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Fukasawa T, Urushihara H, Takahashi H, Okura T, Kawakami K. Risk of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Associated With Antibiotic Use: A Case-Crossover Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:3463-3472. [PMID: 37459954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is lacking on the association between antibiotic use and risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in Asians. OBJECTIVE We assessed the risk of SJS/TEN associated with different antibiotic classes in Japanese. METHODS We conducted a case-crossover study using a claims database. Firth conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SJS/TEN associated with antibiotic use in a 56-day hazard period versus 3 control periods. We created 18 cohorts for each antibiotic class and calculated 56-day cumulative incidence per 100,000 new users. The association between antibiotic class and SJS/TEN was also evaluated in each case using the ALgorithm of Drug causality for Epidermal Necrolysis (ALDEN). RESULTS Our case-crossover study included 170 SJS/TEN cases. Increased ORs were observed for lincomycins (OR, 33.00 [95% CI, 3.74-4332.05]), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (21.20 [6.73-105.98]), penicillins (14.39 [6.95-34.21]), glycopeptides (14.37 [3.17-136.10]), cephalosporins (7.06 [4.25-12.21]), aminoglycosides (6.55 [1.97-26.84]), quinolones (5.98 [3.34-11.20]), fosfomycin (5.40 [1.20-30.97]), carbapenems (5.09 [1.85-15.64]), tetracyclines (4.95 [1.78-15.27]), and macrolides (3.78 [2.13-6.83]). Cumulative incidence of SJS/TEN was 67.4 for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 86.2 for glycopeptides, and below 10.0 for the others. Despite the high incidence, only 2 cases had a probable causal relationship with glycopeptides. CONCLUSION Some antibiotic classes, including lincomycins, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, and carbapenems, were newly suggested to be associated with risk of SJS/TEN; considered together with the high incidence for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and glycopeptides, these findings warrant caution in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Fukasawa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Digital Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Urushihara
- Division of Drug Development and Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okura
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Mahmoud ALE, Kilany AHAM, Hassan EA. Antifungal activity of Lysinibacillus macroides against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum and analysis of its mycotoxin minimization potential. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:269. [PMID: 37752474 PMCID: PMC10521556 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus and Fusarium) and their metabolites represent the major cause of corn and corn-based products contamination and consequently lead to severe economic and health issues. AIM Our current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of using L. macroides Bac6 as a biological control agent against the toxigenic fungi; A. flavus f10 and F. proliferatum f30 and their mycotoxins. RESULTS The results illustrated that A. flavus f10 produced the aflatoxins AFB1 and AFG2 with concentrations of 21.239 and 13.593 ppb, respectively. While F. proliferatum f30 produced fumonisin B1 (9600 ppb). Furthermore, L. macroides showed a high potential for inhibition of toxigenic fungal growth using a dual culture method. F. proliferatum f30 and A. flavus f10 were found to be inhibited by a percentage of 80 and 62.5%, respectively. The results were confirmed using the scanning electron microscope. The antagonistic bacteria, L. macroides, showed chitinase productivity and activity of 26.45 U/L and 0.12 U/mL/min, respectively, which illustrates its potential application as a biocontrol agent. The GC-MS analysis revealed an abundance of Pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, Hexahydro in the bacterial supernatant that exhibited antifungal characteristics. L. macroides had a significant reduction of AFB1 and AFG2 produced by A. flavus f10, recording 99.25% and 99% inhibition, respectively. It also showed strong inhibition of fumonisin B1 (90% inhibition) produced by F. proliferatum f30. CONCLUSION Thus, the current study is a prospective study evaluating for the first time the potential impact of L. macroides Bac6 against the toxigenic fungi and their toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lotfy E Mahmoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Ayat H A Mohamed Kilany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Elhagag A Hassan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
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McKinley BJ, Allen ME, Michels N. Photodistributed Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and proposal for a new diagnostic classification. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:188. [PMID: 37303053 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is commonly reported as a risk factor for Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, minimal evaluation of photo-induced SJS/TEN has been conducted. Thus, this review identifies all cases of SJS/TEN that are linked to an acute exposure of UVR and outlines the unifying characteristics of these cases. Furthermore, the theoretical pathogenesis, differential diagnoses, and proposed diagnostic criteria are defined. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar, and other databases and websites were searched from inception to September 2021 to identify studies that met inclusion criteria. The following keywords were utilized: "Stevens-Johnson syndrome" and "toxic epidermal necrolysis" with "ultraviolet," "photodistributed," "photo-induced," "photosensitivity," and "photo." One reviewer assessed study characteristics, with confirmation by a second. The risk of bias was assessed independently by another. RESULTS Thirteen patient cases were identified, all reporting ultraviolet radiation prior to rash onset and an underlying causal drug. Case classifications included 7/13 SJS and 6/13 TEN. All cases described the rash as photodistributed with UVR exposure prior to rash onset (delay of 1-3 days) and a causal drug. 10 cases provided evidence that the photodistributed rash lacked linear demarcation (as in a sunburn) with satellite target-like lesions. No cases described a flu-like prodrome. DISCUSSION Mucositis, palmar and plantar rash, a positive Nikolsky sign, and a prolonged disease course can help distinguish from photosensitive reactions, while a negative direct immunofluorescence test is important to distinguish from other photo-induced disorders. CONCLUSION Physicians should be aware that UVR may precipitate SJS/TEN in patients taking susceptible drugs. After a 24-h delay from UVR exposure, a non-distinct, photodistributed rash appears with no flu-like prodrome and progresses for at least 48 h to include vesiculobullous eruptions and mucous membrane involvement. Photodistributed SJS/TEN appears to be photo-drug-induced with a unique onset and rash presentation that should be recognized as a distinct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Jeffrey McKinley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Mitchell Edger Allen
- Department of Primary Care, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ivins, UT, 84738, USA
| | - Nicole Michels
- Department of Medical Humanities and Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 8401 S. Chambers Road, Parker, CO, 80134, USA.
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Zhang N, Su T, Yan J, Zhang M, Zhao S, Liu C, Chen T. Case report: Successful immunomodulators combined with electromagnetic field therapy in a patient with methazolamide-induced Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1192920. [PMID: 37305125 PMCID: PMC10248229 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1192920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Methazolamide is used to treat patients with glaucoma. However, as a sulfonamide derivative, methazolamide shares the same adverse reaction profile as other sulfa-based medications. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare delayed-type hypersensitivity cutaneous reactions with high morbidity and mortality. Here, we report a severe SJS/TEN overlap syndrome in an 85-year-old Chinese male patient who received methazolamide 25 mg twice daily for his left eye glaucoma. The causal relationship between SJS/TEN and methazolamide was categorized as "highly likely" on the algorithm for assessing drug causality for epidermal necrolysis. In addition to the treatments with methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin, we used a special electromagnetic spectrum therapeutic apparatus to provide skin wound care. The patient had a thoroughly satisfying recovery. This is the first case report to use electromagnetic field therapy in a patient with SJS/TEN. We share our experience here and suggest that electromagnetic field therapy can provide advanced skin wound care and facilitate the recovery of SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiju Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Tianjiao Su
- Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jingwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shousong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chuanmiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Tianping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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Tóth G, Lukács A, Schirra F, Sándor GL, Killik P, Maneschg OA, Nagy ZZ, Szentmáry N. Ophthalmic Aspects of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther 2023:10.1007/s40123-023-00725-w. [PMID: 37140876 PMCID: PMC10157599 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00725-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our review article was to summarize the current literature on Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and its severe form, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). SJS/TEN is a serious, rare multi-system, immune-mediated, mucocutaneous disease with a significant mortality rate that can lead to severe ocular surface sequelae and even to bilateral blindness. Restoration of the ocular surface in acute and chronic SJS/TEN is challenging. There are only limited local or systemic treatment options for SJS/TEN. Early diagnosis, timely amniotic membrane transplantation and aggressive topical management in acute SJS/TEN are necessary to prevent long-term, chronic ocular complications. Although the primary aim of acute care is to save the life of the patient, ophthalmologists should regularly examine patients already in the acute phase, which should also be followed by systematic ophthalmic examination in the chronic phase. Herein, we summarize actual knowledge on the epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, clinical appearance and treatment of SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 39, 1085, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Lukács
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 41, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank Schirra
- Argos Augenzentrum, Faktoreistraße 4, 66111, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gábor L Sándor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 39, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Killik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 39, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Otto A Maneschg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 39, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Z Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 39, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária Utca 39, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
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Evaluation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Antineoplastic Drugs-An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041208. [PMID: 36831549 PMCID: PMC9954236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, clinical practice encounters the problem of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced by several drugs. Antineoplastic treatments are among the drugs which show an elevated proportion of DHT reactions, leading to the worsening of patients' quality of life. The range of symptoms in DHT reactions can vary from mild, such as self-limiting maculopapular eruptions, to severe, such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. The development of these reactions supposes a negative impact, not only by limiting patients' quality of life, but also leading to economic loss due to market withdrawal of the affected drugs and high hospitalization costs. However, despite this problem, there are no available standard in vitro or in vivo methods that allow for the evaluation of the sensitizing potential of drugs in the preclinical phase. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the skin reactions caused by the different antineoplastic families, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo methods used to detect DTHs and that could be suitable to test antineoplastic hypersensitivity reactions.
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Surowiecka A, Barańska-Rybak W, Strużyna J. Multidisciplinary Treatment in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2217. [PMID: 36767584 PMCID: PMC9916139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Leyll's syndrome (TEN), is a rare mucocutaneous blistering disease burdened with high mortality rates. The diagnosis of TEN is based on clinical symptoms and histopathological findings. In approximately 90% of cases, it is a severe adverse reaction to drugs. In TEN, not only is the skin affected, but also mucosa and organs' epithelium. There are no unequivocal recommendations in regard to systemic and topical treatment of the patients. The aim of this paper is to review available literature and propose unified protocols to be discussed. Early management and multidisciplinary treatment are necessary to improve patients' outcome. Treatment of patients with TEN suspicions should be initiated with early drug withdrawal. TEN patients, like patients with burns, require intensive care and multidisciplinary management. Each patient with TEN should be provided with adequate fluid resuscitation, respiratory support, nutritional treatment, pain control, infection prophylaxis, anticoagulant therapy, and gastric ulcer prophylaxis. The key to local treatment of patients with TEN is the use of nonadherent dressings that do not damage the epidermis during the change. The aim of the systemic treatment is purification of the blood stream from the causative agent. The most efficient way to clarify serum of TEN patients' is the combination of plasmapheresis and IVIG. Immunomodulatory therapy can reduce the mortality five times in comparison with the patients with immunosuppression or lack of full protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Surowiecka
- East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wioletta Barańska-Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Strużyna
- East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Treatment, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
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Dhakal B, Dawadi S, Khadka L, Bohara S, Neupane S, Ale Magar P, Pathak BD, Upadhaya Regmi B. Ciprofloxacin induced toxic epidermal necrolysis with cholestatic hepatitis: A case report with literature review and revisit to the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6766. [PMID: 36545559 PMCID: PMC9764033 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin, among the many Fluoroquinolones, has been widely used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its wide range of action and relatively safe adverse effect profile. However, among the cutaneous adverse drug reactions due to Ciprofloxacin, toxic epidermal necrolysis occurring along with cholestatic hepatitis is a rare one. Here, we present a case of a 22-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with toxic epidermal necrolysis with cholestatic hepatitis secondary to Ciprofloxacin. Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale was used for the causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Dhakal
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, SanobharyangKathmanduNepal
| | - Sagun Dawadi
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, SanobharyangKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | - Shashank Neupane
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, SanobharyangKathmanduNepal
| | - Priajan Ale Magar
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, SanobharyangKathmanduNepal
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Watanabe T, Watanabe Y, Ikeda N, Aihara M, Yamaguchi Y. Serum levels of
C‐C
motif chemokine ligand 2 and interleukin‐8 as possible biomarkers in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Dermatol 2022; 50:500-510. [PMID: 36419353 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a fatal cutaneous adverse reaction that occasionally affects multiple organs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rare complication that can cause rapid and potentially fatal pulmonary dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying TEN-induced ARDS remain unknown. This retrospective single-center study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for predicting ARDS onset in TEN patients. Pre-treatment serum samples were collected from 16 TEN patients and 16 healthy controls (HCs). The serum levels of cytokines/chemokines were determined using the Luminex Assay Human Premixed Multi-analyte kit. The expression levels of cytokines and chemokines in the skin were examined via immunohistochemistry. The serum levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were significantly higher in TEN patients with ARDS than in those without ARDS and in HCs, whereas those of CCL2 and IL-8 were not significantly different between TEN patients without ARDS and HCs. There was no significant difference in CCL2 and IL-8 expression in the skin between TEN patients with and without ARDS. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the cytokine/chemokine levels between TEN and other organ damage, other than ARDS and TEN without any organ damage. We further analyzed the changes in cytokine/chemokine levels before and after treatment in two TEN patients with ARDS. CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 levels decreased after systemic treatment compared to their baseline levels before treatment at an early stage. These results suggest that IL-8 and CCL2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of TEN-induced ARDS and have potential application as predictive markers for ARDS onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Immuno‐Dermatology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Immuno‐Dermatology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Noriko Ikeda
- Department of Environmental Immuno‐Dermatology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Michiko Aihara
- Department of Environmental Immuno‐Dermatology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Yukie Yamaguchi
- Department of Environmental Immuno‐Dermatology Yokohama City University School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
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Lian N, Chen Y, Chen S, Xiao T, Song C, Ke Y, Wei X, Gong C, Yu H, Gu H, Chen Q, Li M, Chen X. Necroptosis-mediated HMGB1 secretion of keratinocytes as a key step for inflammation development in contact hypersensitivity. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:451. [PMID: 36344541 PMCID: PMC9640721 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte necroptosis (with proinflammatory characteristic) is required for epidermal damage in contact hypersensitivity (CHS). In DNCB-induced CHS mice model, we observed the aggravated keratinocyte death and increased phosphorylation level of MLKL, RIPK3 and RIPK1. However, CHS skin lesion did not present in keratinocyte-specific Mlkl knockout mice. We validated that MLKL-mediated keratinocyte necroptosis is required for epidermal damage in response to immune microenvironment in CHS. Moreover, MLKL-mediated necroptosis deficiency or inhibition resulted in blocking recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in CHS via reducing HMGB1 release in keratinocytes. This study suggests that MLKL-mediated keratinocyte necroptosis functions as a self-amplified actor in inflammatory responses and could be considered as an effective therapeutic target. It proposes an innovative prospective that inhibiting keratinocyte necroptosis can prevent the development of epidermal damage in CHS. ![]()
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11
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Doyle D, Long A, Murphy DM. Pneumonia caused by toxic epidermal necrolysis. Respirol Case Rep 2022; 10:e01046. [PMID: 36204458 PMCID: PMC9522631 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A well‐functioning 68 year old gentleman presented to our hospital with a macular rash 2 weeks after starting a course of Ciprofloxacin. There was rapid progression of skin involvement including the mucosa, complicated by pancytopaenia. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) was suspected and the patient was administered intravenous immunoglobulins and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. TEN was confirmed on skin biopsy and a lymphocyte transformation test demonstrated sensitisation to Ciprofloxacin. The patient developed multifocal pulmonary infiltrates with evidence of pulmonary involvement and probable pneumonia after 1 week and was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. He also became dysphagic and suffered recurrent aspiration pneumonias. Follow up studies revealed fixed airways obstruction and features of bronchiolitis on computed tomography. This case highlights pulmonary involvement which can become a chronic complication of TEN, itself precipitated by the rare drug cause of Ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Doyle
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine Cork University Hospital Cork Ireland
| | - Amy Long
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine Cork University Hospital Cork Ireland
| | - Desmond M. Murphy
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine Cork University Hospital Cork Ireland
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12
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Peng Y, Yu Q, Zhang X, Zeng C, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Yang Z. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis during Camrelizumab treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:417-419. [PMID: 34984690 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Zeng
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Department of Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Fujimoto A, Iwai Y, Ishikawa T, Shinkuma S, Shido K, Yamasaki K, Fujisawa Y, Fujimoto M, Muramatsu S, Abe R. Deep Neural Network for Early Image Diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:277-283. [PMID: 34547536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening cutaneous adverse drug reaction (cADR). Distinguishing SJS/TEN from nonsevere cADRs is difficult, especially in the early stages of the disease. OBJECTIVE To overcome this limitation, we developed a computer-aided diagnosis system for the early diagnosis of SJS/TEN, powered by a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). METHODS We trained a DCNN using a dataset of 26,661 individual lesion images obtained from 123 patients with a diagnosis of SJS/TEN or nonsevere cADRs. The DCNN's accuracy of classification was compared with that of 10 board-certified dermatologists and 24 trainee dermatologists. RESULTS The DCNN achieved 84.6% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.6-88.6), whereas the sensitivities of the board-certified dermatologists and trainee dermatologists were 31.3 % (95% CI, 20.9-41.8; P < .0001) and 27.8% (95% CI, 22.6-32.5; P < .0001), respectively. The negative predictive value was 94.6% (95% CI, 93.2-96.0) for the DCNN, 68.1% (95% CI, 66.1-70.0; P < .0001) for the board-certified dermatologists, and 67.4% (95% CI, 66.1-68.7; P < .0001) for the trainee dermatologists. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the DCNN for a SJS/TEN diagnosis was 0.873, which was significantly higher than that for all board-certified dermatologists and trainee dermatologists. CONCLUSIONS We developed a DCNN to classify SJS/TEN and nonsevere cADRs based on individual lesion images of erythema. The DCNN performed significantly better than did dermatologists in classifying SJS/TEN from skin images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujimoto
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Medical Bit Valley Aile Home Clinic, Nagaoka, Japan.
| | - Yuki Iwai
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shido
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shogo Muramatsu
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Niigata University Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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14
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Pathania V, Baveja S, Sinha A, Bhatia J. An atypical presentation of toxic epidermal necrolysis without mucosal involvement. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:106-108. [PMID: 35035053 PMCID: PMC8737111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe adverse cutaneous drug reaction with ubiquitous involvement of mucosa. Drugs are identified as the main etiology in most cases. Cutaneous involvement in TEN occurs in the form of widespread painful erythematous macules, targetoid lesions, full-thickness or focal epidermal necrosis, whereas mucosal involvement involves oral, genital, and ocular mucous membranes along with preceding prodromal flu-like symptoms. Atypical presentations include involvement of only mucosa without involvement of skin. We report a rare case of TEN without any mucosal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Pathania
- Classified Specialist (Dermatology), Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune, 411040, India,Corresponding author.
| | - Sukriti Baveja
- Senior Advisor (Dermatology), Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune, 411040, India
| | - Anwita Sinha
- Graded Specialist (Dermatology), MH Kirkee, Pune, 411003, India
| | - J.K. Bhatia
- Associate Professor (Pathology), Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, 411040, India
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15
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Sim DW, Yu J, Koh YI. Efficacy of add-on therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin in steroid hyporesponsive DRESS syndrome. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:782-788. [PMID: 34796665 PMCID: PMC8932711 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare, potentially life-threatening, delayed, drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate withdrawal of the culprit drug and administration of systemic corticosteroids is the most widely accepted treatment. However, it is difficult to manage patients with DRESS syndrome who are not responsive to systemic steroids. We studied the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) in patients with DRESS syndrome unresponsive to systemic steroids. We retrospectively reviewed patients with DRESS syndrome who received IVIG in addition to systemic steroids during 2012-2017 and compared the clinical features and course of DRESS syndrome, before and after IVIG treatment. Eighteen DRESS patients (9 men) were included. The most frequent offending drugs were dapsone in five patients, followed by vancomycin in three patients, and carbamazepine in three patients. Rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, atypical lymphocytes, and hepatic involvement were common clinical findings. IVIG treatment was added within a median time of 7 days from the commencement of systemic steroid therapy. After IVIG treatment (total dosage: 1-2 g/kg), the fever resolved within a median time of 1 day (range, 0-3) and liver enzymes improved substantially within a median time of 13 days (range, 0-27). No severe adverse reactions related to IVIG therapy were observed in this study; however, there was one case of mortality. The addition of IVIG in DRESS syndrome in cases refractory to systemic steroid treatment may be helpful in hastening recovery. However, comparative studies using a placebo group are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Woon Sim
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jieun Yu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Il Koh
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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16
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Hoyer D, Atti C, Nuding S, Vogt A, Sedding DG, Schott A. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Caused by Allopurinol: A Serious but Still Underestimated Adverse Reaction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e932921. [PMID: 34634004 PMCID: PMC8522529 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.932921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 75-year-old
Final Diagnosis: Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Symptoms: Exanthema • rash • shivers • weakness
Medication: —
Clinical Procedure: Analgesia • ciclosporine • corticosteroids • topical and systemic treatment
Specialty: Critical Care Medicine • Dermatology
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Medicine III, University Clinics of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carlo Atti
- Department of Medicine III, University Clinics of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sebastian Nuding
- Department of Medicine III, University Clinics of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Vogt
- Department of Medicine III, University Clinics of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel G Sedding
- Department of Medicine III, University Clinics of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Artjom Schott
- Department of Medicine III, University Clinics of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Dalgleish L, Campbell J, Finlayson K, Barakat-Johnson M, Beath A, Ingleman J, Parker C, Coyer F. Understanding Skin Failure: A Scoping Review. Adv Skin Wound Care 2021; 34:542-550. [PMID: 34175867 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000755844.87283.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map the use of the term "skin failure" in the literature over time and enhance understanding of this term as it is used in clinical practice. DATA SOURCES The databases searched for published literature included PubMed, Embase, the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Google Scholar. The search for unpublished literature encompassed two databases, Open Gray and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. STUDY SELECTION Search terms included "skin failure," "acute skin failure," "chronic skin failure," and "end stage skin." All qualitative and quantitative research designs, editorial, opinion pieces, and case studies were included, as well as relevant gray literature. DATA EXTRACTION Data collected included author, title, year of publication, journal name, whether the term "skin failure" was mentioned in the publication and/or in conjunction with other skin injury, study design, study setting, study population, sample size, main focus of the publication, what causes skin failure, skin failure definition, primary study aim, and primary outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS Two main themes of skin failure were identified through this scoping review: the etiology of skin failure and the interchangeable use of definitions. CONCLUSIONS Use of the term "skin failure" has increased significantly over the past 30 years. However, there remains a significant lack of empirical evidence related to skin failure across all healthcare settings. The lack of quality research has resulted in multiple lines of thinking on the cause of skin failure, as well as divergent definitions of the concept. These results illustrate substantial gaps in the current literature and an urgent need to develop a globally agreed-upon definition of skin failure, as well as a better understanding of skin failure etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Dalgleish
- At the School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, Lizanne Dalgleish, PhD, RN, is PhD Candidate; Jill Campbell, PhD, RN, is Senior Research Fellow; Kathleen Finlayson, PhD, RN, is Lecturer; Jessica Ingleman, MSN, RN, is Lecturer; Christina Parker, PhD, RN, is Senior Lecturer; and Fiona Coyer, PhD, RN, is Professor. Michelle Barakat-Johnson, PhD, RN, is Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney, Camperdown. Amy Beath, BSN, RN, is Transitional Nurse Practitioner-Wounds, Murrumbidgee Local Health District, New South Wales. The authors have disclosed no financial relationships related to this article. Submitted June 21, 2020; accepted in revised form December 1, 2020; published online ahead of print June 23, 2021
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18
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Hsieh MH, Watanabe T, Aihara M. Recent Dermatological Treatments for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in Japan. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:636924. [PMID: 34395458 PMCID: PMC8358267 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.636924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are serious conditions characterized by necrosis of the skin and mucus membranes, and are mainly caused by medication and infections. Although the exact pathomechanism of SJS/TEN remains unclear, keratinocyte death is thought to be triggered by immune reactions to these antigens. While there is no established therapy for SJS/TEN, corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been utilized as immunomodulator. We previously conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of IVIG therapy in Japanese patients with SJS/TEN. IVIG was administered at a dosage of 400 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days as an additional therapy with systemic steroids. Prompt amelioration was observed in seven of the eight patients. All patients survived without sequelae. Recently, we retrospectively analyzed 132 cases of SJS/TEN treated in our two hospitals. The mortality rates in the patients treated with methylprednisolone pulse were 0% (0/31) for SJS and 7.0% (3/43) for TEN, and 0% (0/10) in the TEN patients treated with methylprednisolone pulse in combination with IVIG. These results suggest that early treatment with high-dose steroids, including methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and IVIG together with corticosteroids are possible therapeutic options to improve the prognosis of SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Hsieh
- Department of Dermatology, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan.,Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiko Aihara
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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19
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Turbidity Changes during Carbamazepine Oxidation by Photo-Fenton. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the turbidity generated during the Fenton photo-reaction applied to the oxidation of waters containing carbamazepine as a function of factors such as pH, H2O2 concentration and catalyst dosage. The results let establish the degradation pathways and the main decomposition byproducts. It is found that the pH affects the turbidity of the water. Working between pH = 2.0 and 2.5, the turbidity is under 1 NTU due to the fact that iron, added as a catalyst, is in the form of a ferrous ion. Operating at pH values above 3.0, the iron species in their oxidized state (mainly ferric hydroxide in suspension) would cause turbidity. The contribution of these ferric species is a function of the concentration of iron added to the process, verifying that the turbidity increases linearly according to a ratio of 0.616 NTU L/mg Fe. Performing with oxidant concentrations at (H2O2) = 2.0 mM, the turbidity undergoes a strong increase until reaching values around 98 NTU in the steady state. High turbidity levels can be originated by the formation of coordination complexes, consisting of the union of three molecules containing substituted carboxylic groups (BaQD), which act as ligands towards an iron atom with Fe3+ oxidation state.
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20
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Houschyar KS, Tapking C, Borrelli MR, Nietzschmann I, Puladi B, Ooms M, Rein S, Houschyar M, Duscher D, Maan ZN, Reumuth G, Branski LK, Modabber A, Kluwig D, Schmitt L, Philipp-Dormston WG, Yazdi AS, Siemers F. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a 10-year experience in a burns unit. J Wound Care 2021; 30:492-496. [PMID: 34121430 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2021.30.6.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and its more severe counterpart, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), are skin hypersensitivity reactions defined by epidermal blistering and necrosis. The exact pathophysiology of SJS/TEN is yet to be deciphered, but a number of risk factors have been identified including adverse drug reactions. The diagnosis of SJS/TEN is made on a clinical basis, and treatment consists of supportive care and occasionally immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins and/or corticosteroids. Mortality rates can reach 20-25% in adults but are reduced with early intervention. To identify optimal treatment regimens, to better understand the patient cohort affected, and to help identify key risk factors for mortality, we report our experience with the treatment and management of SJS/TEN patients. METHODS A retrospective review of consecutive patients with SJS and/or TEN admitted to a single burns centre in Germany, between 2008 and 2018, was conducted. The primary outcomes of demographics, clinical course, treatment and patient-reported outcomes were recorded and compared with a control group of patients with burns without a diagnosis of SJS/TEN. RESULTS A total of 23 patients with SJS/TEN met the inclusion criteria: 17 (74%) with TEN; four (17%) with SJS/TEN overlap; and two (9%) with SJS. Of the patients, 14 (61%) were female and nine (39%) were male. Patient age ranged from 32-78 years (mean: 52 years). A matched cohort of 23 patients with burns served as the control group. All patients received standard of care with a multidisciplinary team. Compared with the control group, SJS/TEN patients had higher mortality rates (n=6, 26% versus n=8, 35%, respectively). The average age of death was 69 years in SJS/TEN patients versus 63 years in control group patients. Age and SCORTEN scores were significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS SJS and TEN are rare but extreme reactions of the skin and mucosa, associated with high disease mortality rates. This 10-year single-centre retrospective review contributes to the bank of information for reviews evaluating the management of SJS/TEN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow S Houschyar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, US.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, US
| | - Ina Nietzschmann
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Behrus Puladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Ooms
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery-Burn Center-Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeline Houschyar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, US
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Evangelische Elisabeth Klinik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludwik K Branski
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, US
| | - Ali Modabber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Kluwig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurenz Schmitt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
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21
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Zhang J, Lei Z, Xu C, Zhao J, Kang X. Current Perspectives on Severe Drug Eruption. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:282-298. [PMID: 34273058 PMCID: PMC8286049 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions involving the skin are commonly known as drug eruptions. Severe drug eruption may cause severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs), which are considered to be fatal and life-threatening, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Although cases are relatively rare, approximately 2% of hospitalized patients are affected by SCARs. There is an incidence of 2 to 7 cases/million per year of SJS/TEN and 1/1000 to 1/10,000 exposures to offending agents result in DRESS. However, the mortality rate of severe drug eruptions can reach up to 50%. SCARs represent a real medical emergency, and early identification and proper management are critical to survival. The common pathogenesis of severe drug eruptions includes genetic linkage with HLA- and non-HLA-genes, drug-specific T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, T cell receptor restriction, and cytotoxicity mechanisms. A multidisciplinary approach is required for acute management. Immediate withdrawal of potentially causative drugs and specific supportive treatment is of great importance. Immunoglobulins, systemic corticosteroids, and cyclosporine A are the most frequently used treatments for SCARs; additionally, new biologics and plasma exchange are reasonable strategies to reduce mortality. Although there are many treatment methods for severe drug eruption, controversies remain regarding the timing and dosage of drug eruption. Types, dosages, and indications of new biological agents, such as tumor necrosis factor antagonists, mepolizumab, and omalizumab, are still under exploration. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics, risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies of severe drug eruption to guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tianshan District, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zixian Lei
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tianshan District, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tianshan District, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tianshan District, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Kang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tianshan District, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China. .,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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22
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Gleghorn KL, Voigt C, Kelly B. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap in pediatric patients with a focus on newer antiepileptic drugs: A 25-year retrospective study at a single tertiary care center. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:812-818. [PMID: 34060145 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis Syndrome (TEN) are rare immune-mediated diseases. Extensive research on adult triggers of SJS and TEN is available; however, research in children is more limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate and report the experience with pediatric SJS and TEN in our center, identifying associated medications. METHODS A retrospective review from 1990 to 2015 at the Shriner's Burn Hospital in Galveston, Texas was performed to identify patients diagnosed with SJS, SJS/TEN overlap, and TEN. Data pertaining to demographic characteristics, medical history, physical exam, treatment, and outcomes were collected. RESULTS We identified SJS/TEN overlap or TEN in 51 patients. Antiepileptic drugs were the most common group of causative agents, closely followed by antibiotics. The most common causative agents were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, phenytoin, and lamotrigine used concomitantly with valproic acid. Newer generation agents, with the definition of agents approved after 1990, were the cause in 13/51 (25.5%) cases. Newer generation agents included lamotrigine, clobazam, and zonisamide. Seven patients died, resulting in a 13.7% mortality rate. Renal failure, liver failure, sepsis, and gastrointestinal involvement each had a statistically significant association with mortality. SCORTEN was statistically significantly greater in patients who died compared to children who lived (3 vs 2). LIMITATIONS This is a retrospective study. CONCLUSION Three drugs introduced into the market since 1990 have emerged as causes of SJS/TEN overlap and TEN: lamotrigine, clobazam, and zonisamide. These medications are being used more widely to treat seizures, as well as mood disorders. It is also important for clinicians to be aware of the extremely commonly used medications such as amoxicillin, tetracyclines, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen that can rarely cause SJS and TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna L Gleghorn
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Charles Voigt
- Burn Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brent Kelly
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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23
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Fukasawa T, Takahashi H, Takahashi K, Tanemura N, Amagai M, Urushihara H. Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with anticonvulsants in a Japanese population: Matched case-control and cohort studies. Allergol Int 2021; 70:335-342. [PMID: 33618992 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for the risk and incidence of anticonvulsant-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in Japan is scarce. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study using a large-scale Japanese claims database. SJS/TEN cases were identified using a claims-based algorithm developed in a previous study (sensitivity 76.9%, specificity 99.0%). Conditional logistic regression with Firth's bias correction to address an issue of rare events was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for SJS/TEN for each anticonvulsant use (90 days before the index date) versus non-use. 90-day cumulative incidence of SJS/TEN per 100,000 new users was calculated for 33 anticonvulsants. Causality between anticonvulsant use and SJS/TEN in each exposed case was assessed using the algorithm of drug causality for epidermal necrolysis (ALDEN) score. RESULTS From 5,114,492 subjects, we selected 71 SJS/TEN cases and 284 controls. We observed significantly increased ORs for SJS/TEN among new users of carbamazepine (OR 68.00) and lamotrigine (OR 36.00) with ALDEN scores of "probable" or higher. Cumulative incidence of SJS/TEN was 93.83 for carbamazepine and 84.33 for lamotrigine. One case newly exposed to phenytoin which developed SJS/TEN was rated "unlikely" in ALDEN causality, resulting in cumulative incidence of 66.27. Cumulative incidence of SJS/TEN was 25.23 for levetiracetam, 7.52 for clonazepam, and 1.23 for diazepam, but their ALDEN scores were "very unlikely". CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to document the differential risk of SJS/TEN for anticonvulsants in a real-world setting in Japan. Exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine was associated with an increased risk of SJS/TEN.
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Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS) following Immunotherapy and BRAF/MEK Inhibition with Continued Response in Metastatic Melanoma. Case Rep Oncol Med 2021; 2021:8845063. [PMID: 34113469 PMCID: PMC8154311 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8845063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The role of immunotherapy continues to evolve across both solid and hematologic malignancies. However, while use of immunotherapy has increased via the advent of checkpoint inhibition, chimeric antigen receptors, and vaccines against malignant cells, there remains uncertainty regarding the recognition and management of delayed immune-related reactions and post treatment immune-related sensitivity to subsequent medications, such as BRAF/MEK kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, it is unclear how immunotherapy may alter the adverse effect profile and efficacy of subsequent lines of treatment. Case Presentation. Discussed is a patient with stage IV metastatic melanoma who failed first-line treatment with a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab. He was then treated with BRAF/MEK kinase inhibition via Encorafenib and Binimetinib. Shortly thereafter, the patient developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and a generalized pruritic rash that was biopsied with consideration toward drug reaction versus drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), formerly called drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). The BRAF/MEK combination was held and steroid taper initiated with continued response even beyond conclusion of the steroid taper. Discussion and Conclusions. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge presented by PRES and DIHS in the setting of immunotherapy and BRAF/MEK kinase inhibition for malignant melanoma. The clinical rationale for reinitiating therapy following severe immune reactions subsequent to immunotherapy in the setting of relapsed/refractory metastatic melanoma is discussed. Additionally, the durable response our patient experienced throughout the drug hold period and steroid taper and its clinical potential etiologies and applications are reviewed. As checkpoint inhibition and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors have become cornerstones of cancer therapy, larger studies and long-term observations are needed to investigate the risks and benefits across different sequences of therapy.
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Mortality and risk factors on admission in toxic epidermal necrolysis: A cohort study of 59 patients. Allergol Int 2021; 70:229-234. [PMID: 33279401 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare but life-threatening disorders characterized by widespread epidermal necrosis of the skin and mucosa. The severity-of-illness scoring system for TEN (SCORTEN) was widely used since 2000 as a standard prognostic tool consisting of seven clinical values. METHODS To evaluate the prognosis using current treatments and risk factors for mortality, we retrospectively analyzed 59 cases of TEN, including SJS/TEN overlap treated in two university hospitals from January 2000 to March 2020. RESULTS The mortality rate of TEN was 13.6% (8/59). All patients treated with high-dose steroid administration in combination with plasma exchange and/or immunoglobulin therapy recovered. Logistic regression analysis showed nine clinical composite scores, namely: heart rate (≧120 bpm), malignancy present, percentage of body surface area with epidermal detachment (>10%), blood urea nitrogen (>28 mg/dL), serum bicarbonate level (<20 mEq/L), serum glucose level (>252 mg/dL), age (≧71 years), the interval between disease onset and treatment initiation at the specialty hospital (≧8 days), and respiratory disorder within 48 h after admission. The receiver operating characteristic curves confirmed a high potential for predicting the prognosis of TEN. CONCLUSIONS Recent developments in treatment strategies have contributed to the improved prognosis of TEN patients. A modified severity scoring model composed of nine scores may be helpful in the prediction of TEN prognosis in recent patients. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm mortality findings to improve prognostication in patients with TEN.
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26
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Anci E, Braun C, Marinosci A, Rodieux F, Midun E, Torres MJ, Caubet JC. Viral Infections and Cutaneous Drug-Related Eruptions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:586407. [PMID: 33776753 PMCID: PMC7988096 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the general population, up to 10% of children treated by antibiotics have cutaneous adverse drug reaction, but allergy is confirmed in less than 20% of patients. Most of the non-allergic reactions are probably due to virus, such as enterovirus acute infection or Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) acute infection or reactivation. Especially in children, viruses have the propensity to induce skin lesions (maculopapular rash, urticaria) due to their skin infiltration or immunologic response. In drug-related skin eruptions, a virus can participate by activating an immune predisposition. The culprit antibiotic is then the trigger for reacting. Even in severe drug-induced reactions, such as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, viruses take part in immune phenomena, especially herpes viruses. Understanding the mechanisms of both virus- and drug-induced skin reaction is important to develop our clinical reflection and give an adaptive care to the patient. Our aim is to review current knowledge on the different aspects and potential roles of viruses in the different type of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). Although major advances have been made those past year, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the link between viruses and DHR, to improve management of those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Anci
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Braun
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Annalisa Marinosci
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Rodieux
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elise Midun
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maria-Jose Torres
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Ibima-Bionand-Aradyal, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jean-Christoph Caubet
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Sadek M, Iqbal O, Siddiqui F, Till S, Mazariegos M, Campbell E, Mudaliar K, Speiser J, Bontekoe E, Kouta A, Farooqui A, Daravath B, Qneibi D, Sadek R, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Bouchard C. The Role of IL-13, IL-15 and Granulysin in the Pathogenesis of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:1076029620950831. [PMID: 33560872 PMCID: PMC7876748 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620950831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are Severe
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (SCARS) characterized by fever and mucocutaneous
lesions leading to necrosis and sloughing of the epidermis. Conjunctival lesions
are reported in 85% of patients. The pathogenesis of SJS/TEN/SCARS is not
completely understood. It is hypothesized that IL-13, IL-15 and Granulysin
expressed in plasma and skin may play a role. We measured the circulating levels
of these cytokines in the plasma using ELISA and their expression in the skin
using immunofluorescence microscopy. A total of 12 SJS/TEN skin biopsy samples
(8 SJS, 2 SJS/TEN overlap and 2 TEN) were analyzed. Biopsy samples from patients
with Lichen Planus (an inflammatory condition of the skin and mucous membranes)
served as controls. Studies were also performed in human corneal epithelial
cells where expression of these cytokines were measured following a challenge
with TNF-α (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml). The intensity of immunofluorescence was
measured Using Imaris® software. The results showed significantly increased
expression of these cytokines in the skin biopsy samples as measured by the
average intensities of IL-13 (6.1 x 133.0 ± 4.231 x 10^8), and Granulysin (4.2 x
123.0 ± 4.231 x 10^8) compared to Lichen planus control (3.0 x 123.0 ±1.62 x
10^5). Increased expression of IL-13 and IL-15 were noted in cell culture
studies and in the plasma samples when compared to Normal Human Plasma as
controls. It is concluded that IL-13, IL-15 and Granulysin play a role in the
pathogenesis of SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sadek
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Omer Iqbal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Fakiha Siddiqui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Sean Till
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Melissa Mazariegos
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Edward Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Kumaran Mudaliar
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jodi Speiser
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Emily Bontekoe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed Kouta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ambar Farooqui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Bharathi Daravath
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Dalia Qneibi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ramy Sadek
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angles, Olive View, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Divisions, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Charles Bouchard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Koshizuka K, Sakurai D, Sunagane M, Mita Y, Hamasaki S, Suzuki T, Kikkawa N, Nakano M, Hanazawa T. Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with nivolumab treatment for head and neck cancer. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:848-852. [PMID: 33598257 PMCID: PMC7869372 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is the first to document TEN caused by nivolumab treatment in head and neck cancer. We believe this article can contribute significantly in understanding the principles of nivolumab treatment in patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Koshizuka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Daiju Sakurai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of YamanashiKofuJapan
| | - Miki Sunagane
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Yukiyoshi Mita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Sawako Hamasaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Naoko Kikkawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Michiyo Nakano
- Department of DermatologyChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryChiba University Graduate School of MedicineChibaJapan
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Impact of Antibiotics Associated with the Development of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis on Early and Late-Onset Infectious Complications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010202. [PMID: 33477980 PMCID: PMC7835845 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare disease, which predominantly manifests as damage to the skin and mucosa. Antibiotics count among the most common triggers of this hypersensitive reaction. Patients with TEN are highly susceptible to infectious complications due to the loss of protective barriers and immunosuppressant therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between antibiotics used before the development of TEN and early and late-onset infectious complications in TEN patients. In this European multicentric retrospective study (Central European Lyell syndrome: therapeutic evaluation (CELESTE)), records showed that 18 patients with TEN used antibiotics (mostly aminopenicillins) before the disease development (group 1), while in 21 patients, TEN was triggered by another factor (group 2). The incidence of late-onset infectious complications (5 or more days after the transfer to the hospital) caused by Gram-positive bacteria (especially by Enterococcus faecalis/faecium) was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (82.4% vs. 35.0%, p = 0.007/pcorr = 0.014) while no statistically significant difference was observed between groups of patients with infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi (p > 0.05). Patients with post-antibiotic development of TEN are critically predisposed to late-onset infectious complications caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which may result from the dissemination of these bacteria from the primary focus.
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30
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Tong H, Phan NVT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DV, Vo NS, Le L. Review on Databases and Bioinformatic Approaches on Pharmacogenomics of Adverse Drug Reactions. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:61-75. [PMID: 33469342 PMCID: PMC7812041 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s290781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics has been used effectively in studying adverse drug reactions by determining the person-specific genetic factors associated with individual response to a drug. Current approaches have revealed the significant importance of sequencing technologies and sequence analysis strategies for interpreting the contribution of genetic variation in developing adverse reactions. Advance in next generation sequencing and platform brings new opportunities in validating the genetic candidates in certain reactions, and could be used to develop the preemptive tests to predict the outcome of the variation in a personal response to a drug. With the highly accumulated available data recently, the in silico approach with data analysis and modeling plays as other important alternatives which significantly support the final decisions in the transformation from research to clinical applications such as diagnosis and treatments for various types of adverse responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Tong
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nga V T Phan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh T Nguyen
- Department of Translational Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh V Nguyen
- Department of Respiratory, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vinmec International Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nam S Vo
- Department of Translational Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ly Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Translational Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
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31
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Bozca BC, Irican CM, Karakaş AA. Three toxic epidermal necrolysis cases treated with cyclosporine and a review of the literature. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14435. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Cansu Bozca
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology Akdeniz University School of Medicine Antalya Turkey
| | - Ceren Memiş Irican
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology Akdeniz University School of Medicine Antalya Turkey
| | - Ayşe Akman Karakaş
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology Akdeniz University School of Medicine Antalya Turkey
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32
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Borilova Linhartova P, Gachova D, Lipovy B. Responsiveness to i.v. immunoglobulin therapy in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: A novel pharmaco-immunogenetic concept. J Dermatol 2020; 47:1236-1248. [PMID: 32935409 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) represents a rare drug-induced autoimmune reaction with delayed-type hypersensitivity that initiates the process of developing massive keratinocyte apoptosis, dominantly in the dermoepidermal junction. Although the etiopathophysiology has not yet been fully elucidated, the binding of Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L) to the Fas receptor (CD95) was shown to play a key role in the induction of apoptosis in this syndrome. The knowledge of the role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis contributed to the introduction of i.v. Ig (IVIg) in the therapy of TEN patients. Despite great enthusiasm for this therapy at the end of the 1990s, subsequent studies in various populations and meta-analyses could not unequivocally confirm the efficacy of the IVIg-based treatment concept. Today, therefore, we are faced with the dilemmas of how to adjust therapy of TEN patients most effectively, which patients could benefit from IVIg therapy and what dose of the preparation should be administrated. The ground-breaking question is: do the host genetic profiles influence the responsiveness and side-effects of IVIg therapy in TEN patients? Based on recent pharmacological, immunological and genetic findings, we suggest that the variability of IVIg therapy outcomes in TEN patients may be related to functional variants in Fas, FasL and Fc-γ receptor genes. This novel concept could lead to improved quality of care for patients with TEN, facilitating personalized therapy to reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Borilova Linhartova
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Gachova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bretislav Lipovy
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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33
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Charlton OA, Harris V, Phan K, Mewton E, Jackson C, Cooper A. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Steven-Johnson Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:426-439. [PMID: 32520664 PMCID: PMC7307670 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.0977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are potentially fatal acute mucocutaneous vesiculobullous disorders. Evidence to date suggests that outcomes for patients with both TEN and SJS are largely dependent on stopping the causative agent, followed by supportive care and appropriate wound management in a specialized burns unit. These are life-threatening conditions characterized by widespread full-thickness cutaneous and mucosal necrosis. This article outlines the approach to holistic management of such patients, in a specialized unit, highlighting various practical aspects of wound care to prevent complications such as infection, mucosal and adhesions, and ocular scaring. Recent Advances: There is improved understanding of pain and morbidity with regard to the type and frequency of dressing changes. More modern dressings, such as nanocrystalline, are currently favored as they may be kept in situ for longer periods. The most recent evidence on systemic agents, such as corticosteroids and cyclosporine, and novel treatments, are also discussed. Critical Issues: Following cessation of the culprit trigger, management in a specialized burns unit is the most important management step. It is now understood that a multidisciplinary team is essential in the care of these patients. Following admission of such patients, dermatology, ear, nose, and throat surgery, ophthalmology, urology, colorectal surgery, and gynecology should all be consulted to prevent disease sequelae. Future Directions: Looking forward, research is aimed at achieving prospective data on the efficacy of systemic immunomodulating agents and dressing types. Tertiary centers with burns units should develop policies for such patients to ensure that the relevant teams are consulted promptly to avoid mucocutaneous complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Charlton
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Victoria Harris
- Department of Dermatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Phan
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erin Mewton
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Jackson
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Drug reactions resulting from chemotherapy agents are common and frequently affect the skin. Although often benign, a select few of these cutaneous reactions may necessitate immediate changes to the antineoplastic regimens. Given the diversity of chemotherapeutic skin reactions and their complex implications on patient management, an organized conceptual schema is imperative for proper patient care. We evaluate a number of commonly seen chemotherapy-induced skin toxicities organized by pathogenic mechanism and drug class, providing a framework for the identification and categorization of adverse events to prevent unrecognition. Groupings of these reactions include direct cytotoxicity and/or drug accumulation, immunologic hypersensitivity, and aberrant molecular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Haynes
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alex G Ortega-Loayza
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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35
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Herpes Simplex Type 1 Infection during Adalimumab Therapy for Crohn's Disease. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2020; 2020:3875024. [PMID: 32351742 PMCID: PMC7180430 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3875024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe mucocutaneous adverse drug reaction with a relatively high mortality rate. SJS is described during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) infection and, rarely, even during adalimumab therapy. We report the case of a patient with Crohn's disease who developed SJS during an HSV1 infection and a contemporaneous anti-TNFα therapy with adalimumab. Remission was achieved with suspension of adalimumab and high doses of intravenous steroids and antivirals. Patients with HSV1 infection and on adalimumab therapy have a combined risk of SJS and should be monitored closely.
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36
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IVIG and under Burn Unit Care Yield Favorable Outcomes in Pediatric Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2020; 2020:6274053. [PMID: 32082644 PMCID: PMC7013329 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6274053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Body reactions to drugs can manifest as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). TEN is the most severe form of cutaneous reactions with an incidence rate of 1-2 per million cases per year. Despite TEN being a critical and life-threatening condition, there is little to no evidence of clear management protocol. We reported a 5-year-old male child who presented with lamotrigine-induced TEN and was successfully treated with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) with a burn unit care level, while TEN treatment with IVIG is an appropriate approach with predictable good outcomes, burn unit care is also effective in creating highly favorable effects. Upon reviewing the literature, several studies indicate that TEN patients treated with the combination of IVIG and burn unit care lead to decreased levels of morbidity and mortality than when treated with IVIG or burn unit care alone. Therefore, treatment involving both IVIG and burn unit care should be considered for TEN patients.
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Hasegawa A, Shinkuma S, Hayashi R, Hama N, Watanabe H, Kinoshita M, Ogawa Y, Abe R. RIP3 as a diagnostic and severity marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:1768-1771.e7. [PMID: 31954192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akito Hasegawa
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hama
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Jin S, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Mei S. Development and validation of an improved HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbazepine in human blood plasma and comparison with an UHPLC-MS/MS method. J Anal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-019-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLamotrigine (LTG) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) are first-line drugs for epilepsy treatment. Their large pharmacokinetics variabilities and relations between efficacy and toxicity and blood plasma concentration require routine monitoring for dose adjustment. In this study, we developed and validated a simple, accurate, and reliable method for simultaneous determination of LTG, OXC and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbazepine (MHD) in human blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) with a simple one-step protein precipitation using methanol (1% acetic acid) and 15 min elution time under isocratic elution at 1 mL/min. Calibration range was 2.4 to 120 mg/L for LTG, OXC, and MHD. The intra-day and inter-day bias were − 8.84 to 4.18%, and the imprecision was less than 8.08% for all analytes. The internal standard (fluconazole) normalized recovery was 96.30 to 107.69% for LTG, 98.51 to 111.04% for MHD, and 95.04 to 109.86% for OXC. A total of 186 LTG samples and 25 MHD samples were used to evaluate the agreement between HPLC-UV and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) by Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plot. The mean bias and the 95% limits of agreement (95% LOA) of the two measurements were 0.575 mg/L and − 1.238 to 2.387 mg/L for LTG (n = 186) and − 1.222 mg/L and − 8.271 to 5.827 mg/L for MHD (n = 25), which indicated the UV method was comparable with the MS method for LTG and MHD analysis.
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Chong LH, Ng C, Li H, Tian EF, Ananthanarayanan A, McMillian M, Toh YC. Hepatic Bioactivation of Skin-Sensitizing Drugs to Immunogenic Reactive Metabolites. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13902-13912. [PMID: 31497708 PMCID: PMC6714514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of some drugs, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and allopurinol, is often associated with adverse cutaneous reactions. The bioactivation of drugs into immunologically reactive metabolites by the liver is postulated to be the first step in initiating a downstream cascade of pathological immune responses. Current mechanistic understanding and the ability to predict such adverse drug cutaneous responses have been partly limited by the lack of appropriate cutaneous drug bioactivation experimental models. Although in vitro human liver models have been extensively investigated for predicting hepatotoxicity and drug-drug interactions, their ability to model the generation of antigenic reactive drug metabolites that are capable of eliciting immunological reactions is not well understood. Here, we employed a human progenitor cell (HepaRG)-derived hepatocyte model and established highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical assays to generate and quantify different reactive metabolite species of three paradigm skin sensitizers, namely, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and allopurinol. We found that the generation of reactive drug metabolites by the HepaRG-hepatocytes was sensitive to the medium composition. In addition, a functional assay based on the activation of U937 myeloid cells into the antigen-presenting cell (APC) phenotype was established to evaluate the immunogenicity potential of the reactive drug metabolites produced by HepaRG-derived hepatocytes. We showed that the reactive drug metabolites of known skin sensitizers could significantly upregulate IL8, IL1β, and CD86 expressions in U937 cells compared to the metabolites from a nonskin sensitizer (i.e., acetaminophen). Thus, the extent of APC activation by HepaRG-hepatocytes conditioned medium containing reactive drug metabolites can potentially be used to predict their skin sensitization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lor Huai Chong
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National University
of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore 117583
| | - Celine Ng
- School
of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore 529765
| | - Huan Li
- School
of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore 529765
| | - Edmund Feng Tian
- School
of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore 529765
| | | | - Michael McMillian
- Invitrocue
Pte Ltd, 11, Biopolis
Way, Helios #12-07/08, Singapore 138667
- Department
of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, #04-11, Singapore 117597
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National University
of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-08, Singapore 117583
- Institute
for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599
- The
N.1 Institute for Health, 28 Medical Drive, #05-corridor, Singapore 117456
- NUS
Tissue Engineering Programme, National University
of Singapore, 28 Medical
Drive, Singapore 117456
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Sinelnikov MY, Starceva OI, Melnikov DV, Ivanov SI, Makarenko DA. Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction in a Patient with a History of Toxic Epidermal Necrosis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2190. [PMID: 31333931 PMCID: PMC6571316 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Breast reconstruction is a procedure that is in increased demand due to high incidence of breast cancer. To provide high-quality esthetic and functional results, each patient should be properly managed. Patients with comorbid conditions have become more common and account for higher difficulty in perioperative patient management. Despite the ongoing diversification of comorbidities in patients undergoing breast reconstruction, it is the patient’s right to receive this final stage in rehabilitation after a mastectomy. We present a clinical vignette of a patient with a severe comorbid hypersensitivity disorder undergoing breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap. Despite early postoperative complications, our brigade managed to maintain flap viability without the use of surgical or pharmacological assistance in a patient with a history of toxic epidermal necrosis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Sinelnikov
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy, and Plastic Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olesya I Starceva
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy, and Plastic Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Melnikov
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy, and Plastic Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Semen I Ivanov
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy, and Plastic Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Makarenko
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy, and Plastic Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Multistep Grading System for Evaluation of Chronic Ocular Sequelae in Patients With Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 203:69-77. [PMID: 30731084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose a new scoring system for grading of chronic ocular sequelae in Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). DESIGN Reliability and validity analysis. METHODS Participants: Four hundred eyes of 200 patients with chronic ocular SJS/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) were included in the study. SETTINGS Single-center, tertiary eye care referral center. PROCEDURE All patients with SJS/TEN with chronic (more than 1 year) ocular sequelae were recruited for the study. Corneal, eyelid, and conjunctival signs were evaluated and given scores ranging from 0 to 5 depending on the increasing severity. Twelve signs (6 corneal, 3 conjunctival, and 3 eyelid) were evaluated to obtain the total severity score for each eye. Based on the corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and total score, each eye was graded using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlation of CDVA with the severity score determined on the basis of 12 corneal, eyelid, and conjunctival signs. RESULTS Mean age was 24.09 ± 10.9 years. The most common inciting agent for SJS was oral medications (85%). The scores of 12 ocular surface parameters correlated significantly with CDVA (P < .001). ROC analysis revealed 4 grades of total severity score of 0-11 (stage 0), 12-16 (stage 1), 17-22 (stage 2), and 23-53 (stage 3). The total severity score correlated significantly with logMAR visual acuity grades with an agreement of 60.7% using Cohen's kappa analysis (kappa coefficient = 0.420 ± 0.03). The most common stage of total severity score was stage 3 in 49% of eyes (196/400), followed by stage 0 (107/400, 26.7%). CONCLUSIONS The multistep scoring system of chronic ocular features in SJS/TEN sequelae is a useful tool to grade all levels of severity. This may help to evaluate the efficacy of the surgical intervention by comparing preoperative with postoperative ocular grades.
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Liotti L, Caimmi S, Bottau P, Bernardini R, Cardinale F, Saretta F, Mori F, Crisafulli G, Franceschini F, Caffarelli C. Clinical features, outcomes and treatment in children with drug induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:52-60. [PMID: 30830062 PMCID: PMC6502171 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i3-s.8165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be considered a late-onset allergic reaction, can cause serious long-term sequelae. SJS/TEN are considered a spectrum of life-threatening adverse drug reactions. They have the same clinical manifestations and the only difference is in the extent of epidermal detachment. These conditions are associated with high mortality, although incidence of SJS/TEN is rare in children. SJS/TEN is an adverse drug reaction influenced by genes that involve pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immune response. Infective agents are additional influencing factors. Anticonvulsants and antibiotics, and especially sulphonamides and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are among the drugs that were predominantly suspected of triggering SJS/TEN. No evidence-based standardized treatment guidelines for SJS or TEN are currently available. The usual treatment is mainly founded on the withdrawal of the suspected causative agent and supportive therapy. In pediatric patients, the specific therapeutic strategies are controversial and comprise systemic corticosteroids and the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). More recently, new therapeutic approaches have been used, such as immunosuppressive therapies, including cyclosporine and TNF-α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Liotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Senigallia Hospital, Senigallia, Italy.
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Use of cyclosporine for the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 85:512-513. [PMID: 30630021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Drug-Induced Skin Adverse Reactions: The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Their Prevention. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:297-314. [PMID: 29564734 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) affect many patients and remain a major public health problem, as they are a common cause of morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that ADRs are responsible for about 6% of hospital admissions and about 9% of hospitalization costs. Skin is the organ that is most frequently involved in ADRs. Drug-induced skin injuries vary from mild maculopapular eruptions (MPE) to severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) that are potentially life threatening. Genetic factors have been suggested to contribute to these SCARs, and most significant genetic associations have been identified in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. Common drugs associated with SCARs connected with strong genetic risk factors include antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), allopurinol, abacavir, nevirapine, sulfonamides, dapsone, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and analgesic drugs. However, genetic associations vary between different ethnic populations. Differences may in part be explained by the different prevalence of HLA (human leukocyte antigen) alleles among ethnic groups. In this review, we present and discuss the recent advances in genetic associations with ADRs in the skin. Many of these ADRs are now preventable with pharmacogenetic screening.
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Sasaki K, Mutoh T, Shiga T, Gómez de Segura IÁ. Successful intensive management in dogs with postoperative cutaneous drug hypersensitivity. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasu Sasaki
- Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care ServiceSendai Animal Care and Research CenterSendaiJapan
- Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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Al-Kathiri L, Mercyamma V, Al-Najjar T. A Case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Successfully Treated with Low Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulins and Systemic Corticosteroid. Oman Med J 2018; 33:356-359. [PMID: 30038738 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), a severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, is an acute life-threatening adverse drug reaction with a mortality rate of approximately 30%. Primary treatment of TEN is usually supportive. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and corticosteroids are still uncertain, as there are only a limited number of studies comparing the usefulness of these treatments. We report a case of a Filipino male patient who developed TEN, most likely due to one of the medications he received during his course of illness. The patient was admitted to Sultan Qaboos Hospital, Salalah, with fever and diffuse painful maculopapular eruption, which became vesicular and bullous after few days, followed by shedding of large sheets of the epidermis. The patient was admitted initially under medical care, and a diagnosis of TEN was considered later. All unnecessary drugs were discontinued, and the patient was shifted to the burns unit. In addition to standard supportive treatment, a combination therapy of systemic steroid and a low-dose IVIG (1.2 g/kg) divided over three days was administered. This low-dose regimen of IVIG has a pharmacoeconomic benefit compared with the previous cumulative dose (3 g/kg), which is usually given by dermatologists in other institutions to patients with TEN. The outcome was excellent, and the condition recovered almost completely two weeks after starting the treatment without sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfi Al-Kathiri
- Department of Dermatology, Sultan Qaboos Hospital, Salalah, Oman
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Choi SW, Park HH, Kim S, Chung JM, Noh HJ, Kim SK, Song HK, Lee CW, Morgan MJ, Kang HC, Kim YS. PELI1 Selectively Targets Kinase-Active RIP3 for Ubiquitylation-Dependent Proteasomal Degradation. Mol Cell 2018; 70:920-935.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Papp A, Sikora S, Evans M, Song D, Kirchhof M, Miliszewski M, Dutz J. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis by a multidisciplinary team. A review of literature and treatment results. Burns 2018; 44:807-815. [PMID: 29627131 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are mucocutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, usually to drugs or their metabolites. TEN is the most severe involving greater than 30% of the total body surface area (TBSA). Management of these patients usually benefits from a large multidisciplinary team for both wound and medical management. Treatment of these patients varies between centers and physicians and there is lack of a standardized treatment protocol in the medical literature. OBJECTIVES To review the literature and complete a retrospective review of patients treated at Vancouver General Hospital over a 11-year period. METHODS A retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed with SJS/TEN and treated at Vancouver General Hospital from 2001 to 2011 was completed. Data collected include patient demographics, time to transfer to a burn center, SCORTEN calculation, suspected cause of TEN, %TBSA involved, length of stay in hospital and ICU, medications, dressings, infections/cultures, fluids, mucosal involvement, teams involved, associated complications, morbidity and mortality. Data is reported quantitatively. RESULTS A total of 67 patients were identified (28 SJS, 21 SJS/TEN overlap, 18 TEN). In SJS/TEN overlap and TEN patients, oral mucosa and trunk were the primary sites involved. SCORTEN calculations were highest in the TEN group. Plastic surgery was consulted in 53% of TEN cases, 52% of SJS/TEN cases and 25% of SJS cases. Patients were admitted to a burn unit in 74% of TEN cases, 57% of TEN/SJS cases and 21% of SJS cases. Time from symptoms to diagnosis and transfer to a burn unit was highest for TEN patients. Time from presentation to diagnosis was highest in SJS/TEN overlap. Triggers were identified in 67-82% of cases. Treatment varied widely. Patients were treated conservatively, with steroids, IVIg, and cyclosporine alone or in combination. Observed mortality was higher than predicted by SCORTEN for patients treated with IVIg and lower for those treated with Cyclosporin. Dressings varied greatly and were often changed throughout a patients stay. Total mortality was 20.9% being the highest in the TEN group (35%). CONCLUSIONS SJS and TEN are a spectrum of severe mucocutaneous reactions that have unclear treatment recommendations within the literature and within our Level 1 hospital. Information gleaned from this research will help educate physicians involved in the treatment and management of patients with these diagnoses and has resulted in development of treatment guidelines in our hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Papp
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Canada.
| | - Sheena Sikora
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Morgan Evans
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Diana Song
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Mark Kirchhof
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monica Miliszewski
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Canada
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