions such as catalytic hairpin reaction, hybridization chain reaction and rolling circle amplification, can serve as the basis for building smart nanomaterials. Due to the advantages of DNA, such as good biocompatibility, simple synthesis, rational design, and good stability, these materials have attracted increasing attention in the fields of pharmaceuticals and biology. Based on their specific response design, DNA self-assembled smart nanomaterials can deliver a variety of drugs, including small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins and other drugs; and they play important roles in enhancing cellular uptake, resisting enzymatic degradation, controlling drug release, and so on. This review focuses on different assembly methods of DNA self-assembled smart nanomaterials, therapeutic strategies based on various intelligent responses, and their applications in drug delivery. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of smart nanomaterials based on DNA self-assembly are summarized.

Stress monitoring using wearable sensors: IoT techniques in medical field

The concept "Internet of Things" (IoT), which facilitates communication between linked devices, is relatively new. It refers to the next generation of the Internet. IoT supports healthcare and is essential to numerous applications for tracking medical services. By examining the pattern of observed parameters, the type of the disease can be anticipated. For people with a range of diseases, health professionals and technicians have developed an excellent system that employs commonly utilized techniques like wearable technology, wireless channels, and other remote equipment to give low-cost healthcare monitoring. Whether put in living areas or worn on the body, network-related sensors gather detailed data to evaluate the patient's physical and mental health. The main objective of this study is to examine the current e-health monitoring system using integrated systems. Automatically providing patients with a prescription based on their status is the main goal of the e-health monitoring system. The doctor can keep an eye on the patient's health without having to communicate with them. The purpose of the study is to examine how IoT technologies are applied in the medical industry and how they help to raise the bar of healthcare delivered by healthcare institutions. The study will also include the uses of IoT in the medical area, the degree to which it is used to enhance conventional practices in various health fields, and the degree to which IoT may raise the standard of healthcare services. The main contributions in this paper are as follows: (1) importing signals from wearable devices, extracting signals from non-signals, performing peak enhancement; (2) processing and analyzing the incoming signals; (3) proposing a new stress monitoring algorithm (SMA) using wearable sensors; (4) comparing between various ML algorithms; (5) the proposed stress monitoring algorithm (SMA) is composed of four main phases: (a) data acquisition phase, (b) data and signal processing phase, (c) prediction phase, and (d) model performance evaluation phase; and (6) grid search is used to find the optimal values for hyperparameters of SVM (C and gamma). From the findings, it is shown that random forest is best suited for this classification, with decision tree and XGBoost following closely behind.