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Palaz F, Ozsoz M, Zarrinpar A, Sahin I. CRISPR in Targeted Therapy and Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:975-995. [PMID: 38832119 PMCID: PMC11146628 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s456683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advancements, outcomes for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unsatisfactory, highlighting the need for novel treatments. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene-editing technology offers innovative treatment approaches, involving genetic manipulation of either cancer cells or adoptive T cells to combat HCC. This review comprehensively assesses the applications of CRISPR systems in HCC treatment, focusing on in vivo targeting of cancer cells and the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells. We explore potential synergies between CRISPR-based cancer therapeutics and existing treatment options, discussing ongoing clinical trials and the role of CRISPR technology in improving HCC treatment outcomes with advanced safety measures. In summary, this review provides insights into the promising prospects and current challenges of using CRISPR technology in HCC treatment, with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes and revolutionizing the landscape of HCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahreddin Palaz
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ilyas Sahin
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Chen B, Deng Y, Ren X, Zhao J, Jiang C. CRISPR/Cas9 screening: unraveling cancer immunotherapy's 'Rosetta Stone'. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00102-3. [PMID: 38763850 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based technology, a powerful toolset for the unbiased functional genomic screening of biological processes, has facilitated several scientific breakthroughs in the biomedical field. Cancer immunotherapy has advanced the treatment of numerous malignancies that previously had restricted treatment options or unfavorable outcomes. In the realm of cancer immunotherapy, the application of CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-based genetic perturbation screening has enabled the identification of genes, biomarkers, and signaling pathways that govern various cancer immunoreactivities, as well as the development of effective immunotherapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based screening for cancer immunotherapy and outline the immunotherapeutic targets identified via CRISPR screening based on cancer-type classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Chen
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Yanrong Deng
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianghai Ren
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Congqing Jiang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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3
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Sang W, Zhou Y, Chen H, Yu C, Dai L, Liu Z, Chen L, Fang Y, Ma P, Wu X, Kong H, Liao W, Jiang H, Qian J, Wang D, Liu YH. Receptor-interacting Protein Kinase 2 Is an Immunotherapy Target in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:326-347. [PMID: 37824278 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a highly lethal malignancy because of its aggressive nature and the paucity of effective treatment options. Almost all registered drugs have proven ineffective in addressing the needs of patients with PDAC. This is the result of a poor understanding of the unique tumor-immune microenvironment (TME) in PDAC. To identify druggable regulators of immunosuppressive TME, we performed a kinome- and membranome-focused CRISPR screening using orthotopic PDAC models. Our data showed that receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a crucial driver of immune evasion of cytotoxic T-cell killing and that genetic or pharmacologic targeting of RIPK2 sensitizes PDAC to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy, leading to prolonged survival or complete regression. Mechanistic studies revealed that tumor-intrinsic RIPK2 ablation disrupts desmoplastic TME and restores MHC class I (MHC-I) surface levels through eliminating NBR1-mediated autophagy-lysosomal degradation. Our results provide a rationale for a novel combination therapy consisting of RIPK2 inhibition and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE PDAC is resistant to almost all available therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade. Through in vivo CRISPR screen, we identified that RIPK2 plays a crucial role in facilitating immune evasion by impeding antigen presentation and cytotoxic T-cell killing. Targeting tumor-intrinsic RIPK2 either genetically or pharmacologically improves PDAC to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. See related commentary by Liu et al., p. 208 . This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Sang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery & Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiduo Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengxuan Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Dai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery & Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongkun Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery & Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery & Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery & Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangji Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Kong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenting Liao
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junbin Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Hua Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery & Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li YR, Lyu Z, Tian Y, Fang Y, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Yang L. Advancements in CRISPR screens for the development of cancer immunotherapy strategies. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100733. [PMID: 37876793 PMCID: PMC10591018 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR screen technology enables systematic and scalable interrogation of gene function by using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to perturb gene expression. In the field of cancer immunotherapy, this technology has empowered the discovery of genes, biomarkers, and pathways that regulate tumor development and progression, immune reactivity, and the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic interventions. By conducting large-scale genetic screens, researchers have successfully identified novel targets to impede tumor growth, enhance anti-tumor immune responses, and surmount immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we present an overview of CRISPR screens conducted in tumor cells for the purpose of identifying novel therapeutic targets. We also explore the application of CRISPR screens in immune cells to propel the advancement of cell-based therapies, encompassing T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, we outline the crucial components necessary for the successful implementation of immune-specific CRISPR screens and explore potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zibai Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yanxin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Zhou Y, Luo K, Liang L, Chen M, He X. A new Bayesian factor analysis method improves detection of genes and biological processes affected by perturbations in single-cell CRISPR screening. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1693-1703. [PMID: 37770710 PMCID: PMC10630124 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool to characterize the effects of genetic perturbations on the whole transcriptome at a single-cell level. However, due to its sparsity and complex structure, analysis of single-cell CRISPR screening data is challenging. In particular, standard differential expression analysis methods are often underpowered to detect genes affected by CRISPR perturbations. We developed a statistical method for such data, called guided sparse factor analysis (GSFA). GSFA infers latent factors that represent coregulated genes or gene modules; by borrowing information from these factors, it infers the effects of genetic perturbations on individual genes. We demonstrated through extensive simulation studies that GSFA detects perturbation effects with much higher power than state-of-the-art methods. Using single-cell CRISPR data from human CD8+ T cells and neural progenitor cells, we showed that GSFA identified biologically relevant gene modules and specific genes affected by CRISPR perturbations, many of which were missed by existing methods, providing new insights into the functions of genes involved in T cell activation and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Graduate Program of Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaixuan Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lifan Liang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Xin He
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kauke-Navarro M, Noel OF, Knoedler L, Knoedler S, Panayi AC, Stoegner VA, Huelsboemer L, Pomahac B. Novel Strategies in Transplantation: Genetic Engineering and Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. J Surg Res 2023; 291:176-186. [PMID: 37429217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the clinical success in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), systemic immunosuppression remains necessary to prevent allograft rejection. Even with potent immunosuppressive regimens (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids), most patients experience several rejection episodes, often within the same year. The risk of systemic side effects must constantly be weighed against the risk of under-immunosuppression and, thus, acute and chronic rejection. In this context, genomic editing has emerged as a potential tool to minimize the need for toxic immunosuppressive regimens and has gained attention in the fields of solid organ transplantation and xenotransplantation. This strategy may also be relevant for the future of VCA. METHODS We discuss the topic of genetic engineering and review recent developments in this field that justify investigating tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 in the context of VCA. RESULTS We propose specific strategies for VCA based on the most recent gene expression data. This includes the well-known strategy of tolerance induction. Specifically, targeting the interaction between antigen-presenting cells and recipient-derived T cells by CD40 knockout may be effective. The novelty for VCA is a discovery that donor-derived T lymphocytes may play a special role in allograft rejection of facial transplants. We suggest targeting these cells prior to transplantation (e.g., by ex vivo perfusion of the transplant) by knocking out genes necessary for the long-term persistence of donor-derived immune cells in the allograft. CONCLUSION Despite the demonstrated feasibility of VCA in recent years, continued improvements to immunomodulatory strategies using tools like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 could lead to the development of approaches that mitigate the limitations associated with rejection of this life-giving procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Olivier F Noel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Viola A Stoegner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lioba Huelsboemer
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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7
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House IG, Derrick EB, Sek K, Chen AXY, Li J, Lai J, Todd KL, Munoz I, Michie J, Chan CW, Huang YK, Chan JD, Petley EV, Tong J, Nguyen D, Engel S, Savas P, Hogg SJ, Vervoort SJ, Kearney CJ, Burr ML, Lam EYN, Gilan O, Bedoui S, Johnstone RW, Dawson MA, Loi S, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. CRISPR-Cas9 screening identifies an IRF1-SOCS1-mediated negative feedback loop that limits CXCL9 expression and antitumor immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113014. [PMID: 37605534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL9 expression is a strong predictor of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accordingly, we sought to develop therapeutic strategies to enhance the expression of CXCL9 and augment antitumor immunity. To perform whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screening for regulators of CXCL9 expression, a CXCL9-GFP reporter line is generated using a CRISPR knockin strategy. This approach finds that IRF1 limits CXCL9 expression in both tumor cells and primary myeloid cells through induction of SOCS1, which subsequently limits STAT1 signaling. Thus, we identify a subset of STAT1-dependent genes that do not require IRF1 for their transcription, including CXCL9. Targeting of either IRF1 or SOCS1 potently enhances CXCL9 expression by intratumoral macrophages, which is further enhanced in the context of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. We hence show a non-canonical role for IRF1 in limiting the expression of a subset of STAT1-dependent genes through induction of SOCS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Emily B Derrick
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Isabelle Munoz
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cheok Weng Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Kuan Huang
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junming Tong
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - DatMinh Nguyen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sven Engel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Savas
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marian L Burr
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Enid Y N Lam
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Omer Gilan
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Liu S, Zhou J, Ye X, Chen D, Chen W, Lin Y, Chen Z, Chen B, Shang J. A novel lncRNA SNHG29 regulates EP300- related histone acetylation modification and inhibits FLT3-ITD AML development. Leukemia 2023:10.1038/s41375-023-01923-y. [PMID: 37157016 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations within the FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) occur in up to 25% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and indicate a very poor prognosis. The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in FLT3-ITD AML progression remains unexplored. We identified a novel lncRNA, SNHG29, whose expression is specifically regulated by the FLT3-STAT5 signaling pathway and is abnormally down-regulated in FLT3-ITD AML cell lines. SNHG29 functions as a tumor suppressor, significantly inhibiting FLT3-ITD AML cell proliferation and decreasing sensitivity to cytarabine in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that SNHG29's molecular mechanism is EP300-binding dependent and identified the EP300-interacting region of SNHG29. SNHG29 modulates genome-wide EP300 genomic binding, affecting EP300-mediated histone modification and consequently influencing the expression of varies downstream AML-associated genes. Our study uncovers a novel molecular mechanism for SNHG29 in mediating FLT3-ITD AML biological behaviors through epigenetic modification, suggesting that SNHG29 could be a potential therapeutic target for FLT3-ITD AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Fujian Children's Hospital; College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangling Ye
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Danni Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yaobin Lin
- Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Biyun Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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9
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Rabaan AA, AlSaihati H, Bukhamsin R, Bakhrebah MA, Nassar MS, Alsaleh AA, Alhashem YN, Bukhamseen AY, Al-Ruhimy K, Alotaibi M, Alsubki RA, Alahmed HE, Al-Abdulhadi S, Alhashem FA, Alqatari AA, Alsayyah A, Farahat RA, Abdulal RH, Al-Ahmed AH, Imran M, Mohapatra RK. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Cancer Treatment: A Future Direction. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:1954-1976. [PMID: 36826113 PMCID: PMC9955208 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing, especially with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), has advanced gene function science. Gene editing's rapid advancement has increased its medical/clinical value. Due to its great specificity and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 can accurately and swiftly screen the whole genome. This simplifies disease-specific gene therapy. To study tumor origins, development, and metastasis, CRISPR/Cas9 can change genomes. In recent years, tumor treatment research has increasingly employed this method. CRISPR/Cas9 can treat cancer by removing genes or correcting mutations. Numerous preliminary tumor treatment studies have been conducted in relevant fields. CRISPR/Cas9 may treat gene-level tumors. CRISPR/Cas9-based personalized and targeted medicines may shape tumor treatment. This review examines CRISPR/Cas9 for tumor therapy research, which will be helpful in providing references for future studies on the pathogenesis of malignancy and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Hajir AlSaihati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Bukhamsin
- Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef N. Alhashem
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Y. Bukhamseen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Al-Ruhimy
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 14235, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alotaibi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 14235, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hejji E. Alahmed
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Al Hofuf 36441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Saleh Office for Medical Genetic and Genetic Counseling Services, The House of Expertise, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Dammam 32411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatemah A. Alhashem
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hematopathology Division, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam A. Alqatari
- Hematopathology Department, Clinical Pathology, Al-Dorr Specialist Medical Center, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H. Al-Ahmed
- Dammam Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India
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10
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Holcomb EA, Pearson AN, Jungles KM, Tate A, James J, Jiang L, Huber AK, Green MD. High-content CRISPR screening in tumor immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041451. [PMID: 36479127 PMCID: PMC9721350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR screening is a powerful tool that links specific genetic alterations to corresponding phenotypes, thus allowing for high-throughput identification of novel gene functions. Pooled CRISPR screens have enabled discovery of innate and adaptive immune response regulators in the setting of viral infection and cancer. Emerging methods couple pooled CRISPR screens with parallel high-content readouts at the transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and optical levels. These approaches are illuminating cancer immune evasion mechanisms as well as nominating novel targets that augment T cell activation, increase T cell infiltration into tumors, and promote enhanced T cell cytotoxicity. This review details recent methodological advances in high-content CRISPR screens and highlights the impact this technology is having on tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Holcomb
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashley N. Pearson
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kassidy M. Jungles
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Akshay Tate
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jadyn James
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Amanda K. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael D. Green
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Michael D. Green,
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11
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Choi SI, Yin J. Prospective approaches to enhancing CAR T cell therapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008751. [PMID: 36275671 PMCID: PMC9582117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. The poor clinical outcome and overall ineffectiveness of current standard treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, highlight the urgent need for alternative tumor-specific therapies for GBM. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a revolutionary therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies, but the optimal potency of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, especially GBM, has not been achieved. Although CAR T cell therapeutic strategies for GBM have been assessed in clinical trials, the current antitumor activity of CAR T cells remains insufficient. In this review, we present our perspective on genetically modifying CAR constructs, overcoming T cell dysfunctions, and developing additional treatments that can improve CAR T cell effectiveness, such as functionality, persistence, and infiltration into tumor sites. Effectively improved CAR T cells may offer patients with GBM new treatment opportunities, and this review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers to develop potent CAR T cells using genetic engineering or combinatorial preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Il Choi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Jinlong Yin,
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12
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Mei H, Gu Q, Wang W, Meng Y, Jiang L, Liu J. CRISPR-surfaceome: An online tool for designing highly efficient sgRNAs targeting cell surface proteins. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3833-3838. [PMID: 35891797 PMCID: PMC9307495 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based genome-editing tools have emerged as an efficient tool for functional genomics studies. Online tools and databases have been developed to facilitate the design and selection of CRISPR single guide RNA (sgRNA) for gene modifications. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of these tools or database are designated to cell surface proteins. In a previous study, we described the development and application of surfaceome CRISPR libraries targeting to cell surface proteins on human cells. Here, we present the design and construction of an online tool and database (https://crispr-surfaceome.siais.shanghaitech.edu.cn/home), named CRISPR-Surfaceome, for the design of highly efficient sgRNA targeting to the surface proteins on human cells. To show case and validate the efficiencies of sgRNAs designed by this online tool, we chose ICAM-1 gene for knockout studies and found that all the 10 designed ICAM-1 sgRNAs could efficiently generate knockout cells, with more than 80% gene disruption rates. These ICAM-1 knockout cells were found to be resistant to the infection of rhinovirus (RV), which utilizes ICAM-1 as the receptor. Therefore, CRISPR-Surfaceome can serve the research community for the functional genomics studies on cell surface proteins, such as identification of pathogen receptors and discovery of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qian Gu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding authors at: Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, China
- Corresponding authors at: Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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13
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Common computational tools for analyzing CRISPR screens. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:779-788. [PMID: 34881774 PMCID: PMC8786280 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR–Cas technology offers a versatile toolbox for genome editing, with applications in various cancer-related fields such as functional genomics, immunotherapy, synthetic lethality and drug resistance, metastasis, genome regulation, chromatic accessibility and RNA-targeting. The variety of screening platforms and questions in which they are used have caused the development of a wide array of analytical methods for CRISPR analysis. In this review, we focus on the algorithms and frameworks used in the computational analysis of pooled CRISPR knockout (KO) screens and highlight some of the most significant target discoveries made using these methods. Lastly, we offer perspectives on the design and analysis of state-of-art multiplex screening for genetic interactions.
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14
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Hargadon KM. The role of interferons in melanoma resistance to immune checkpoint blockade: mechanisms of escape and therapeutic implications. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:1095-1104. [PMID: 34185875 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has achieved unprecedented success in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, though its efficacy is often limited by innate and acquired mechanisms of resistance. Type I and type II interferons (IFNs) act as key determinants of checkpoint blockade therapeutic outcome, and tumour-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that disrupt IFN activity confer resistance to various checkpoint inhibitors. This review highlights our current understanding of the mechanisms by which tumours disrupt IFN function in the context of ICB, and it discusses therapeutic strategies to overcome these mechanisms of resistance and improve the clinical reach of ICB therapy in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, 23943, USA
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