Recommendations for the definition, evaluation, and treatment of nail psoriasis in adult patients with no or mild skin psoriasis: A dermatologist and nail expert group consensus

Nails in older adults

As the world's population of adults greater than 60 years old continues to increase, it is important to manage nail disorders that may impact their daily lives. Nail disorders may have significant impact on quality of life due to decreased functionality, extreme pain, or social embarrassment. In this review, we discuss nail disorders affecting older patients, including physiologic, traumatic, drug-induced, infectious, environmental, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions. Diagnosis of these conditions involves a detailed history, physical examination of all 20 nails, and depending on the condition, a nail clipping or biopsy and/or diagnostic imaging. Nails grow even more slowly in older adults compared to younger individuals, and therefore it is important for accurate diagnosis, and avoidance of inappropriate management and delay of treatment. Increased awareness of nail pathologies may help recognition and management of nail conditions in older adults.

Intense pulsed light versus pulsed dye laser in the treatment of nail psoriasis: Intra-patient left to right comparative controlled study

Background Until now, the management of psoriatic nails has not been satisfactory. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) as well as intense pulsed light (IPL) have been evaluated separately for the management of psoriatic nails and proved to be effective. Aim This study aimed to measure and compare the usefulness as well as the safety of intense pulsed light versus pulsed dye laser for the management of psoriatic nails. Methods The psoriatic fingernails of 20 patients were managed using intense pulsed light on one hand and pulsed dye laser on the other. Two to three psoriatic nails were left without treatment as controls. The therapeutic sessions were conducted monthly for a period of 6 months. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes was assessed by a blinded dermatologist depending on the total, nail bed, nail matrix, modified and target NAPSI scores. Patient global assessment, in addition to Nail Psoriasis Quality of Life (NPQL10), was performed to assess the response to the therapy. Results A significant reduction in the total, target and modified NAPSI scores from baseline to the end of the study was detected, but no significant differences were detected between the two treatments. The responses of the nail matrix and bed lesions to both modalities were nearly the same. All patients stated that the two devices were efficient and improved their quality of life. The intense pulsed light treatment was more painful. Complete clearance of nail lesions was not obtained. Limitations Lack of long-term follow-up of cases and preset laser parameters were the major limitations of this study. Conclusion Intense pulsed light, like pulsed dye laser, is safe and efficient in treating nail psoriasis; however, the former is more painful. Dermoscopy had an additive function in analysing the response of nail psoriasis to therapy.

Automatic evaluation of Nail Psoriasis Severity Index using deep learning algorithm

Nail psoriasis is a chronic condition characterized by nail dystrophy affecting the nail matrix and bed. The severity of nail psoriasis is commonly assessed using the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI), which evaluates the characteristics and extent of nail involvement. Although the NAPSI is numeric, reproducible, and simple, the assessment process is time-consuming and often challenging to use in real-world clinical settings. To overcome the time-consuming nature of NAPSI assessment, we aimed to develop a deep learning algorithm that can rapidly and reliably evaluate NAPSI, thereby providing numerous clinical and research advantages. We developed a dataset consisting of 7054 single fingernail images cropped from images of the dorsum of the hands of 634 patients with psoriasis. We annotated the eight features of the NAPSI in a single nail using bounding boxes and trained the YOLOv7-based deep learning algorithm using this annotation. The performance of the deep learning algorithm (DLA) was evaluated by comparing the NAPSI estimated using the DLA with the ground truth of the test dataset. The NAPSI evaluated using the DLA differed by 2 points from the ground truth in 98.6% of the images. The accuracy and mean absolute error of the model were 67.6% and 0.449, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.876, indicating good agreement. Our results showed that the DLA can rapidly and accurately evaluate the NAPSI. The rapid and accurate NAPSI assessment by the DLA is not only applicable in clinical settings, but also provides research advantages by enabling rapid NAPSI evaluations of previously collected nail images.

Devices for treatment of nail psoriasis

INTRODUCTION

Nail psoriasis (NP) affects a significant proportion of cutaneous psoriasis patients, often leading to functional impairment and psychosocial distress. Despite available treatment options, challenges persist in achieving efficacy and with drug delivery, prompting investigation into novel therapeutic devices.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A literature search was performed using the PubMed database for devices and lasers for NP on 17 October 2023 using the following search terms: device OR laser AND "nail psoriasis." Twenty-two articles were included describing treatment with pulsed dye laser, fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser, excimer laser, photodynamic therapy, intense pulsed light, and microneedling device.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

While some recent studies on use of therapeutic devices have shown promising results for NP treatment, current evidence supports an algorithmic approach including topical therapies, intralesional kenalog injections, and systemic therapies, depending on number of nails affected, presence of psoriatic arthritis, cutaneous psoriasis, comorbidities, and effect on quality of life. Laser therapy, although promising, requires further validation through extensive randomized trials before its inclusion in treatment regimens.

CONCLUSIONS

These exploratory findings highlight emerging therapies that may expand the spectrum of options available. Use of lasers for NP treatment could provide dermatologists with a broader arsenal for customizing treatment plans that address individual patient needs, taking into account comfort, cost, and compliance to enhance overall patient outcomes.

Botulinum toxin injection shows promise in nail psoriasis: A comparative randomized controlled trial

Background

Nail psoriasis remains a challenging condition with limited satisfaction from current treatments. An increasing number of neuropeptides were reported in psoriatic tissue.

Objective

To compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injection, triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection, topical combination of vitamin D/steroid (VitD/steroid) and placebo in improving nail psoriasis.

Methods

A 24-week randomized intraindividual comparative-controlled study involved participants with at least 4 psoriatic fingernails, each with a total target nail psoriasis severity index (NAPSI) score of at least 3 points. Nails were randomly received different treatments; intralesional BoNT-A injection at baseline, intralesional TA at baseline and eighth week, daily topical VitD/steroid application for 16 weeks and placebo.

Results

Evaluation of 64 psoriatic fingernails showed a 40% reduction in the total target NAPSI score at 24 weeks following BoNT-A injection (P = .001). BoNT-A significantly improved nail bed lesions more than TA and topical VitD/steroid (P = .038), with no reported serious adverse effects.

Limitations

Relatively small sample size; hand hygiene during the COVID-19 pandemic may interfere NAPSI score evaluation.

Conclusions

BoNT-A injection emerges as a promising and effective therapy for nail psoriasis, providing sustained efficacy lasting up to 6 months with a single injection.

Nail Psoriasis: Clinical Features and Severity Assessment

The nail is an important characteristic in the context of psoriasis. Nail psoriasis exhibits several clinical manifestations. Since the development of the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) score assessment tool for evaluating the severity of nail psoriasis, nail matrix symptoms such as pitting, leukonychia, crumbling, and red spots have been observed in the lunula. Nail bed symptoms include onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis, oil spots, and splinter hemorrhage. However, Beau's lines and nail fold psoriasis, which are not included in this assessment tool, should be considered essential symptoms for indicating the activity of nail psoriasis. Although NAPSI is the most widely used tool for assessing the severity of nail psoriasis, it has uncontrolled limitations. Although other assessment tools have been developed, none have successfully replaced the NAPSI. In clinical trials for nail psoriasis, the NAPSI is used in various forms, such as improvement rates, changes in the mean NAPSI score, and achievement rates of NAPSI 75. Consequently, caution is warranted when interpreting the clinical trial results related to nail psoriasis improvement.

An update on topical therapies for psoriasis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Topical therapies are a mainstay of treatment for mild psoriasis and may be a useful adjunct in treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. This review summarizes recent advances in topical therapies for psoriasis and currently available treatments.

RECENT FINDINGS

Topical aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators (tapinarof) and topical phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (roflumilast) have been proven effective in randomized controlled trials for psoriasis. Although topical JAK inhibitors have also been studied, none are currently licensed for treatment of psoriasis. Topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues remain the most commonly used and widely available topical treatments for psoriasis. Cost may limit use of novel topical agents.

SUMMARY

Although the novel topical agents tapinarof and roflumilast are licensed for treatment of psoriasis by the FDA in the United States, they have not yet been licensed in Europe, and it remains to be seen whether they will be limited by cost.

Treatment of Nail Psoriasis

Nail psoriasis is associated with significant disease burden, negative impact on quality of life, and potential progression to psoriatic arthritis. Initiating timely and appropriate treatment is of the utmost importance, especially because nail disease may be more resistant to therapies than cutaneous psoriasis. This article reviews available intralesional, topical, and systemic treatment options for nail psoriasis, and discusses efficacy and safety of studied agents. Also reviewed are consensus treatment guideline recommendations. An updated algorithm to aid physicians in selection of specific treatment options is provided.

Telemedicine in Nail Psoriasis: Validation of a New Tool to Monitor (In-Person, In-Picture, and In-Video) Nail Psoriasis Severity in Patients with Concurrent Onychophagia and Onychotillomania

INTRODUCTION

Since during the COVID-19 pandemic nail psoriasis was evaluated exclusively with teledermatology, dermatologists started to face the difficulty in rating it concurrent with other onycopathies (i.e., onychotillomania and onychophagy). Thus, we aimed to improve the existing severity scores and verify the value in different clinical settings (i.e., in person vs. teledermatology (video or picture)).

METHODS

This multicenter prospective observational study evaluated patients with nail psoriasis and screened them for onychophagy or onychotillomania in telemedicine from May 2020 to January 2021. For therapeutic purposes patients with nail psoriasis were followed and rated with the Nijmegen-Nail psoriasis Activity Index tooL (N-NAIL) for 9 months; at the same time, N-NAIL and a new dedicated index that monitor also the changes in nail dimension (Galeazzi-(G) N-NAIL) were tested for accuracy. We assessed inter- and intraobserver agreement for the three different settings (in person, video, and pictures).

RESULTS

In our cohort of 382 patients with nail psoriasis after a clinical and dermatoscopic assessment we found 20 (5.24%) patients with onychophagy and 17 (4.45%) patients with onychotillomania. Analysis of the impact of nail psoriasis on patients revealed that onycholysis and crumbing, followed by subungual hyperkeratosis, were the clinical signs that prevalently bothered patients. N-NAIL score displayed moderate intra- and interobserver agreement. Over the 9 months follow-up, N-NAIL vs. GN-NAIL displayed a solid correlation at all the examined time points, i.e., baseline and after 3, 6, and 9 months.

CONCLUSION

We created a new tool, the GN-NAIL capable of efficiently scoring nail psoriasis severity in complex cases, such as patients with onychotillomania and onychophagy, and monitor response to treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nail disorders to be kept in mind

Recognizing and diagnosing the most common nail diseases is essential, to be able to guide patients and provide appropriate treatment. However, uncommon nail disorders should not be neglected, in order to avoid inadequate treatment and above all to ensure that no severe underlying disorder, with severe prognosis, is overlooked.

Nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus: Updates on diagnosis and management

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory diseases of the nail, including nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus, are associated with significant disease burden and have a negative impact on quality of life. Diagnosis is often delayed, especially when patients present without cutaneous findings. Therefore, recognizing clinical signs and symptoms of inflammatory nail diseases, and initiating timely and appropriate treatment, is of utmost importance.

OBJECTIVE

We review recent studies on diagnostic techniques, discuss severity grading and scoring systems, and describe consensus treatment recommendations for nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus.

METHODS

An updated literature review was performed using the PubMed database on studies assessing diagnostic techniques or treatment modalities for nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus.

RESULTS

Recent studies on diagnostic techniques for inflammatory nail disease have focused on use of dermoscopy, capillaroscopy, and ultrasound modalities. Treatment of these conditions is dichotomized into involvement of few (≤3) or many (>3) nails. Recent psoriatic therapeutics studied for nail outcomes include brodalumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab, deucravacitinib, and bimekizumab, while emerging treatments for nail lichen planus include JAK inhibitors and intralesional platelet rich plasma injections.

CONCLUSIONS

We emphasize the need for increased awareness and expanded management strategies for inflammatory nail diseases to improve patient outcomes.

Nail psoriasis in China: A prospective multicentre study

BACKGROUND

Data on nail psoriasis (PsO) in China are scarce.

OBJECTIVES

To provide nail PsO-related data regarding epidemiologic characteristics, manifestations, fungal infections, arthritic complaints and treatments that may facilitate improved patient management globally.

METHODS

From August 2021 to August 2022, patients with nail PsO were enrolled in a prospective multicentre observational study at 25 hospitals in China. We collected and analysed data concerning nail PsO demography, clinical signs, fungal detection, arthritic symptoms and treatment.

RESULTS

A total of 817 patients with nail PsO were involved, with a mean body mass index of 24.13 ± 2.93. In addition, 71.41% of the patients were male. The Nail PsO Severity Index score was weakly positively correlated with body surface area. The percentage of nail involvement was 95.29% for fingernails and 57.18% for toenails, with pitting (67.11%) and subungual hyperkeratosis (60.40%) being the most prevalent manifestations, respectively. Toenails showed a significantly higher frequency of nailfold scales, subungual hyperkeratosis and nail plate crumbling and a lower frequency of splinter haemorrhages, pitting and erythema of the lunula. A total of 13.26% of the PsO patients had onychomycosis, and 77.08% were observed in the toenails. Articular symptoms were reported by 12.17% of the patients, with the peripheral type being predominant. Significant associations between articular symptoms and nailfold swelling, subungual hyperkeratosis, nailfold scales, onycholysis and longitudinal ridges were found. Only 2.30% (20 out of 871) of patients with nail PsO received treatment. The most frequently employed therapy for cutaneous PsO with nail involvement was biologic therapy (n = 366).

CONCLUSIONS

PsO showed distinct manifestations in the toenails and fingernails. Additionally, toenail PsO combined with onychomycosis requires special attention. Articular symptoms in psoriatic patients are associated with specific nail changes. It is important to research and advocate for more potent treatments for nail PsO.

Calcipotriene/Betamethasone Dipropionate Foam as a Potential Safe and Effective Treatment of Nail Psoriasis

Background

Nail psoriasis is a common condition that affects quality of life in individuals with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Topical treatments have been shown to be effective in treating nail bed disease but not as effective in treating nail matrix diseases, which often requires intralesional corticosteroids.

Objectives

The objective of this open-label study was to evaluate the efficacy of combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate foam as a treatment for nail psoriasis including nail matrix disease.

Method

We report three patients with moderate to severe nail psoriasis with involvement of all ten fingernails who applied study foam nightly for 6 months. Nails were assessed using the NAPSI score evaluating both nail bed and nail matrix disease.

Results

NAPSI score improved including nail matrix disease in the majority of nails. No skin irritation or unexpected adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

We conclude this foam combination product could be an effective and safe treatment for fingernail psoriasis and may provide better nail matrix penetration as evidenced by improvement in nail matrix score. Further studies are needed for additional evaluation.

Topical Tofacitinib as Effective Therapy in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis Responsive to Systemic Drugs but with Resistant Nail Psoriasis

Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may also involve nails. Unfortunately, topical treatments available are limited and often responsible for side effects and/or lack of compliance due to the necessary prolonged use to see results. Intralesional treatment instead is often unwanted or unaccepted by patients. Lack of efficacy is, moreover, always a possible outcome. Novel modalities for the therapy of nail psoriasis are thus needed and always welcomed.

Case Presentation

We then aimed to develop a topical 2% tofacitinib formulation expected to facilitate nail penetration and use in patients with recalcitrant forms of nail psoriasis unwilling to accept other routes of administration of treatment besides the topical one.

Conclusion

These preliminary data, despite the use in 3 patients only, suggest a potential use of topical tofacitinib 2% for nail psoriasis. Further studies on bigger groups are however necessary to confirm the present encouraging results and establish the effectiveness and safety also in more severe cases or in the pediatric population.

A Comprehensive Review of Ixekizumab Efficacy in Nail Psoriasis from Clinical Trials for Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

Nail psoriasis is a difficult-to-treat manifestation of psoriatic disease affecting up to 80% of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and 40-60% of patients with plaque psoriasis (PsO). Ixekizumab (IXE), a high-affinity monoclonal antibody that selectively targets interleukin-17A, is approved for the treatment of patients with PsA and patients with moderate-to-severe PsO. This narrative review aims to summarize nail psoriasis data generated from IXE clinical trials in patients with PsA (SPIRIT-P1, SPIRIT-P2, and SPIRIT-H2H) and/or moderate-to-severe PsO (UNCOVER-1, -2, -3, IXORA-R, IXORA-S, and IXORA-PEDS) with an emphasis on head-to-head clinical trial data. Across numerous trials explored, IXE treatment was associated with greater improvement in resolution of nail disease versus comparators at week 24, results which were maintained up to and beyond week 52. Additionally, patients experienced higher rates of resolution of nail disease versus comparators at week 24 and maintained high levels of resolution up to week 52 and beyond. In both PsA and PsO, IXE demonstrated efficacy in treating nail psoriasis, and therefore may be an effective therapy option. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier UNCOVER-1 (NCT01474512), UNCOVER-2 (NCT01597245), UNCOVER-3 (NCT01646177), IXORA-PEDS (NCT03073200), IXORA-S (NCT02561806), IXORA-R (NCT03573323), SPIRIT-P1 (NCT01695239), SPIRIT-P2 (NCT02349295), SPIRIT-H2H (NCT03151551).

Efficacy and Safety of Nail Psoriasis Targeted Therapies: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

Nail changes are frequent clinical findings in patients with cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, often causing significant impairments in quality of life. Numerous targeted therapies have been previously studied for treatment of nail psoriasis, however, newer agents have not been captured in prior systematic reviews. With over 25 new studies published since 2020, the landscape of nail psoriasis systemic treatments is rapidly evolving, warranting analysis of recently approved therapies.

METHODS

An updated systematic review of all PubMed and OVID database studies assessing efficacy and safety of targeted therapies for nail psoriasis was performed, with the goal of incorporating clinical data of recent trials and newer agents, namely brodalumab, risankizumab, and tildrakizumab. Eligibility criteria included clinical human studies reporting at least one of the nail psoriasis clinical appearance outcomes (Nail Psoriasis Severity Index, modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index).

RESULTS

A total of 68 studies on 15 nail psoriasis targeted therapeutic agents were included. Biological agents and small molecule inhibitors included TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, certolizumab, golimumab), IL-17 inhibitors (ixekizumab, brodalumab, secukinumab), IL-12/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab), IL-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab), PDE-4 inhibitors (apremilast), and JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib). These agents all demonstrated statistically significant improvements in nail outcome scores, compared with placebo or with baseline values, at weeks 10-16 and weeks 20-26, with some studies assessing efficacy up to week 60. Safety data for these agents were acceptable and consistent with known safety profiles within these timepoints, with nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, injection site reactions, headache, and diarrhea being the most reported adverse events. Specifically, the newer agents, brodalumab, risankizumab, and tildrakizumab, showed promising outcomes for treatment of nail psoriasis on the basis of current data.

CONCLUSION

Numerous targeted therapies have shown significant efficacy in improving nail findings in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Data from head-to-head trials have shown greater efficacy of ixekizumab over adalimumab and ustekinumab, as well as brodalumab over ustekinumab, while prior meta-analyses have demonstrated superiority of ixekizumab and tofacitinib to other included agents at various assessed timepoints. Further studies on the long-term efficacy and safety of these agents, as well as randomized controlled trials involving comparison with placebo arms, are needed to fully analyze differences in efficacy of newer agents compared with previously established therapies.

Nail Psoriasis: An Updated Review of Currently Available Systemic Treatments

Background

Nail psoriasis (NP) has a prevalence that ranges from 10 to 82% among patients with psoriasis (PsO) and is one of the most common difficult to treat site of psoriasis. We performed a thorough review of the literature, exploring evidence regarding all available NP systemic treatments, describing also in detail NP dedicated clinical trials.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase prior to February 2023 using a combination of the terms "nail" AND "psoriasis" AND "systemic therapy" AND/OR "systemic treatment". A total of 47 original studies and case reports were reviewed in this article.

Results

Systemic therapies should be considered when the disorder involves more than 3 nails, has extensive skin and joint involvement, and has a significant impact on QoL, due to their best long-term efficacy. In detail, conventional and biologic systemic drugs demonstrated efficacy in recent trials, including acitretin, methotrexate, cyclosporine, apremilast, adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, certolizumab, golimumab, ustekinumab, secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab, bimekizumab, guselkumab, risankizumab and tildrakizumab.

Conclusion

Several therapies have demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment of NP; however, the choice of treatment depends not only on the severity of the nail involvement, but also on whether PsA is present, the patient's comorbidities other than PsA, previous treatment history, and the patient's drug preferences.

Updates in treatment and impact of nail psoriasis

INTRODUCTION

Nail psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder without a potential scarring outcome, but the nail signs, even the milder ones, can cause discomfort to patients and severely affect their quality of life. Nail psoriasis may be associated with psoriatic arthritis and when it starts during infancy, it may be a predictor of a more severe disease course in adulthood. All these issues contribute to the high economic burden of psoriasis.

AREAS COVERED

Nail psoriasis is notoriously difficult to treat, even though new treatments are in continuous development. This paper provides an update on new treatments and address the current gaps in care of nail psoriasis.

EXPERT OPINION

A better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and more 'real-life' studies will definitely be helpful to improve treatment results. A lower level of heterogeneity should be advisable among trials when evaluating nail psoriasis. Moreover, the relationship between nail psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis should be the focus of unbiased studies in order to better define the real risk that nail psoriasis patients have to develop arthritis.

Comparative effectiveness of biologics for patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and special area involvement: week 12 results from the observational Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO)

Introduction

Psoriasis localized at the scalp, face, nails, genitalia, palms, and soles can exacerbate the disease burden. Real-world studies comparing the effectiveness of treatments for these special areas are limited.

Methods

Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO) is an international, prospective, non-interventional, study comparing the effectiveness of anti-interleukin (IL)-17A biologics (ixekizumab and secukinumab) compared to other approved biologics and the pairwise comparative effectiveness of ixekizumab relative to five other individual biologics for patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. To determine special area involvement, physicians answered binary questions at baseline and week 12. The proportion of patients who achieved special area clearance at week 12 was assessed. Missing outcome data were imputed as non-response. Comparative treatment analyses were conducted using frequentist model averaging.

Results

Of the 1,978 patients included, 83.4% had at least one special area involved at baseline with the scalp (66.7%) as the most frequently affected part, followed by nails (37.9%), face/neck (36.9%), genitalia (25.6%), and palms and/or soles (22.2%). Patients with scalp, nail, or genital, but not palmoplantar or face/neck psoriasis, had significantly higher odds of achieving clearance at week 12 in the anti-IL-17A cohort compared to the other biologics cohort. Patients with scalp psoriasis had a 10-20% higher response rate and significantly greater odds (1.8-2.3) of achieving clearance at week 12 with ixekizumab compared to included biologics.

Conclusion

Biologics demonstrate a high level of clearance of special areas at week 12 in a real-world setting. Patients with scalp, nail, or genital involvement have significantly higher odds of clearance at week 12 with anti-IL-17A biologics compared to other biologics.

Psoriatic Arthritis: Development, Detection and Prevention: A Scoping Review

Psoriatic arthritis is a heterogenous chronic inflammatory disease that develops over time in some patients with psoriasis. The course of the disease is variable, with a broad clinical spectrum. The management of PsA has changed tremendously over the last decade, thanks to earlier diagnosis, a multidisciplinary approach and progress in pharmacological therapies. Therefore, screening for risk factors and the early signs of arthritis is highly important and recommended. Currently, research is focused on finding soluble biomarkers and developing imaging techniques that can improve the prediction of psoriatic arthritis. Among imaging modalities, ultrasonography seems to be the most accurate in detecting subclinical inflammation. Early intervention is based on the assumption that it is possible to prevent or delay psoriatic arthritis if systemic treatment for psoriasis can be administered early enough. This review article provides an overview of the current perspectives and evidence regarding the diagnosis, management and prevention of psoriatic arthritis.

Fractional CO 2 Laser versus Fractional CO 2 Laser Plus Betamethasone/Calcipotriol Ointment in the Treatment of Nail Psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Nail psoriasis has a major negative impact on the physical and psychological aspects of the patient's life. Treatment is often unsatisfactory because of the difficult penetration of the drug into the nail.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy of fractional CO 2 laser monotherapy versus combined fractional CO 2 laser and calcipotriol/betamethasone ointment preparation in treatment of nail psoriasis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty patients with nail psoriasis with at least 2 affected fingernails were recruited for this study. Target NAPSI (tNAPSI) score was calculated at the start of the study and at 3 months after the last laser session. One affected fingernail of each patient received 6 sessions of fractional CO 2 laser with 4-week intervals. Another affected fingernail of each patient received topical betamethasone/calcipotriol ointment once daily in addition to the 6 fractional CO 2 laser sessions.

RESULTS

In the monotherapy group, there was significant improvement in the nail matrix score, nail bed score, and tNAPSI score. In the combined therapy group, there was significant improvement in nail bed score and tNAPSI score, but nail matrix score showed no statistically significant improvement. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 studied groups.

CONCLUSION

Fractional CO 2 laser can be an effective and promising new treatment for nail psoriasis.

Key Points to Select a Device for Dermatologic Ultrasound

What points to consider when selecting a device for practicing dermatologic ultrasound is an excellent question. After we met the requisites published in the guidelines for practicing dermatologic ultrasound, it is necessary to consider the main objective of the use because it is not the same to be focused mostly on the avoidance of the puncture of important facial vessels such as the case of injectors of cosmetic fillers in comparison to the use of operators that need to deal with the diagnosis and monitoring of a wide range of dermatologic pathologies. Currently, a broad variety of ultrasound devices meets the minimum requirements for practicing these examinations in the market. Thus, small, portable, and high-end devices may present advantages and limitations that must be balanced according to the primary purposes and the budget. Moreover, the shape and footprint of the probes can make difficult or facilitate a dermatologic procedure. Other points to consider are the type of storage and the need for technical service. In summary, there are key points that we need to consider when we select a dermatologic ultrasound device in dermatology or aesthetics.

Coping strategies, emotion regulation and quality of life among psoriasis patients

BACKGROUND

This study set out to investigate the connections between coping strategies, and quality of life in psoriasis patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

150 psoriasis patients (M = 74, F = 76) participated in this study. The data were compiled using the Dermatology Life Quality Index, the Coping Style Scale, and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

MAIN FINDINGS

The results revealed a negative association between problem-focused coping and quality of life. Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between emotion-focused coping and quality of life. Results revealed that psoriasis patients' ability to regulate their emotions differs significantly by gender.

CONCLUSION

The study's findings suggest that emotion regulation reappraisal moderates the relationship between coping techniques and quality of life among psoriasis patients.

The impact of nail psoriasis on disease activity, quality of life, and clinical variables in patients with psoriatic arthritis: A cross-sectional multicenter study

AIM

Nail involvement is common in psoriatic arthritis. This study assesses clinical characteristics, nail psoriasis prevalence, and impact of nail psoriasis on disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

METHOD

This cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted by the Turkish League Against Rheumatism using PsA patients recruited from 25 centers. Demographic and clinical characteristics of PsA patients, such as disease activity measures, quality of life, and nail involvement findings were assessed during routine follow-up examinations. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of nail psoriasis and compared using the χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables.

RESULTS

In 1122 individuals with PsA, 645 (57.5%) displayed nail psoriasis. The most frequent features of fingernails were ridges (38%), followed by pitting (21%) and onycholysis (19%). More females were present in both groups (with and without nail psoriasis; 64% vs 67%, P < 0.282). Patients with nail psoriasis were older, indicated more pain and fatigue, experienced greater swelling, tender joint counts, and skin disease severity, and had a higher disease activity score compared with those without nail psoriasis (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate an increased prevalence of nail psoriasis observed in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Patients with nail involvement experience increased disease activity, lower quality of life, and diminished mental and physical status compared with those without nail involvement.

Safety of current systemic therapies for nail psoriasis

INTRODUCTION

A discussion of safety of systemic treatments for nail psoriasis is lacking, particularly in reference to approval of new therapies assessed for nail outcomes. A review of safety profiles for agents commonly utilized for treatment of nail psoriasis is warranted to help inform treatment choices. The PubMed database was searched on 5 April 20235 April 2023, with articles discussing safety of nail psoriasis systemic therapies identified and reviewed.

AREAS COVERED

Systemic treatments for nail psoriasis include biologic therapies (tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, interleukin-17 inhibitors, interleukin-23 inhibitors, interleukin-12/23 inhibitors), small molecule inhibitors (apremilast, tofacitinib), and oral systemic immunomodulators (methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin), each with unique safety profiles and considerations. Herein, we discuss adverse events, contraindications, drug-drug interactions, screening/monitoring guidelines, as well as utilization for special populations, including pregnant, older, and pediatric patients.

EXPERT OPINION

The advent of targeted therapies, including biologic treatments and small molecule inhibitors, has revolutionized outcomes for nail psoriasis patients, but warrant review and monitoring for potential adverse events. Oral systemic immunomodulators have demonstrated moderate efficacy for nail psoriasis treatment, but are notable for frequent contraindications and drug-drug interactions. Further study of these agents and their use in special populations is needed to elucidate safety profiles for long-term use.

Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders

Nail conditions are not only aesthetic concerns, and nail changes may be a clue to an underlying systemic diseases or infection. Without timely treatment, nail diseases can continue to worsen and significantly impair performance of daily activities and reduce quality of life. Examination of the nails is essential at every medical visit, and may uncover important findings. Brittle nail syndrome, onychomycosis, paronychia, nail psoriasis, longitudinal melanonychia, Beau's lines, onychomadesis and retronychia are common nail disorders seen in clinical practice. These conditions stem from infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and traumatic aetiologies. Though each nail condition presents with its own distinct characteristics, the clinical findings may overlap between different conditions, resulting in misdiagnosis and treatment delays. Patients can present with nail plate changes (e.g. hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, pitting), discolouration, pain and inflammation. The diagnostic work-up of nail disease should include a detailed history and clinical examination of all 20 nail units. Dermoscopy, diagnostic imaging and histopathologic and mycological analyses may be necessary for diagnosis. Nail findings concerning for malignancy should be promptly referred to a dermatologist for evaluation and biopsy. Nail disease management requires a targeted treatment approach. Treatments include topical and/or systemic medications, discontinuation of offending drugs or surgical intervention, depending on the condition. Patient education on proper nail care and techniques to minimize further damage to the affected nails is also important. This article serves to enhance familiarity of the most common nail disorders seen in clinical practice. It will highlight the key clinical manifestations, systematic approaches to diagnosis and treatment options for each nail condition to improve diagnosis and management of nail diseases, as well as patient outcomes.Key messagesNail disease is not only a cosmetic issue, as nail changes can indicate the presence of a serious underlying systemic disease, infection or malignancy.Nail pain and changes associated with NP are physically and emotionally distressing and may contribute to functional impairment and diminished quality of life.LM is a hallmark sign of subungual melanoma and this finding warrants further investigation to rule out malignancy.

Topical cyclosporine hydrogel preparation: A new therapeutic option in the treatment of nail psoriasis

Nail psoriasis is a chronic nail disorder that commonly affects psoriatic patients causing severe distress despite the limited body surface area. Treatments for nail psoriasis are limited, as nails are often difficult to treat with topical therapies, and among different systemic agents responses are unpredictable. We carried out a prospective study in order to analyze the effectiveness and tolerability of topical cyclosporine hydrogel ointment in nail psoriasis. Three patients, for a total of 44 nails, were treated with topical cyclosporine hydrogel ointment. All nails were evaluated, before starting the treatment, every 28 days and after 12 weeks of therapy, by the same dermatologists, through clinical and onychoscopic evaluations. The patients were also asked to assess on the compliance with product use. Complete response (CR) was observed in 2 of 3 patients; a partial response (PR) was observed in the other patient. Overall, 24 of 44 nails had CR and 20 had a PR. Cyclosporine hydrogel ointment has shown efficacy and safety in the treatment of nail psoriasis. The product has also been shown to be stable in composition, easy to apply and not discomfortable for the patient.

Efficacy and safety profile of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in the treatment of psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

Systemic therapy is an important treatment for psoriasis. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are new candidates for psoriasis therapy.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PDE4 inhibitors in psoriasis.

Method

Randomized clinical trials with PDE4 inhibitors vs placebos in patients with psoriasis were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, from inception to July 14, 2022. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022345700).

Results

18 studies were identified, 9 of which included moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, 2 mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis, and 7 psoriatic arthritis. A total of 6036 patients were included. Only one oral PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, met the inclusion criteria. Overall, compared with the placebo, apremilast was associated with higher response rates in PASI-75 (RR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.59-4.01), ScPGA of 0 or 1 (RR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.69-2.91), PPPGA of 0 or 1 (RR 2.33; 95%CI, 1.16-4.66), and a significant decrease in NPASI (SMD, -0.46; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.33). There were no significant differences in serious adverse events. Subgroup analyses showed that significantly more patients achieved PASI-75 after 16 weeks of therapy with apremilast of 20 mg bid (RR, 2.82; 95% CI, 2.01-3.95) and 30 mg bid (RR, 4.08; 95% CI, 3.12-5.33). Heterogeneity was not significant across studies.

Conclusion

Apremilast is a safe and effective treatment for plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, especially for difficult-to-treat sites.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42022345700).

Reducing the Risk of Developing Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients with Psoriasis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, which may manifest with different domains such as dactylitis, enthesitis, synovitis and spondylitis. The estimated prevalence of PsA in patients with psoriasis ranges widely between 6% and 42%. In most cases, PsA is preceded by skin involvement by an average time of 7-8 years. In the complex patho-mechanisms involved in the transition from psoriasis to PsA, the gut and skin have been proposed as the sites of immune activation triggering or contributing to the development of PsA. In such a transition, a subclinical phase has been identified, characterized by enthesopathy where soluble biomarkers and imaging findings but no clinical symptoms are detectable. Recent studies have provided some evidence that timely treated psoriasis may reduce the risk of developing PsA.

Topical calcipotriol combined with urea 20% versus intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate in the treatment of nail psoriasis: A comparative study

BACKGROUND

There is no consistently effective treatment for psoriatic nails. Topical and intralesional modalities have been recently investigated and showed promising efficacy and safety.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy and safety of intralesional injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), triamcinolone acetonide (TA) versus topical calcipotriol plus urea 20% in the treatment of nail psoriasis.

METHODS

This study included 60 patients with nail psoriasis who were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each containing 15 patients. The first 3 groups received intralesional injection of 0.1 ml of 5-FU (group A), MTX (group B), and TA (group C) into the nail matrix and bed monthly for 3 months. Group D received a topical combination of calcipotriol/urea 20% twice daily for 3 months. Therapeutic response was assessed every month for 3 months using the target nail psoriasis severity index (NAPSI).

RESULTS

The mean percentage of improvement was significantly higher in topical calcipotriol/urea combination (57.1 ± 26.4) than intralesional TA (44.2 ± 32.7), intralesional MTX (37.7 ± 14.2), and intralesional 5-FU (29.6 ± 14). Adverse effects were mild and insignificant in the studied groups.

CONCLUSION

Topical calcipotriol/urea combination seems to be more effective and safe than intralesional injections of 5-FU, MTX and TA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Anti-IL23for nail psoriasis in real life: Results of efficacy and safety during a 52-week period

Nail psoriasis (NP) is often considered disfiguring for patients with a relevant impact on quality of life (QoL). It is also difficult to treat for dermatologists who are often frustrated by the scarcity of effective therapeutic alternatives in this particular location. Topical therapies are often used as the first-line treatment for mild NP, but efficacy is the modest. Conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) (e.g., cyclosporine, methotrexate, acitretin, and dimethyl fumarate) are generally avoided in NP without general cutaneous involvement. Biologics represent, to date, a concrete possibility for the management of these patients. The data from the clinical trials are encouraging, although there are still few data in real-life. Here, we report a study conducted at Siena University Hospital on 20 patients with NP on both hands and feet treated with anti-IL23 for 52 weeks. No differences were evaluated from baseline to week 4 of anti-IL-23 treatment. NAPSI greatly improved at week 24 with almost 60% of patients reaching NAPSI75 and 40% NAPSI50. At week 52, almost 75% of patients reached NAPSI90. No adverse effects were reported in the patients in the study. The clinical response observed in these patients suggests that treatments that target interleukin-23 may be an effective option for NP, especially when refractory to conventional therapies.

Imaging of the Nail Unit in Psoriatic Patients - a Systematic Scoping Review of Techniques and Terminology

Background

The growing interest in the visualization of psoriatic nail unit changes has led to the discovery of an abundance of image characteristics across various modalities.

Objective

To identify techniques for non‐invasive imaging of nail unit structures in psoriatic patients and review extracted image features to unify the diverse terminology.

Methods

For this systematic scoping review, we included studies available on PubMed and Embase, independently extracted image characteristics, and semantically grouped the identified features to suggest a preferred terminology for each technique.

Results

After screening 753 studies, 67 articles on the visualization of clinical and subclinical psoriatic changes in the nail plate, matrix, bed, folds and hyponychium were included. We identified 4 optical and 3 radiological imaging techniques for the assessment of surface (dermoscopy [n = 16], capillaroscopy [n = 12]), sub‐surface (ultrasound imaging [n = 36], optical coherence tomography [n = 4], fluorescence optical imaging [n = 3]), and deep‐seated psoriatic changes (magnetic resonance imaging [n = 2], positron emission tomography‐computed tomography [n = 1]). By condensing 244 image feature descriptions into a glossary of 82 terms, overall redundancy was cut by 66.4% (37.5%–77.1%). More than 75% of these image features provide additional disease‐relevant information that is not captured using conventional clinical assessment scales.

Conclusions

This review has identified, unified, and contextualized image features and related terminology for non‐invasive imaging of the nail unit in patients with psoriatic conditions. The suggested glossary could facilitate the integrative use of non‐invasive imaging techniques for the detailed examination of psoriatic nail unit structures in research and clinical practice.

Comparative Study on the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Acitretin and MTX in the Treatment of Pustular Psoriasis by TLR7/MyD88/CXCL16 Pathway

Objective

To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of acitretin and MTX with TLR7/MyD88/CXCL16 in the treatment of pustular psoriasis.

Method

A total of 54 patients with pustular psoriasis were randomly divided into control group (n = 14) and study group (n = 40). MTX was used in the control group, and different doses of acitretin were used in the study group, which were divided into low-dose group (n = 13), medium-dose group (n = 13), and high-dose group (n = 14). Symptom relief time, recurrence rate, GPPASI improvement rate, treatment response rate, BSA, DLQI score, and TLR7 and CXCL16 levels were compared among four groups.

Result

The erythema, fever, and pustules disappeared in the low-dose group, the medium-dose group, and the high-dose group for a shorter time than control group, and it is shortest for the high-dose group. The low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose groups had relatively lower recurrence rates at 1 month and 3 months (P < 0.05). The improvement rates of GPPASI50 of the four groups (the control group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, and high-dose group in turn) were 71.4%, 78.3%, 80.2%, and 80.8%; GPPASI75 of the four groups were 73.5%, 74.3%, 79.4%, and 80.9%; and GPPASI90 were 12.9%, 13.1%, 13.4%, and 13.8%. After treatment, the BSA and DLQI scores of the four groups were reduced. The BSA and DLQI scores of the study group decreased more significantly, and the high-dose group had the most significant improvement (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the four groups was 16.2%, 8.1%, 10.3%, and 14.7%, respectively. The high-dose group had a higher incidence of adverse reaction than the low-dose group (P < 0.05). The effective rates of treatment of the four groups were 69.1%, 86.9%, 88.2%, and 91.9%, respectively. The study group had higher treatment efficiency than the control group, and the high-dose group had the highest treatment efficiency (P < 0.05). After treatment, the level of serum TLR7 and CXCL16 was significantly reduced, but which in the study group decreased more significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The clinical effect of a high dose of acitretin on pustular psoriasis is remarkable. It can reduce the recurrence rate and improve the quality of life and clinical symptoms. Therefore, a high dose of acitretin is worth popularizing and applying.

A pilot study of intralesional methotrexate injections versus triamcinolone acetonide in patients affected by nail matrix psoriasis

Nail disorders in general are difficult to treat and often frustrating and so it is nail psoriasis, especially when it is limited to the nails. Quality of life of affected patients is remarkably influenced due to the chronic course of the disease and frequent relapses. The purpose of this study was to compare the response to treatment and follow-up of 12 patients with nail matrix psoriasis, limited to few nails, treated with intralesional injections of 25mg/ml methotrexate or 10mg/ml triamcinolone acetonide. Patients were treated every 6 weeks for 24 weeks and followed up for 6 months. A photographic documentation and a NAPSI scoring were taken during each session and at each follow up visit. At the end of the 4 sessions, all patients showed an improvement of their disease and these data were confirmed at follow up especially for the methotrexate treated group.

Common diseases of the nail: Diagnosis and therapy

This review focuses on nail changes that do not belong to the group of benign or malignant nail tumors. These common afflictions of the nail include structural changes in and under the nail plate as well as inflammation around and in the nail bed. They include onychomycoses, nail psoriasis, onychodystrophies, subungual hematoma, paronychia, ingrown nails and pincer nails. Due to the peculiar anatomy and physiological growth conditions of the nail, the pathology does not necessarily stem from the site of the clinical problem and calls for careful inspection and interpretation.

Challenge of Nail Psoriasis: An Update Review

Nail psoriasis is a refractory disease that affects 50-79% skin psoriasis patients and up to 80% of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The pathogenesis of nail psoriasis is still not fully illuminated, although some peculiar inflammatory cytokines and chemokines seems to be the same as described in psoriatic skin lesions. Psoriatic nail involving matrix can cause pitting, leukonychia, red spots in lunula, and nail plate crumbling, while nail bed involvement can result in onycholysis, oil-drop discoloration, nail bed hyperkeratosis, and splinter hemorrhages. The common assessment methods of evaluating nail psoriasis includes Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI), Nail Assessment in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (NAPPA), Nail Psoriasis Quality of life 10 (NPQ10), and so on. Treatment of nail psoriasis should be individualized according to the number of involving nail, the affected site of nail and presence of skin and/or joint involvement. Generally, topical therapies are used for mild nail psoriasis, while biologic agents such as etanercept are considered for severe nail disease and refractory nail psoriasis. Even though the current literature has shown some support for the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, or therapies of nail psoriasis, systemic review of this multifaceted disease is still rare to date. We elaborate recent developments in nail psoriasis epidemiology, pathogenesis, anatomy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapies to raise better awareness of the complexity of nail psoriasis and the need for early diagnosis or intervention.

Updates on the Pathology and Management of Nail Unit Tumors and Dermatoses

Nail unit pathology is indispensable to reach an accurate diagnosis of nail tumors as well as inflammatory disorders. This review article provides an update from the most recently published studies on the pathology and management of nail unit tumors and inflammatory disorders. Recent findings of nail clipping histopathology are described first, followed by discussing recent data on the diagnosis and surgical management of several types of nail unit tumors, ending with discussing the recent discoveries in selected nail unit inflammatory disorders.

Nail Psoriasis: A Review of Effective Therapies and Recommendations for Management

Nail psoriasis has a prevalence that ranges from 10 to 82% and can significantly impact the quality of life of patients. Nail psoriasis is one of the most challenging areas to treat, and multiple therapies have been explored. Topical and injectable therapies are recommended for few-nail disease. Systemic therapies, including biologics, can be considered for patients with multiple and resistant nail disease, impaired quality of life, and severe skin and joint involvement, due to their long-term efficacy. Although outcome data are difficult to compare, interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors may have superior short-term efficacy when compared to IL-23 inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors, although long-term efficacy is similar to TNF-alpha inhibitors. IL-23 inhibitors and TNF-alpha inhibitors have a similar efficacy for nail psoriasis.

Practical recommendations for systemic treatment in psoriasis according to age, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, mental health, psoriasis subtype and treatment history (BETA-PSO: Belgian Evidence-based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis; part 1)

Background

Impressive progress in new therapeutic options has been made for psoriasis. Treatments include topical steroids, phototherapy, conventional, synthetic disease‐modifying drugs and an expanding list of biologics.

Objective

The primary objective of this work was to collect evidence for the creation of practice guidelines for systemic treatment of psoriasis (BETA‐PSO: Belgian Evidence‐based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis).

Methods

Evidence‐based recommendations were formulated using a quasi‐Delphi methodology after a systematic search of the literature and a consensus procedure involving 8 psoriasis experts.

Results

In this part, the use of systemic treatment in different age groups, during pregnancy, in metabolic syndrome, in patients with mental health problems, in different psoriasis subtypes and in previously systemically treated patients treatment is discussed.

Conclusion

Guidance on therapeutic choice in specific clinical situations in psoriasis is provided in order to facilitate the decision‐making in clinical practice.