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Chang Z, Hu Y, Liang X, Miao L, Chi X, Wang X, Chen H, Liu H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Han Z. Exploring the causal role of immune cells in vascular dementia: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 394:578409. [PMID: 39088909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the causal association between immune cells and VaD based on a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. METHODS Bidirectional two-sample MR analyses based on pooled datasets from publicly available genome-wide association studies were performed using inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WE), and MR-Egger regressions to evaluate the causal relationships between immune cells and vascular dementia. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q statistic. The reliability of the MR analysis results was verified by using the MR-PRESSO method for outlier detection, the MR-Egger method for horizontal multivariate analysis, and the leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Specifically, 27 immunophenotypes were associated with VaD pathogenesis, including Sw mem %lymphocyte (P = 0.043), CD38 on CD20- (P = 0.039), CD11c+ monocyte AC (P = 0.024), DC AC (P = 0.002), CCR2 on CD62L+ myeloid DC (P = 0.039), Resting Treg %CD4 (P = 0.042), Activated & resting Treg %CD4+ (P = 0.038), CD28+ CD45RA- CD8br %CD8br (P = 0.047), NK %CD3- lymphocyte (P = 0.042), CD45 on B cell (P = 0.029), FSC-A on NKT (P = 0.033), CD45 on CD33br HLA DR+ CD14- (P = 0.039) were significantly correlated with increased VaD risk. Additionally, four immune phenotypes, namely, CD19 on CD20-, Resting Treg %CD4, Activated & resting Treg %CD4+, and CD11c+ monocyte AC, showed bidirectional effects on VaD. CONCLUSIONS MR analysis revealed potential causal relationships between certain immune cells and VaD. Our preliminary exploration through immune cell infiltration analysis highlights the significant value of immune cells in VaD. Therefore, this study may provide a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chang
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuli Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 310006 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lina Miao
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiansu Chi
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xie Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongxi Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zhenyun Han
- Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Duan M, Xu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 38637850 PMCID: PMC11025216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, both in the healthy state and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Although primary injury after stroke is certainly important, the limited therapeutic efficacy, poor neurological prognosis and high mortality have led researchers to realize that secondary injury and damage may also play important roles in influencing long-term neurological prognosis and mortality and that the neuroinflammatory process in secondary injury is one of the most important influences on disease progression. Here, we summarize the interactions of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune system after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in particular, how the central nervous system activates and recruits peripheral immune components, and we review recent advances in corresponding therapeutic approaches and clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of the role of the peripheral immune system in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanshu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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3
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Guntermann A, Marcus K, May C. The good or the bad: an overview of autoantibodies in traumatic spinal cord injury. Biol Chem 2024; 405:79-89. [PMID: 37786927 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Infections remain the most common cause of death after traumatic spinal cord injury, likely due to a developing immune deficiency syndrome. This, together with a somewhat contradictory development of autoimmunity in many patients, are two major components of the maladaptive systemic immune response. Although the local non-resolving inflammation in the lesioned spinal cord may lead to an antibody formation against autoantigens of the injured spinal cord tissue, there are also natural (pre-existing) autoantibodies independent of the injury. The way in which these autoantibodies with different origins affect the neuronal and functional outcome of spinal cord-injured patients is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Guntermann
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, ProDi E2.233, Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, ProDi E2.233, Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, ProDi E2.233, Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus 4, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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4
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Wesolowski M, Can P, Warzecha K, Freise F, Carlson R, Neßler J, Tipold A. Long-term changes of Th17 and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of dogs with spinal cord injury after intervertebral disc herniation. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:90. [PMID: 37481518 PMCID: PMC10362779 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is one of the most common causes of spinal cord injury (SCI) in dogs. As a result of acute SCI, a complex inflammatory response occurs in the spinal cord. Th17 cells (Th17) produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, while regulatory T cells (Treg) have opposite effects producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Th17- and Treg cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SCI or whether cellular changes occur due to coexisting inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that chronic alterations in the Th17/Treg ratio are associated with a worse outcome after SCI. METHODS Twenty-six paretic or plegic dogs with IVDH with and without coexisting inflammatory disease were investigated in the acute stage of the disease and after recovery of SCI. In addition, a healthy control group was included (n = 14). Quantification of Th17 and Treg cells, from peripheral blood samples, was performed by multicolor flow cytometry and IL17 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS After recovery significantly higher levels of Th17 (p = 0.0265) and Treg cells (p = 0.00025) were detected compared to acute IVDH but Th17/Treg ratio did not differ significantly. Recovered dogs and the control group did not differ significantly from each other. No association between an imbalance in the ratio and neurologic severity or underlying inflammatory diseases was found. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that altered Th17 and Treg levels in peripheral blood are altered in the acute stage of IVDH, preexisting inflammatory diseases seem not to influence these cell populations. Th17 and Treg cells could be considered when evaluating new treatment strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wesolowski
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - P Can
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - K Warzecha
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Neßler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Maheshwari S, Dwyer LJ, Sîrbulescu RF. Inflammation and immunomodulation in central nervous system injury - B cells as a novel therapeutic opportunity. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106077. [PMID: 36914074 PMCID: PMC10758988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute injury to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a complex and challenging clinical need. CNS injury initiates a dynamic neuroinflammatory response, mediated by both resident and infiltrating immune cells. Following the primary injury, dysregulated inflammatory cascades have been implicated in sustaining a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, driving secondary neurodegeneration and the development of lasting neurological dysfunction. Due to the multifaceted nature of CNS injury, clinically effective therapies for conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke have proven challenging to develop. No therapeutics that adequately address the chronic inflammatory component of secondary CNS injury are currently available. Recently, B lymphocytes have gained increasing appreciation for their role in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses in the context of tissue injury. Here we review the neuroinflammatory response to CNS injury with particular focus on the underexplored role of B cells and summarize recent results on the use of purified B lymphocytes as a novel immunomodulatory therapeutic for tissue injury, particularly in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liam J Dwyer
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Capuz A, Osien S, Karnoub MA, Aboulouard S, Laurent E, Coyaud E, Raffo-Romero A, Duhamel M, Bonnefond A, Derhourhi M, Trerotola M, El Yazidi-Belkoura I, Devos D, Zilkova M, Kobeissy F, Vanden Abeele F, Fournier I, Cizkova D, Rodet F, Salzet M. Astrocytes express aberrant immunoglobulins as putative gatekeeper of astrocytes to neuronal progenitor conversion. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:237. [PMID: 37015912 PMCID: PMC10073301 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Using multi-omics analyses including RNAseq, RT-PCR, RACE-PCR, and shotgun proteomic with enrichment strategies, we demonstrated that newborn rat astrocytes produce neural immunoglobulin constant and variable heavy chains as well as light chains. However, their edification is different from the ones found in B cells and they resemble aberrant immunoglobulins observed in several cancers. Moreover, the complete enzymatic V(D)J recombination complex has also been identified in astrocytes. In addition, the constant heavy chain is also present in adult rat astrocytes, whereas in primary astrocytes from human fetus we identified constant and variable kappa chains as well as the substitution lambda chains known to be involved in pre-B cells. To gather insights into the function of these neural IgGs, CRISPR-Cas9 of IgG2B constant heavy chain encoding gene (Igh6), IgG2B overexpression, proximal labeling of rat astrocytes IgG2B and targets identification through 2D gels were performed. In Igh6 KO astrocytes, overrepresentation of factors involved in hematopoietic cells, neural stem cells, and the regulation of neuritogenesis have been identified. Moreover, overexpression of IgG2B in astrocytes induces the CRTC1-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway known to be involved in gliogenesis, whereas Igh6 KO triggers the BMP/YAP1/TEAD3 pathway activated in astrocytes dedifferentiation into neural progenitors. Proximal labeling experiments revealed that IgG2B is N-glycosylated by the OST complex, addressed to vesicle membranes containing the ATPase complex, and behaves partially like CD98hc through its association with LAT1. These experiments also suggest that proximal IgG2B-LAT1 interaction occurs concomitantly with MACO-1 and C2CD2L, at the heart of a potentially novel cell signaling platform. Finally, we demonstrated that these chains are synthesized individually and associated to recognize specific targets. Indeed, intermediate filaments Eif4a2 and Pdia6 involved in astrocyte fate constitute targets for these neural IgGs. Taken together, we hypothese that neural aberrant IgG chains may act as gatekeepers of astrocytes' fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Capuz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sylvain Osien
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mélodie Anne Karnoub
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Mehdi Derhourhi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University 'G. D'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. D'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | - Ikram El Yazidi-Belkoura
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - David Devos
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U1172, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience Cognition Research Centre, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Monika Zilkova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84510, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84510, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Franck Rodet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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7
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Liu J, Tang F, Chen X, Li Z. Guillain-Barré Syndrome with Incomplete Oculomotor Nerve Palsy after Traumatic Brain Injury: Case Report and Literature Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040527. [PMID: 37190493 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a severe peripheral neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by symmetrical progressive limb weakness, which can be accompanied by cranial nerve and sensory disturbances. There is usually a history of bacterial or viral infection prior to onset. GBS is rarely seen after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We report a case of a 66-year-old male patient who presented with dilated pupils, followed by respiratory failure and symmetrical quadriplegia during a conservative treatment for TBI. He was eventually diagnosed with GBS and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, followed by rehabilitation therapy with a good recovery. We summarize previous similar cases and analyze possible causes. It is suggested that the possibility of GBS should be considered when unexplained symptoms occurred in patients with TBI, such as respiratory failure, dilated pupils, and limb weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xinjun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
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8
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Lee CYP, Chooi WH, Ng SY, Chew SY. Modulating neuroinflammation through molecular, cellular and biomaterial-based approaches to treat spinal cord injury. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10389. [PMID: 36925680 PMCID: PMC10013833 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response that is elicited after spinal cord injury contributes to both tissue damage and reparative processes. The complex and dynamic cellular and molecular changes within the spinal cord microenvironment result in a functional imbalance of immune cells and their modulatory factors. To facilitate wound healing and repair, it is necessary to manipulate the immunological pathways during neuroinflammation to achieve successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, recent advancements and fresh perspectives on the consequences of neuroinflammation after SCI and modulation of the inflammatory responses through the use of molecular-, cellular-, and biomaterial-based therapies to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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9
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Bouras M, Asehnoune K, Roquilly A. Immune modulation after traumatic brain injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995044. [PMID: 36530909 PMCID: PMC9751027 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue, followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response, evolved to limit an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response and to induce healing, involves the autonomic nervous system, hormonal systems, and the regulation of immune cells. This physiological response induces an immunosuppression and tolerance state that promotes to the occurrence of secondary infections. This review describes the immunological consequences of TBI and highlights potential novel therapeutic approaches using immune modulation to restore homeostasis between the nervous system and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Bouras
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
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10
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Xu J, Ma C, Hua M, Li J, Xiang Z, Wu J. CNS and CNS diseases in relation to their immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1063928. [PMID: 36466889 PMCID: PMC9708890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is the most important nervous system in vertebrates, which is responsible for transmitting information to the peripheral nervous system and controlling the body's activities. It mainly consists of the brain and spinal cord, which contains rich of neurons, the precision of the neural structures susceptible to damage from the outside world and from the internal factors of inflammation infection, leading to a series of central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, nerve inflammation, etc., these diseases may cause irreversible damage on the central nervous or lead to subsequent chronic lesions. After disease or injury, the immune system of the central nervous system will play a role, releasing cytokines to recruit immune cells to enter, and the immune cells will differentiate according to the location and degree of the lesion, and become specific immune cells with different functions, recognize and phagocytose inflammatory factors, and repair the damaged neural structure. However, if the response of these immune cells is not suppressed, the overexpression of some genes can cause further damage to the central nervous system. There is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which these immune cells work, and this information may lead to immunotherapies that target certain diseases and avoid over-activation of immune cells. In this review, we summarized several immune cells that mainly play a role in the central nervous system and their roles, and also explained the response process of the immune system in the process of some common neurological diseases, which may provide new insights into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Yangzhou University Jianhu Clinical College, Jianhu, China
| | - Canyu Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglu Hua
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Fraussen J, Beckers L, van Laake-Geelen CCM, Depreitere B, Deckers J, Cornips EMJ, Peuskens D, Somers V. Altered Circulating Immune Cell Distribution in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Patients in Relation to Clinical Parameters. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873315. [PMID: 35837411 PMCID: PMC9273975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a spinal cord injury (SCI), an inflammatory immune reaction is triggered which results in advanced secondary tissue damage. The systemic post-SCI immune response is poorly understood. This study aimed to extensively analyse the circulating immune cell composition in traumatic SCI patients in relation to clinical parameters. High-dimensional flow cytometry was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 18 traumatic SCI patients and 18 healthy controls to determine immune cell subsets. SCI blood samples were collected at multiple time points in the (sub)acute (0 days to 3 weeks post-SCI, (s)aSCI) and chronic (6 to >18 weeks post-SCI, cSCI) disease phase. Total and CD4+ T cell frequencies were increased in cSCI patients. Both CD4+ T cells and B cells were shifted towards memory phenotypes in (s)aSCI patients and cSCI patients, respectively. Most profound changes were observed in the B cell compartment. Decreased immunoglobulin (Ig)G+ and increased IgM+ B cell frequencies reflected disease severity, as these correlated with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale (AIS) scores. Post-SCI B cell responses consisted of an increased frequency of CD74+ cells and CD74 expression level within total B cells and B cell subsets. Findings from this study suggest that post-SCI inflammation is driven by memory immune cell subsets. The increased CD74 expression on post-SCI B cells could suggest the involvement of CD74-related pathways in neuroinflammation following SCI. In addition, the clinical and prognostic value of monitoring circulating IgM+ and IgG+ B cell levels in SCI patients should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fraussen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Charlotte C. M. van Laake-Geelen
- Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Depreitere
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens Deckers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Algemeen Ziekenhuis (AZ) Turnhout, Turnhout, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Peuskens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Veerle Somers,
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12
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Capuz A, Karnoub MA, Osien S, Rose M, Mériaux C, Fournier I, Devos D, Vanden Abeele F, Rodet F, Cizkova D, Salzet M. The Antibody Dependant Neurite Outgrowth Modulation Response Involvement in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882830. [PMID: 35784350 PMCID: PMC9245426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a major medical challenge. At present, there is still no cure to treat it efficiently and enable functional recovery below the injury site. Previously, we demonstrated that inflammation determines the fate of the physiopathology. To decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, we performed a meta-analysis of our spatio-temporal proteomic studies in the time course of SCI. This highlighted the presence of IgG isotypes in both spinal cord explants and their secretomes. These IgGs were detected in the spinal cord even if no SCI occurred. However, during the time course following SCI, abundance of IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses (a, b, c) varied according to the spatial repartition. IgG1 was clearly mostly abundant at 12 h, and a switch to IgG2a was observed after 24 h. This IgG stayed predominant 3, 7, and 10 days after SCI. A protein related to IgM as well as a variable heavy chain were only detected 12 h after lesion. Interestingly, treatment with RhoA inhibitor influenced the abundance of the various IgG isotypes and a preferential switch to IgG2c was observed. By data reuse of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons RNAseq datasets and RT-PCR experiments performed on cDNA from DRG sensory neurons ND7/23 and N27 dopaminergic neural cell lines, we confirmed expression of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (constant and variable) encoding genes in neurons. We then identified CD16 and CD32b as their specific receptors in sensory neuron cell line ND7/23 and their activation regulated neurites outgrowth. These results suggest that during SCI, neuronal IgG isotypes are released to modulate neurites outgrowth. Therefore, we propose a new view of the SCI response involving an antibody dependent neurite outgrowth modulation (ADNM) which could be a precursor to the neuroinflammatory response in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Capuz
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Mélodie-Anne Karnoub
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Osien
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Mélanie Rose
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Céline Mériaux
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - David Devos
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1172, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience Cognition Research Centre, Lille, France
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1003, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Michel Salzet, ; Dasa Cizkova,
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université de Lille, Inserm U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Michel Salzet, ; Dasa Cizkova,
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13
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Cao L, Li Q. Revealing Potential Spinal Cord Injury Biomarkers and Immune Cell Infiltration Characteristics in Mice. Front Genet 2022; 13:883810. [PMID: 35706450 PMCID: PMC9189360 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.883810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Currently, no effective SCI treatment exists. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers and characterize the properties of immune cell infiltration during this pathological event. To eliminate batch effects, we concurrently analyzed two mouse SCI datasets (GSE5296, GSE47681) from the GEO database. First, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using linear models for microarray data (LIMMA) and performed functional enrichment studies on those DEGs. Next, we employed bioinformatics and machine-learning methods to identify and define the characteristic genes of SCI. Finally, we validated them using immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. Additionally, this study assessed the inflammatory status of SCI by identifying cell types using CIBERSORT. Furthermore, we investigated the link between key markers and infiltrating immune cells. In total, we identified 561 robust DEGs. We identified Rab20 and Klf6 as SCI-specific biomarkers and demonstrated their significance using qRT-PCR in the mouse model. According to the examination of immune cell infiltration, M0, M1, and M2 macrophages, along with naive CD8, dendritic cell-activated, and CD4 Follicular T cells may have a role in the progression of SCI. Therefore, Rab20 and Klf6 could be accessible targets for diagnosing and treating SCI. Moreover, as previously stated, immune cell infiltration may significantly impact the development and progression of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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14
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Rosales-Antequera C, Viscor G, Araneda OF. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as Common Mechanisms of Pulmonary, Autonomic and Musculoskeletal Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040550. [PMID: 35453749 PMCID: PMC9032591 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary When a spinal cord injury occurs, the neurons that regulate our voluntary movements, those involved in environment and somatic perception and those that regulate vegetative functions are affected. Once neuronal damage is established, the cells of other tissues are also affected in their functions, altering the interaction between organs and altering the proper functioning of the organism. Multiple studies in animal models, as well as in humans, have recognized as factors involved in organ damage the imbalance between the formation of highly reactive molecules called pro-oxidants and defensive mechanisms called antioxidants. Closely associated with this phenomenon, the inflammatory response is also pathologically activated. In this narrative review, we have analyzed the information involving these pathological processes at the level of the lung, the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal musculature after spinal cord injury. Knowing the abnormal functioning mechanisms that occur after a spinal cord injury not only offers a better understanding of the organic events but also offers future possibilities for therapeutic interventions that may benefit the thousands of patients suffering this pathology. Abstract One of the etiopathogenic factors frequently associated with generalized organ damage after spinal cord injury corresponds to the imbalance of the redox state and inflammation, particularly of the respiratory, autonomic and musculoskeletal systems. Our goal in this review was to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon by reviewing both animal and human studies. At the respiratory level, the presence of tissue damage is notable in situations that require increased ventilation due to lower thoracic distensibility and alveolar inflammation caused by higher levels of leptin as a result of increased fatty tissue. Increased airway reactivity, due to loss of sympathetic innervation, and levels of nitric oxide in exhaled air that are similar to those seen in asthmatic patients have also been reported. In addition, the loss of autonomic control efficiency leads to an uncontrolled release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids that induce immunosuppression, as well as a predisposition to autoimmune reactions. Simultaneously, blood pressure regulation is altered with vascular damage and atherogenesis associated with oxidative damage. At the muscular level, chronically elevated levels of prooxidants and lipoperoxidation associated with myofibrillar atrophy are described, with no reduction or reversibility of this process through antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Rosales-Antequera
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, LIBFE, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Oscar F. Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, LIBFE, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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15
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Inhibition of Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Reduces Neuroimmune Cascade and Promotes Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010355. [PMID: 35008785 PMCID: PMC8745213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia/astrocyte and B cell neuroimmune responses are major contributors to the neurological deficits after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) activation mechanistically links these neuroimmune mechanisms. Our objective is to use Ibrutinib, an FDA-approved BTK inhibitor, to inhibit the neuroimmune cascade thereby improving locomotor recovery after SCI. Rat models of contusive SCI, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining imaging, flow cytometry analysis, histological staining, and behavioral assessment were used to evaluate BTK activity, neuroimmune cascades, and functional outcomes. Both BTK expression and phosphorylation were increased at the lesion site at 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after SCI. Ibrutinib treatment (6 mg/kg/day, IP, starting 3 h post-injury for 7 or 14 days) reduced BTK activation and total BTK levels, attenuated the injury-induced elevations in Iba1, GFAP, CD138, and IgG at 7 or 14 days post-injury without reduction in CD45RA B cells, improved locomotor function (BBB scores), and resulted in a significant reduction in lesion volume and significant improvement in tissue-sparing 11 weeks post-injury. These results indicate that Ibrutinib exhibits neuroprotective effects by blocking excessive neuroimmune responses through BTK-mediated microglia/astroglial activation and B cell/antibody response in rat models of SCI. These data identify BTK as a potential therapeutic target for SCI.
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16
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Kumaria A, Robertson IJA, Tolias CM. Autoimmunity following traumatic brain injury: hypopituitarism and beyond. Br J Neurosurg 2021; 35:796. [DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1645300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Li Z, Wang Q, Hu H, Zheng W, Gao C. Research advances of biomaterials-based microenvironment-regulation therapies for repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34384071 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac1d3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in restricted behaviour recovery and even life-changing paralysis, accompanied with numerous complications. Pathologically, the initial injuries trigger a series of secondary injuries, leading to an expansion of lesion site, a mass of neuron loss, and eventual failure of endogenous axon regeneration. As the advances rapidly spring up in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering biomaterials, regulation of these secondary injuries becomes possible, shedding a light on normal functional restoration. The successful tissue regeneration lies in proper regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment, including the inflammatory immune cells and inflammatory factors that lead to oxidative stress, inhibitory glial scar and neuroexcitatory toxicity. Specifically, the approaches based on microenvironment-regulating biomaterials have shown great promise in the repair and regeneration of SCI. In this review, the pathological inflammatory microenvironments of SCI are discussed, followed by the introduction of microenvironment-regulating biomaterials in terms of their impressive therapeutic effect in attenuation of secondary inflammation and promotion of axon regrowth. With the emphasis on regulating secondary events, the biomaterials for SCI treatment will become promising for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Dr Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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18
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Chio JCT, Xu KJ, Popovich P, David S, Fehlings MG. Neuroimmunological therapies for treating spinal cord injury: Evidence and future perspectives. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113704. [PMID: 33745920 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a complex pathophysiology. Following the initial physical trauma to the spinal cord, which may cause vascular disruption, hemorrhage, mechanical injury to neural structures and necrosis, a series of biomolecular cascades is triggered to evoke secondary injury. Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the secondary injury after traumatic SCI. To date, the administration of systemic immunosuppressive medications, in particular methylprednisolone sodium succinate, has been the primary pharmacological treatment. This medication is given as a complement to surgical decompression of the spinal cord and maintenance of spinal cord perfusion through hemodynamic augmentation. However, the impact of neuroinflammation is complex with harmful and beneficial effects. The use of systemic immunosuppressants is further complicated by the natural onset of post-injury immunosuppression, which many patients with SCI develop. It has been hypothesized that immunomodulation to attenuate detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation after SCI, while avoiding systemic immunosuppression, may be a superior approach. To accomplish this, a detailed understanding of neuroinflammation and the systemic immune responses after SCI is required. Our review will strive to achieve this goal by first giving an overview of SCI from a clinical and basic science context. The role that neuroinflammation plays in the pathophysiology of SCI will be discussed. Next, the positive and negative attributes of the innate and adaptive immune systems in neuroinflammation after SCI will be described. With this background established, the currently existing immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for treating SCI will be explored. We will conclude with a summary of topics that can be explored by neuroimmunology research. These concepts will be complemented by points to be considered by neuroscientists developing therapies for SCI and other injuries to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katherine Jiaxi Xu
- Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Wetmore Hall, 300 Huron St., Room 105, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3J6, Canada.
| | - Phillip Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10(th) Ave., Columbus 43210, USA.
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience and BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Rutsch A, Kantsjö JB, Ronchi F. The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604179. [PMID: 33362788 PMCID: PMC7758428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) physiology and inflammation. The nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are communicating through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and bacterial metabolites and products. During dysbiosis, these pathways are dysregulated and associated with altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. However, numerous mechanisms behind the impact of the gut microbiota in neuro-development and -pathogenesis remain poorly understood. There are several immune pathways involved in CNS homeostasis and inflammation. Among those, the inflammasome pathway has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, but also anxiety and depressive-like disorders. The inflammasome complex assembles upon cell activation due to exposure to microbes, danger signals, or stress and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) and to pyroptosis. Evidences suggest that there is a reciprocal influence of microbiota and inflammasome activation in the brain. However, how this influence is precisely working is yet to be discovered. Herein, we discuss the status of the knowledge and the open questions in the field focusing on the function of intestinal microbial metabolites or products on CNS cells during healthy and inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and also neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we focus on the innate inflammasome pathway as immune mechanism that can be involved in several of these conditions, upon exposure to certain microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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20
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Sobel RA, Eaton MJ, Jaju PD, Lowry E, Hinojoza JR. Anti-Myelin Proteolipid Protein Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies Recognize Cell Surface Proteins on Developing Neurons and Inhibit Their Differentiation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:819-843. [PMID: 31400116 PMCID: PMC6703999 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides, we found that in addition to CNS myelin, mAbs to external face but not cytoplasmic face epitopes immunostained neurons in immature human CNS tissues and in adult hippocampal dentate gyrus and olfactory bulbs, that is neural stem cell niches (NSCN). To explore the pathobiological significance of these observations, we assessed the mAb effects on neurodifferentiation in vitro. The mAbs to PLP 50-69 (IgG1κ and IgG2aκ), and 178-191 and 200-219 (both IgG1κ) immunostained live cell surfaces and inhibited neurite outgrowth of E18 rat hippocampal precursor cells and of PC12 cells, which do not express PLP. Proteins immunoprecipitated from PC12 cell extracts and captured by mAb-coated magnetic beads were identified by GeLC-MS/MS. Each neurite outgrowth-inhibiting mAb captured a distinct set of neurodifferentiation molecules including sequence-similar M6 proteins and other unrelated membrane and extracellular matrix proteins, for example integrins, Eph receptors, NCAM-1, and protocadherins. These molecules are expressed in adult human NSCN and are implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic CNS disease processes. Thus, diverse anti-PLP epitope autoantibodies may inhibit neuronal precursor cell differentiation via multispecific recognition of cell surface molecules thereby potentially impeding endogenous neuroregeneration in NSCN and in vivo differentiation of exogenous neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Sobel
- Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mary Jane Eaton
- Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Prajakta Dilip Jaju
- Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eugene Lowry
- Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Julian R Hinojoza
- Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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21
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Schneider L, Reichert E, Faulkner J, Reichert B, Sonnen J, Hawryluk GWJ. CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration: sequelae of peripheral inoculation with spinal cord tissue in rat. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:933-944. [PMID: 30717048 DOI: 10.3171/2018.10.jns181517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research demonstrates that victims of spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for dementia and that encephalitis can occur as a consequence of isolated SCI. We theorize that autoimmunity to the central nervous system (CNS) could explain these phenomena and undertook this study to determine whether peripheral inoculation with spinal cord homogenate on 1 or 2 occasions is associated with CNS-directed autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in a rat model. METHODS Rats were subcutaneously inoculated with saline or 75 mg of allogeneic spinal cord tissue on 1 or 2 occasions. Animals underwent Morris Water Maze testing, and serial serum samples were collected. Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks following the first inoculation. Autoantibody titers to myelin antigens MAG and GM1 were measured in serum. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify autoantibodies targeting NeuN-labeled neurons and CC1-labeled oligodendrocytes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting were performed for pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the cell death marker caspase 3 as well as the neurodegenerative proteins tau and β-amyloid in both brain and spinal cord. Fluoro-Jade B was used to stain degenerating neurons, facilitating counting. RESULTS Animals inoculated with spinal cord homogenate exhibited increased titers of autoantibodies to MAG and GM1 and autoantibodies binding to neurons and oligodendrocytes. Double-inoculated animals demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain (TNF-α, p = 0.016; IL-6, p = 0.009) as well as the spinal cord (TNF-α, p = 0.024; IL-6, p = 0.002). The number of degenerating neurons was significantly increased in the brain and spinal cord of inoculated animals (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.028, respectively). Elevated expression of tau and β-amyloid was seen in brain of double-inoculated animals (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, respectively). Inflammatory marker expression in the brain was positively correlated with anti-myelin autoimmune antibody titers and with tau expression in the brain. Inoculated animals showed impaired memory function in Morris Water Maze testing (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS The results of these experiments demonstrate that peripheral exposure to spinal cord antigens is associated with CNS-directed autoimmunity and inflammation in the brain and spinal cord as well as degeneration of CNS cells, memory impairment, and production of neurodegenerative proteins particularly when this exposure is repeated. These data support CNS autoimmunity as a candidate mechanism for the dementia that can follow SCI and perhaps other posttraumatic dementias such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joshua Sonnen
- 3Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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22
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Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Longo M, Cirillo P, Scappaticcio L, Vietri MT, Bellastella A, Esposito K, De Bellis A. Impact of Pituitary Autoimmunity and Genetic Disorders on Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children and Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041392. [PMID: 32092880 PMCID: PMC7073103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), mostly through its peripheral mediator, the insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1), in addition to carrying out its fundamental action to promote linear bone growth, plays an important role throughout life in the regulation of intermediate metabolism, trophism and function of various organs, especially the cardiovascular, muscular and skeletal systems. Therefore, if a prepubertal GH secretory deficiency (GHD) is responsible for short stature, then a deficiency in adulthood identifies a nosographic picture classified as adult GHD syndrome, which is characterized by heart, muscle, bone, metabolic and psychic abnormalities. A GHD may occur in patients with pituitary autoimmunity; moreover, GHD may also be one of the features of some genetic syndromes in association with other neurological, somatic and immune alterations. This review will discuss the impact of pituitary autoimmunity on GHD and the occurrence of GHD in the context of some genetic disorders. Moreover, we will discuss some genetic alterations that cause GH and IGF-1 insensitivity and the arguments in favor and against the influence of GH/IGF-1 on longevity and cancer in the light of the papers on these issues that so far appear in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bellastella
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bellastella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
- Unit of Diabetes, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Bellis
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815665245
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Fraunberger E, Esser MJ. Neuro-Inflammation in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury-from Mechanisms to Inflammatory Networks. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E319. [PMID: 31717597 PMCID: PMC6895990 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the adult population, pediatric TBI has received less research attention, despite its potential long-term impact on the lives of many children around the world. After numerous clinical trials and preclinical research studies examining various secondary mechanisms of injury, no definitive treatment has been found for pediatric TBIs of any severity. With the advent of high-throughput and high-resolution molecular biology and imaging techniques, inflammation has become an appealing target, due to its mixed effects on outcome, depending on the time point examined. In this review, we outline key mechanisms of inflammation, the contribution and interactions of the peripheral and CNS-based immune cells, and highlight knowledge gaps pertaining to inflammation in pediatric TBI. We also introduce the application of network analysis to leverage growing multivariate and non-linear inflammation data sets with the goal to gain a more comprehensive view of inflammation and develop prognostic and treatment tools in pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Fraunberger
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School Of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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24
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Picotto G, Morse LR, Nguyen N, Saltzman J, Battaglino R. TMEM176A and TMEM176B Are Candidate Regulators of Inhibition of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Function after Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:528-533. [PMID: 31354034 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of dendritic cell maturation and activation, together with abnormal functioning of cell-mediated immunity, has been reported in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). The development of immune-based therapies could: 1) prevent or slow down limit further tissue damage in chronic SCI, and 2) promote tissue regeneration. To identify novel candidate molecular pathways mediating SCI-induced immune changes, we performed whole-genome microarray and molecular pathway analyses. Subjects with motor complete chronic SCI (> 2 years post-injury) and uninjured controls were selected from an ongoing study. Microarray analysis was performed with RNA extracted from circulating monocytes. Partek Genomic Suite (PGS) software was used to limit the 54,000 gene list to only those genes up-regulated or down-regulated by 2-fold or more in SCI compared with control. Pathway analyses were performed with Ingenuity Systems IPA software to identify biological pathways of interest involving differentially expressed genes. Genes of interest were then confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Six SCI subjects and five uninjured controls were included in the final analyses. A molecular pathway related to immune cell trafficking was identified as being significantly upregulated in the SCI subjects. Two genes in that network, transmembrane domain protein (TMEM)176A and TMEM176B, were notable for the magnitude of overexpression. Dendritic cells have been shown to mediate recovery and/or protective autoimmunity in central nervous system injuries and have the capacity to induce neuroprotection and neurogenesis in stroke patients. High TMEM176A and TMEM176B levels have been shown to prevent dendritic cell maturation and inhibit dendritic cell activity in the general population. Here, we report overexpression of both genes in SCI compared with control subjects. Thus, we propose that TMEM176A and TMEM176B are candidate genes involved in inhibiting protective immune responses in SCI. This study may support future research aimed at developing new targets for therapies to promote immune system-mediated neuroprotection and recovery in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Picotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leslie R Morse
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jonah Saltzman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ricardo Battaglino
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1/ErbB network: An emerging modulator of nervous system injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101643. [PMID: 31229498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) is a member of the Neuregulin family of growth factors with essential roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Six different types of Nrg-1 (Nrg-1 type I-VI) and over 30 isoforms have been discovered; however, their specific roles are not fully determined. Nrg-1 signals through a complex network of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and multiple intracellular pathways. Genetic and pharmacological studies of Nrg-1 and ErbB receptors have identified a critical role for Nrg-1/ErbB network in neurodevelopment including neuronal migration, neural differentiation, myelination as well as formation of synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Nrg-1 signaling is best known for its characterized role in development and repair of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) due to its essential role in Schwann cell development, survival and myelination. However, our knowledge of the impact of Nrg-1/ErbB on the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged in recent years. Ongoing efforts have uncovered a multi-faceted role for Nrg-1 in regulating CNS injury and repair processes. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the most recent updates on Nrg-1 signaling and its role in nervous system injury and diseases. We will specifically highlight the emerging role of Nrg-1 in modulating the glial and immune responses and its capacity to foster neuroprotection and remyelination in CNS injury. Nrg-1/ErbB network is a key regulatory pathway in the developing nervous system; therefore, unraveling its role in neuropathology and repair can aid in development of new therapeutic approaches for nervous system injuries and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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26
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Battaglino RA, Nguyen N, Summers M, Morse LR. B Cell-Activating Factor Is Associated with Testosterone and Smoking Status in Non-Ambulatory Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3332-3337. [PMID: 31020912 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-mediated autoimmunity may contribute to poor neurological outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a key cytokine involved in B cell development, proliferation, activation, and survival whose expression is elevated in men with chronic SCI. The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with circulating BAFF in non-ambulatory males with chronic SCI. We assessed the association between clinical and demographic factors, health habits, and circulating BAFF levels in a convenience sample of 43 non-ambulatory men with chronic spinal cord injury (≥ 1 year post-injury). Serum BAFF and total testosterone levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Body composition was determined by whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In multivariable models, active smokers had significantly greater BAFF levels than former/nonsmokers (871 pg/mL vs. 665 pg/ml, p = 0.002). BAFF decreased 36 ± 11.1 pg/mL for every 1 ng/mL increase in total testosterone (p = 0.002). This model explained 41% of the variation in circulating BAFF levels (model p < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that modifiable health habits may be associated with elevated BAFF levels in men with non-ambulatory chronic SCI. Further, the significant and independent negative association between testosterone levels and BAFF would suggest a link between androgen deficiency and autoimmunity observed in SCI via modulation of BAFF and B cell numbers. This points toward BAFF as a potential biomarker of injury severity and a target of therapies designed to reduce neuroinflammation and improve neurological outcomes after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Battaglino
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan Summers
- Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injury System, Craig Rehabilitation Hospital, Englewood, Colorado
| | - Leslie R Morse
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injury System, Craig Rehabilitation Hospital, Englewood, Colorado
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27
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De Bellis A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Costantino A, Cirillo P, Longo M, Pernice V, Bellastella A, Esposito K. The role of autoimmunity in pituitary dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury. Pituitary 2019; 22:236-248. [PMID: 30847776 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-019-00953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of mortality and long-term disability and it is associated with an increased prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunctions. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism (PTHP) results in major physical, psychological and social consequences leading to impaired quality of life. PTHP can occur at any time after traumatic event, evolving through various ways and degrees of deficit, requiring appropriate screening for early detection and treatment. Although the PTHP pathophysiology remains to be elucitated, on the basis of proposed hypotheses it seems to be the result of combined pathological processes, with a possible role played by hypothalamic-pituitary autoimmunity (HPA). This review is aimed at focusing on this possible role in the development of PTHP and its potential clinical consequences, on the basis of the data so far appeared in the literature and of some results of personal studies on this issue. METHODS Scrutinizing the data so far appeared in literature on this topic, we have found only few studies evaluating the autoimmune pattern in affected patients, searching in particular for antipituitary and antihypothalamus autoantibodies (APA and AHA, respectively) by simple indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS The presence of APA and/or AHA at high titers was associated with an increased risk of onset/persistence of PTHP. CONCLUSIONS HPA seems to contribute to TBI-induced pituitary damage and related PTHP. However, further prospective studies in a larger cohort of patients are needed to define etiopathogenic and diagnostic role of APA/AHA in development of post-traumatic hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunctions after a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria De Bellis
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bellastella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vlenia Pernice
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellastella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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28
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Wang J, Sui RX, Miao Q, Wang Q, Song LJ, Yu JZ, Li YH, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Effect of Fasudil on remyelination following cuprizone-induced demyelination. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:76-89. [PMID: 31124292 PMCID: PMC6930827 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is characterized by demyelination/remyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Cuprizone (CPZ)‐induced toxic demyelination is an experimental animal model commonly used to study demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system. Fasudil is one of the most thoroughly studied Rho kinase inhibitors. Methods Following CPZ exposure, the degree of demyelination in the brain of male C57BL/6 mice was assessed by Luxol fast blue, Black Gold II, myelin basic protein immunofluorescent staining, and Western blot. The effect of Fasudil on behavioral change was determined using elevated plus maze test and pole test. The possible mechanisms of Fasudil action were examined by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, ELISA, and dot blot. Results Fasudil improved behavioral abnormalities, inhibited microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation, and promoted astrocyte‐derived nerve growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor, which should contribute to protection and regeneration of oligodendrocytes. In addition, Fasudil inhibited the production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and the infiltration of peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages, which appears to be related to the integrity of the blood‐brain barrier. Conclusion These results provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of Fasudil in CPZ‐induced demyelination. However, how Fasudil acts on microglia, astrocytes, and immune cells remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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29
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30967837 PMCID: PMC6439316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications for patients and their care-givers. Recent advances in medical management of SCI has significantly improved diagnosis, stabilization, survival rate and well-being of SCI patients. However, there has been small progress on treatment options for improving the neurological outcomes of SCI patients. This incremental success mainly reflects the complexity of SCI pathophysiology and the diverse biochemical and physiological changes that occur in the injured spinal cord. Therefore, in the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made by SCI researchers to elucidate the pathophysiology of SCI and unravel the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue degeneration and repair in the injured spinal cord. To this end, a number of preclinical animal and injury models have been developed to more closely recapitulate the primary and secondary injury processes of SCI. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI. We will also discuss the neurological outcomes of human SCI and the available experimental model systems that have been employed to identify SCI mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Scott Matthew Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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30
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Yu CG, Bondada V, Ghoshal S, Singh R, Pistilli CK, Dayaram K, Iqbal H, Sands M, Davis KL, Bondada S, Geddes JW. Repositioning Flubendazole for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2618-2630. [PMID: 30747048 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the serendipitous observation that fenbendazole, a benzimidazole anthelmintic, improved functional and pathological outcomes following thoracic spinal cord contusion injury in mice when administered pre-injury. Fenbendazole is widely used in veterinary medicine. However, it is not approved for human use and it was uncertain if only post-injury administration would offer similar benefits. In the present study we evaluated post-injury administration of a closely related, human anthelmintic drug, flubendazole, using a rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Flubendazole, administered i.p. 5 or 10 mg/kg day, beginning 3 h post-injury and daily thereafter for 2 or 4 weeks, resulted in improved locomotor function after contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) compared with vehicle-treated controls. Histological analysis of spinal cord sections showed that such treatment with flubendazole also reduced lesion volume and improved total tissue sparing, white matter sparing, and gray matter sparing. Flubendazole inhibited the activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); suppressed cyclin B1 expression and Bruton tyrosine kinase activation, markers of B cell activation/proliferation and inflammation; and reduced B cell autoimmune response. Together, these results suggest the use of the benzimidazole anthelmintic flubendazole as a potential therapeutic for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guang Yu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sarbani Ghoshal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ranjana Singh
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christina K Pistilli
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kavi Dayaram
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hina Iqbal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Madison Sands
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kate L Davis
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Subarrao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
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Abstract
Purpose of review Humoral autoimmunity has gained highest interest in neurology and psychiatry. Despite numerous recent articles on this hot topic, however, the biological significance of natural autoantibodies (AB) and the normal autoimmune repertoire of mammals remained quite obscure. AB may contribute to disorder-relevant phenotypes and are even believed to induce diseases themselves, but the circumstances under which AB become pathogenic are not fully understood. This review will focus on the highly frequent AB against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1-AB) as an illustrating example and provide a critical overview of current work (please note that the new nomenclature, GluN1, is disregarded here for consistency with the AB literature). In particular, it will demonstrate how little is known at this point and how many conclusions are drawn based on small numbers of individuals, fragmentary experimental approaches or missing controls. Recent findings NMDAR1-AB were investigated by clinicians world-wide with numerous small studies and case reports appearing yearly. Many publications were on ‘anti-NMDAR encephalitis’ cases or tried to separate those from other NMDAR1-AB associated conditions. Original exclusivity claims (e.g. electroencephalogram, EEG or functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI findings) turned out not to be exclusive for ‘anti-NMDAR encephalitis’. Systematic analyses of representative NMDAR1-AB positive sera of all immunoglobulin (Ig) classes showed comparable distribution of different epitopes, often polyspecific/polyclonal, across health and disease. Sophisticated imaging tools provided findings on synapse trafficking changes induced by NMDAR1-AB from psychotic subjects but still lack epitope data to support any claimed disorder link. Persistently high titers of NMDAR1-AB (IgG) in immunized mice with open blood–brain barrier (BBB)-induced psychosis-like symptoms but failed to induce inflammation in the brain. Knowledge on peripheral NMDAR, for example in the immune system, and on potential inducers of NMDAR1-AB is only slowly increasing. Summary The present knowledge on the (patho) physiological role of NMDAR1-AB is very limited and still characterized by adamant rumors. Much more experimental work and more solid and informative clinical reports, including large numbers of subjects and adequate control groups, follow-up investigations and interdisciplinary approaches will be necessary to obtain a better understanding of the significance of humoral autoimmunity in general (in focus here: NMDAR1-AB) and its disease-relevance in particular.
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32
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Wang Q, Wang J, Yang Z, Sui R, Miao Q, Li Y, Yu J, Liu C, Zhang G, Xiao B, Ma C. Therapeutic effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin in cuprizone-induced demyelination. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:876-886. [PMID: 30811744 DOI: 10.1113/ep087480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Oligomeric proanthocyanidin has the capacity to alleviate abnormalities in neurological functioning. However, whether oligomeric proanthocyanidin can reduce the progression of demyelination or promote remyelination in demyelinating diseases remains unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? Oligomeric proanthocyanidin can improve cuprizone-induced demyelination by inhibiting immune cell infiltration, reversing overactivated microglia, decreasing the inflammatory cytokines secreted by inflammatory cells and decreasing the production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 -specific antibody in the brain. ABSTRACT Demyelinating diseases of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica and acute disseminated encephalomylitis, are characterized by recurrent primary demyelination-remyelination and progressive neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC), the most effective component of grape seed extract, in cuprizone-fed C57BL/6 mice, a classic demyelination-remyelination model. Our results showed that OPC attenuated abnormal behaviour, reduced demyelination and increased expression of myelin basic protein and expression of O4+ oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin also reduced the numbers of B and T cells, activated microglia in the corpus callosum and inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, concentrations of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific antibodies were significantly reduced in serum and brain homogenates after OPC treatment. Together, these results demonstrate a potent therapeutic effect for OPC in cuprizone-mediated demyelination and clearly highlight multiple effects of this natural product in attenuating myelin-specific autoantibodies and the inflammatory microenvironment in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Zhichao Yang
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Ruoxuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Chunyun Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Insitute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University,, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
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Wang J, Sui RX, Miao Q, Wang Q, Song LJ, Yu JZ, Li YH, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Hydroxyfasudil alleviates demyelination through the inhibition of MOG antibody and microglia activation in cuprizone mouse model. Clin Immunol 2019; 201:35-47. [PMID: 30660624 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by oligodendrocyte loss and progressive neurodegeneration. The cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination is widely used to investigate the demyelination/remyelination. Here, we explored the therapeutic effects of Hydroxyfasudil (HF), an active metabolite of Fasudil, in CPZ model. HF improved behavioral abnormality and reduced myelin damage in the corpus callosum. Splenic atrophy and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody were observed in CPZ model, which were partially restored and obviously inhibited by HF, therefore reducing pathogenic binding of MOG antibody to oligodendrocytes. HF inhibited the percentages of CD4+IL-17+ T cells from splenocytes and infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages in the brain. HF also declined microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and promoted the production of astrocyte-derived brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and regeneration of NG2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These results provide potent evidence for the therapeutic effects of HF in CPZ-induced demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan030001, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong037009, China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong037009, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan030001, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan030024, China; Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong037009, China.
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Sui RX, Miao Q, Wang J, Wang Q, Song LJ, Yu JW, Cao L, Xiao W, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Protective and therapeutic role of Bilobalide in cuprizone-induced demyelination. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 66:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hergenroeder GW, Redell JB, Choi HA, Schmitt L, Donovan W, Francisco GE, Schmitt K, Moore AN, Dash PK. Increased Levels of Circulating Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-2 Autoantibodies in the Acute Stage of Spinal Cord Injury Predict the Subsequent Development of Neuropathic Pain. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2530-2539. [PMID: 29774780 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain develops in 40-70% of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and markedly compromises quality of life. We examined plasma from SCI patients for autoantibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) and evaluated their relationship to the development of neuropathic pain. In study 1, plasma samples and clinical data from 80 chronic SCI patients (1-41 years post-SCI) were collected and screened for GFAP autoantibodies (GFAPab). Results from study 1 indicated that GFAPab were present in 34 of 80 (42.5%) patients, but circulating levels did not correlate with the occurrence of neuropathic pain. In study 2, longitudinal plasma samples and clinical data were collected from 38 acute SCI patients. The level of GFAPab measured at 16 ± 7 days post-SCI was found to be significantly higher in patients that subsequently developed neuropathic pain (within 6 months post-SCI) than patients who did not (T = 219; p = 0.02). In study 3, we identified CRMP2 as an autoantibody target (CRMP2ab) in 23% of acute SCI patients. The presence of GFAPab and/or CRMP2ab increased the odds of subsequently developing neuropathic pain within 6 months of injury by 9.5 times (p = 0.006). Our results suggest that if a causal link can be established between these autoantibodies and the development of neuropathic pain, strategies aimed at reducing the circulating levels of these autoantibodies may have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgene W Hergenroeder
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,2 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,3 Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center , Houston, Texas
| | - John B Redell
- 2 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas
| | - H Alex Choi
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,3 Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa Schmitt
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,3 Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center , Houston, Texas
| | - William Donovan
- 3 Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center , Houston, Texas.,4 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,5 TIRR-Memorial Hermann , Houston, Texas
| | - Gerard E Francisco
- 3 Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center , Houston, Texas.,4 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,5 TIRR-Memorial Hermann , Houston, Texas
| | - Karl Schmitt
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,3 Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center , Houston, Texas.,5 TIRR-Memorial Hermann , Houston, Texas
| | - Anthony N Moore
- 2 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas
| | - Pramod K Dash
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas.,2 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, Texas
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Zbesko JC, Nguyen TVV, Yang T, Frye JB, Hussain O, Hayes M, Chung A, Day WA, Stepanovic K, Krumberger M, Mona J, Longo FM, Doyle KP. Glial scars are permeable to the neurotoxic environment of chronic stroke infarcts. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:63-78. [PMID: 29331263 PMCID: PMC5851450 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, the damaged tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis, a stage of infarct resolution that lasts for months although the exact length of time is currently unknown. One method of repair involves reactive astrocytes and microglia forming a glial scar to compartmentalize the area of liquefactive necrosis from the rest of the brain. The formation of the glial scar is a critical component of the healing response to stroke, as well as other central nervous system (CNS) injuries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the extracellular fluid present in areas of liquefactive necrosis and determine how effectively it is segregated from the remainder of the brain. To accomplish this goal, we used a mouse model of stroke in conjunction with an extracellular fluid toxicity assay, fluorescent and electron microscopy, immunostaining, tracer injections into the infarct, and multiplex immunoassays. We confirmed that the extracellular fluid present in areas of liquefactive necrosis following stroke is toxic to primary cortical and hippocampal neurons for at least 7 weeks following stroke, and discovered that although glial scars are robust physical and endocytic barriers, they are nevertheless permeable. We found that molecules present in the area of liquefactive necrosis can leak across the glial scar and are removed by a combination of paravascular clearance and microglial endocytosis in the adjacent tissue. Despite these mechanisms, there is delayed atrophy, cytotoxic edema, and neuron loss in regions adjacent to the infarct for weeks following stroke. These findings suggest that one mechanism of neurodegeneration following stroke is the failure of glial scars to impermeably segregate areas of liquefactive necrosis from surviving brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Omar Hussain
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Megan Hayes
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Amanda Chung
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - W Anthony Day
- Arizona Health Sciences Center Imaging Core Facility, Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - Maj Krumberger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Justine Mona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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Doyle KP, Buckwalter MS. Does B lymphocyte-mediated autoimmunity contribute to post-stroke dementia? Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:1-8. [PMID: 27531189 PMCID: PMC5305803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive decline and dementia pose a significant public health problem, with 30% of stroke survivors suffering from dementia. The reason for this high prevalence is not well understood. Pathogenic B cell responses to the damaged CNS are one possible contributing factor. B-lymphocytes and antibodies are present in and around the stroke core of some human subjects who die with stroke and dementia, and mice that develop delayed cognitive dysfunction after stroke have clusters of B-lymphocytes in the stroke lesion, and antibody infiltration in the stroked hemisphere. The ablation of B-lymphocytes prevents post-stroke cognitive impairment in mice. Multiple drugs that target B cells are FDA approved, and so if pathogenic B cell responses are occurring in a subset of stroke patients, this is potentially treatable. However, it has also been demonstrated that regulatory B cells can be beneficial in mouse models of stroke. Consequently, it is important to understand the relative contribution of B-lymphocytes to recovery versus pathogenicity, and if this balance is heterogeneous in different individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge with regard to the role of B-lymphocytes in the etiology of post-stroke dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian P. Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, Department of Neurology, and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Maciejewska D, Jakubczyk K, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Chlubek D, Wąsik A, Gutowska I. The Influence of Fluorine on the Disturbances of Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:224-234. [PMID: 27787813 PMCID: PMC5418325 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorides occur naturally in the environment, the daily exposure of human organism to fluorine mainly depends on the intake of this element with drinking water and it is connected with the geographical region. In some countries, we can observe the endemic fluorosis-the damage of hard and soft tissues caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. Recent studies showed that fluorine is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). There are several known mechanisms which lead to structural brain damage caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. This element is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it accumulates in neurons affecting cytological changes, cell activity and ion transport (e.g. chlorine transport). Additionally, fluorine changes the concentration of non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the metabolism of neurotransmitters (influencing mainly glutamatergic neurotransmission) and the energy metabolism of neurons by the impaired glucose transporter-GLUT1. It can also change activity and lead to dysfunction of important proteins which are part of the respiratory chain. Fluorine also affects oxidative stress, glial activation and inflammation in the CNS which leads to neurodegeneration. All of those changes lead to abnormal cell differentiation and the activation of apoptosis through the changes in the expression of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and MAP kinases. Excessive exposure to this element can cause harmful effects such as permanent damage of all brain structures, impaired learning ability, memory dysfunction and behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview of the fluoride neurotoxicity in juveniles and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
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Casili G, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. B-Cell Depletion with CD20 Antibodies as New Approach in the Treatment of Inflammatory and Immunological Events Associated with Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:880-894. [PMID: 27215219 PMCID: PMC5081113 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating pathology that has irreversible impacts and results in functional loss. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and immunologic role of antibody-mediated depletion of B cells through the glycoengineered anti-muCD20 antibody (18B12) in an experimental model of spinal cord compression, in vivo and ex vivo. Intraperitoneal 18B12 was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg, 1 h and 6 h after SCI, and mice were sacrificed 24 h after trauma. We demonstrated, in vivo, that 18B12 slowed severe hindlimb motor dysfunction (Basso Mouse Scale score) and neuronal death by histological evaluation in SCI mice, as well as decreased expression of nuclear factor-kB, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cytokines, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Also, 18B12 reduced expression of microglia, just as it lowered the expression of B and T lymphocytes. Moreover, in spinal cord organotypic cultures, pretreatment with 18B12 significantly reduced nitric oxide expression and protected cells from cell death [3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay]. In this study, we showed that 18B12 treatment reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury by alteration of the immune system associated with SCI. This study increases the current knowledge that B-cell depletion is able to exert immunomodulating actions in damaged spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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Devaux S, Cizkova D, Quanico J, Franck J, Nataf S, Pays L, Hauberg-Lotte L, Maass P, Kobarg JH, Kobeissy F, Mériaux C, Wisztorski M, Slovinska L, Blasko J, Cigankova V, Fournier I, Salzet M. Proteomic Analysis of the Spatio-temporal Based Molecular Kinetics of Acute Spinal Cord Injury Identifies a Time- and Segment-specific Window for Effective Tissue Repair. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2641-70. [PMID: 27250205 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.057794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a major debilitating health issue with a direct socioeconomic burden on the public and private sectors worldwide. Although several studies have been conducted to identify the molecular progression of injury sequel due from the lesion site, still the exact underlying mechanisms and pathways of injury development have not been fully elucidated. In this work, based on OMICs, 3D matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging, cytokines arrays, confocal imaging we established for the first time that molecular and cellular processes occurring after SCI are altered between the lesion proximity, i.e. rostral and caudal segments nearby the lesion (R1-C1) whereas segments distant from R1-C1, i.e. R2-C2 and R3-C3 levels coexpressed factors implicated in neurogenesis. Delay in T regulators recruitment between R1 and C1 favor discrepancies between the two segments. This is also reinforced by presence of neurites outgrowth inhibitors in C1, absent in R1. Moreover, the presence of immunoglobulins (IgGs) in neurons at the lesion site at 3 days, validated by mass spectrometry, may present additional factor that contributes to limited regeneration. Treatment in vivo with anti-CD20 one hour after SCI did not improve locomotor function and decrease IgG expression. These results open the door of a novel view of the SCI treatment by considering the C1 as the therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Devaux
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France; §Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center of Excellence for Brain Research, Soltesovej 4-6 Kosice, Slovakia; §§Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France; §Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center of Excellence for Brain Research, Soltesovej 4-6 Kosice, Slovakia; §§Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jusal Quanico
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Franck
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Nataf
- ¶Inserm U-1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Banque de Tissus et de Cellules des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon-1, France
| | - Laurent Pays
- ¶Inserm U-1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Banque de Tissus et de Cellules des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon-1, France
| | - Lena Hauberg-Lotte
- ‖Center for industrial mathematics, University of Bremen, Bibliothek straβe 1, MZH, Room 2060, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Maass
- ‖Center for industrial mathematics, University of Bremen, Bibliothek straβe 1, MZH, Room 2060, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan H Kobarg
- **Steinbeis Innovation Center SCiLS Research, Fahrenheitstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- ‡‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut
| | - Céline Mériaux
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lucia Slovinska
- §Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center of Excellence for Brain Research, Soltesovej 4-6 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Blasko
- §Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center of Excellence for Brain Research, Soltesovej 4-6 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Viera Cigankova
- §§Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France; **Steinbeis Innovation Center SCiLS Research, Fahrenheitstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Cui ZQ, Liu BL, Wu QL, Cai Y, Fan WJ, Zhang MC, Ding WL, Zhang B, Kang JM, Yan H. Could Intrathymic Injection of Myelin Basic Protein Suppress Inflammatory Response After Co-culture of T Lymphocytes and BV-2 Microglia Cells? Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129:831-7. [PMID: 26996480 PMCID: PMC4819305 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.178955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between activated microglia and T lymphocytes can yield abundant pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous study proved that thymus immune tolerance could alleviate the inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate whether intrathymic injection of myelin basic protein (MBP) in mice could suppress the inflammatory response after co-culture of T lymphocytes and BV-2 microglia cells. METHODS Totally, 72 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 24 in each): Group A: intrathymic injection of 100 μl MBP (1 mg/ml); Group B: intrathymic injection of 100 μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); and Group C: sham operation group. Every eight mice in each group were sacrificed to obtain the spleen at postoperative days 3, 7, and 14, respectively. T lymphocytes those were extracted and purified from the spleens were then co-cultured with activated BV-2 microglia cells at a proportion of 1:2 in the medium containing MBP for 3 days. After identified the T lymphocytes by CD3, surface antigens of T lymphocytes (CD4, CD8, CD152, and CD154) and BV-2 microglia cells (CD45 and CD54) were detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of pro-inflammatory factors of BV-2 microglia cells (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant difference test were used for data analysis. RESULTS The levels of CD152 in Group A showed an upward trend from the 3rd to 7th day, with a downward trend from the 7th to 14th day (20.12 ± 0.71%, 30.71 ± 1.14%, 13.50 ± 0.71% at postoperative days 3, 7, and 14, respectively, P < 0.05). The levels of CD154 in Group A showed a downward trend from the 3rd to 7th day, with an upward trend from the 7th to 14th day (10.00 ± 0.23%, 5.28 ± 0.69%, 14.67 ± 2.71% at postoperative days 3, 7, and 14, respectively, P < 0.05). The ratio of CD4+/CD8 + T in Group A showed a downward trend from the 3rd to 7th day, with the minimum at postoperative day 7, then an upward trend from the 7th to 14th day (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of CD45 and CD54 in Group A were found as the same trend as the ratio of CD4+/CD8 + T (CD45: 83.39 ± 2.56%, 82.74 ± 2.09%, 87.56 ± 2.11%; CD54: 3.80 ± 0.24%, 0.94 ± 0.40%, 3.41 ± 0.33% at postoperative days 3, 7, and 14, respectively, P < 0.05). The expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS in Group A were significantly lower than those in Groups B and C, and the values at postoperative day 7 were the lowest compared with those at postoperative days 3 and 14 (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between Groups B and C. CONCLUSIONS Intrathymic injection of MBP could suppress the immune reaction that might reduce the secondary immune injury of brain tissue induced by an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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Nemeth CL, Miller AH, Tansey MG, Neigh GN. Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to microembolism-induced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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ACAID as a potential therapeutic approach to modulate inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:38-45. [PMID: 26880635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of neurons and inflammation characterizes neurodegenerative diseases. Although the etiology, progression and outcome of different neurodegenerative diseases are varied, they share chronic inflammation maintained largely by central nervous system (CNS)-derived antigens recognized by T cells. Inflammation can be beneficial by recruiting immune cells to kill pathogens or to clear cell debris resulting from the primary insult. However, chronic inflammation exacerbates and perpetuates tissue damage. An increasing number of therapies that attempt to modulate neuroinflammation have been developed. However, so far none has succeeded in decreasing the secondary damage associated with chronic inflammation. A potential strategy to modulate the immune system is related to the induction of tolerance to CNS antigens. In this line, it is our hypothesis that this could be accomplished by using anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) as a strategy. Thus, we review current knowledge regarding some neurodegenerative diseases and the associated immune response that causes inflammation. In addition, we discuss further our hypothesis of the possible usefulness of ACAID as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate damage to the CNS.
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Alluri H, Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Davis ML, Huang JH, Tharakan B. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1093-104. [PMID: 25624154 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. After traumatic brain injury, the blood-brain barrier, the protective barrier between the brain and the intravascular compartment, becomes dysfunctional, leading to leakage of proteins, fluid, and transmigration of immune cells. As this leakage has profound clinical implications, including edema formation, elevated intracranial pressure and decreased perfusion pressure, much interest has been paid to better understanding the mechanisms responsible for these events. Various molecular pathways and numerous mediators have been found to be involved in the intricate process of regulating blood-brain barrier permeability following traumatic brain injury. This review provides an update to the existing knowledge about the various pathophysiological pathways and advancements in the field of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and hyperpermeability following traumatic brain injury, including the role of various tight junction proteins involved in blood-brain barrier integrity and regulation. We also address pitfalls of existing systems and propose strategies to improve the various debilitating functional deficits caused by this progressive epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himakarnika Alluri
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health & Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 S.W. H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
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Chenouard A, Chesneau M, Braza F, Dejoie T, Cinotti R, Roquilly A, Brouard S, Asehnoune K. Phenotype and functions of B cells in patients with acute brain injuries. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:350-6. [PMID: 26364142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain injuries (BI) induce a state of systemic immunosuppression, leading to a high risk of pneumonia. In this pilot study, we investigated the status of B cell compartment in BI patients. METHODS A prospective observational study was performed in 2 intensive care units in a university hospital. Blood samples were collected in 14 patients at day 1 and day 7 after acute BI. The phenotype and the ability of B cells to secrete IL-10 were compared to 11 healthy volunteers (HV). RESULTS Among the circulating lymphocytes, the frequency of B cells was significantly higher in BI patients compared to HV (p<0.001). B cells from BI patients displayed an activated profil on day 7 after BI, reflected by a significantly higher proportion of CD27(+) memory (p=0.01) and CD27(+) IgD(-) switched memory B cells (p=0.02), as well as a significantly higher blood level of IgA (p=0.001) and IgM (p<0.001) as compared to day 1. The frequency of IL-10 secreting B cells (IL-10(+) B cells) on day 1 and day 7 was significantly lower in BI patients compared to HV (p<0.05). Interestingly, we observed that all BI patients with high frequency of IL-10(+) B cells on day 1 displayed an episode of pneumonia, and had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay compared to BI patients with low proportion of IL-10(+) B cells. CONCLUSION This study provides an extensive description of the phenotype and function of B cells in BI patients. Our results suggest that IL-10(+) B cells could play a major role in immunosuppression after BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Chenouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Mélanie Chesneau
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Faouzi Braza
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Thomas Dejoie
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Raphael Cinotti
- Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, EA 3826 Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France; CIC biothérapie, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, EA 3826 Nantes, France.
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Lecendreux M, Libri V, Jaussent I, Mottez E, Lopez R, Lavault S, Regnault A, Arnulf I, Dauvilliers Y. Impact of cytokine in type 1 narcolepsy: Role of pandemic H1N1 vaccination ? J Autoimmun 2015; 60:20-31. [PMID: 25892508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the identification of susceptibility genes and environmental exposures (pandemic influenza 2009 vaccination) provide strong support that narcolepsy type 1 is an immune-mediated disease. Considering the limited knowledge regarding the immune mechanisms involved in narcolepsy whether related to flu vaccination or not and the recent progresses in cytokine measurement technology, we assessed 30 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors using the Luminex technology in either peripheral (serum) or central (CSF) compartments in a large population of 90 children and adult patients with narcolepsy type 1 in comparison to 58 non-hypocretin deficient hypersomniacs and 41 healthy controls. Furthermore, we compared their levels in patients with narcolepsy whether exposed to pandemic flu vaccine or not, and analyzed the effect of age, duration of disease and symptom severity. Comparison for sera biomarkers between narcolepsy (n = 84, 54 males, median age: 15.5 years old) and healthy controls (n = 41, 13 males, median age: 20 years old) revealed an increased stimulation of the immune system with high release of several pro- and anti-inflammatory serum cytokines and growth factors with interferon-γ, CCL11, epidermal growth factor, and interleukin-2 receptor being independently associated with narcolepsy. Increased levels of interferon-γ, CCL11, and interleukin-12 were found when close to narcolepsy onset. After several adjustments, only one CSF biomarker differed between narcolepsy (n = 44, 26 males, median age: 15 years old) and non-hypocretin deficient hypersomnias (n = 57, 24 males, median age: 36 years old) with higher CCL 3 levels found in narcolepsy. Comparison for sera biomarkers between patients with narcolepsy who developed the disease post-pandemic flu vaccination (n = 36) to those without vaccination (n = 48) revealed an increased stimulation of the immune system with high release of three cytokines, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted, CXCL10, and CXCL9, being independently and significantly increased in the group exposed to the vaccine. No significant differences were found between narcoleptics whether exposed to flu vaccination or not for CSF biomarkers except for a lower CXCL10 level found in the exposed group. To conclude, we highlighted the role of sera cytokine with pro-inflammatory properties and especially interferon-γ being independently associated with narcolepsy close to disease onset. The activity of the interferon-γ network was also increased in the context of narcolepsy after the pandemic flu vaccination being a potential key player in the immune mechanism that triggers narcolepsy and that coordinates the immune response necessary for resolving vaccination assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lecendreux
- AP-HP, Pediatric Sleep Center, CHU Robert-Debré, Paris, France; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Inserm UMS20, Centre d'Immunologie Humaine (CIH) Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Isabelle Jaussent
- Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Mottez
- Inserm UMS20, Centre d'Immunologie Humaine (CIH) Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Régis Lopez
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Lavault
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Sleep Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, France; Brain Research Institute (CRICM-UPMC-Paris6; Inserm UMR_S 975; CNRS UMR 7225), Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Armelle Regnault
- Aviesan/Institut Multi-Organismes Immunologie, Hématologie et Pneumologie (ITMO IHP), France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Sleep Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, France; Brain Research Institute (CRICM-UPMC-Paris6; Inserm UMR_S 975; CNRS UMR 7225), Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France.
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Abstract
Each year, 10 million people worldwide survive the neurologic injury associated with a stroke. Importantly, stroke survivors have more than twice the risk of subsequently developing dementia compared with people who have never had a stroke. The link between stroke and the later development of dementia is not understood. There are reports of oligoclonal bands in the CSF of stroke patients, suggesting that in some people a B-lymphocyte response to stroke may occur in the CNS. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a B-lymphocyte response to stroke could contribute to the onset of dementia. We discovered that, in mouse models, activated B-lymphocytes infiltrate infarcted tissue in the weeks after stroke. B-lymphocytes undergo isotype switching, and IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are found in the neuropil adjacent to the lesion. Concurrently, mice develop delayed deficits in LTP and cognition. Genetic deficiency, and the pharmacologic ablation of B-lymphocytes using an anti-CD20 antibody, prevents the appearance of delayed cognitive deficits. Furthermore, immunostaining of human postmortem tissue revealed that a B-lymphocyte response to stroke also occurs in the brain of some people with stroke and dementia. These data suggest that some stroke patients may develop a B-lymphocyte response to stroke that contributes to dementia, and is potentially treatable with FDA-approved drugs that target B cells.
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Akinrinade ID, Memudu AE, Ogundele OM, Ajetunmobi OI. Interplay of glia activation and oxidative stress formation in fluoride and aluminium exposure. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2015; 22:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Aleksić D, Aksić M, Divac N, Radonjić V, Filipović B, Jakovčevski I. Thermomineral water promotes axonal sprouting but does not reduce glial scar formation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:2174-81. [PMID: 25657739 PMCID: PMC4316451 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.147950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermomineral water from the Atomic Spa Gornja Trepča has been used for a century in the treatment of neurologic disease. The thermomineral water contains microelements, including lithium and magnesium, which show neural regeneration-promoting effects after central nervous system injury. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral intake of thermomineral water from the Atomic Spa Gornja Trepča on nerve regeneration in a 3-month-old mouse model of spinal cord injury. The mice receiving oral intake of thermomineral water showed better locomotor recovery than those without administration of thermomineral water at 8 and 12 weeks after lower thoracic spinal cord compression. At 12 weeks after injury, sprouting of catecholaminergic axons was better in mice that drank thermomineral water than in those without administration of thermomineral water, but there was no difference in glial reaction to injury between mice with and without administration of thermomineral water. These findings suggest that thermomineral water can promote the nerve regeneration but cannot reduce glial scar formation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Aleksić
- Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanić", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Aksić
- Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanić", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Divac
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vidosava Radonjić
- Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanić", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Filipović
- Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanić", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Jakovčevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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