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Greco S, Madè A, Gaetano C, Devaux Y, Emanueli C, Martelli F. Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era. J Transl Med 2020; 18:408. [PMID: 33129318 PMCID: PMC7602761 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory, many patients also display acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. Understanding both direct and indirect damage caused to the heart and the vascular system by SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary to identify optimal clinical care strategies. The homeostasis of the cardiovascular system requires a tight regulation of the gene expression, which is controlled by multiple types of RNA molecules, including RNA encoding proteins (messenger RNAs) (mRNAs) and those lacking protein-coding potential, the noncoding-RNAs. In the last few years, dysregulation of noncoding-RNAs has emerged as a crucial component in the pathophysiology of virtually all cardiovascular diseases. Here we will discuss the potential role of noncoding RNAs in COVID-19 disease mechanisms and their possible use as biomarkers of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Greco
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - A Madè
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - C Gaetano
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Y Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - C Emanueli
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - F Martelli
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy.
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Pathologic gene network rewiring implicates PPP1R3A as a central regulator in pressure overload heart failure. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2760. [PMID: 31235787 PMCID: PMC6591478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality, yet our understanding of the genetic interactions underlying this disease remains incomplete. Here, we harvest 1352 healthy and failing human hearts directly from transplant center operating rooms, and obtain genome-wide genotyping and gene expression measurements for a subset of 313. We build failing and non-failing cardiac regulatory gene networks, revealing important regulators and cardiac expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). PPP1R3A emerges as a regulator whose network connectivity changes significantly between health and disease. RNA sequencing after PPP1R3A knockdown validates network-based predictions, and highlights metabolic pathway regulation associated with increased cardiomyocyte size and perturbed respiratory metabolism. Mice lacking PPP1R3A are protected against pressure-overload heart failure. We present a global gene interaction map of the human heart failure transition, identify previously unreported cardiac eQTLs, and demonstrate the discovery potential of disease-specific networks through the description of PPP1R3A as a central regulator in heart failure. The genetic and pathogenetic basis of heart failure is incompletely understood. Here, the authors present a high-fidelity tissue collection from rapidly preserved failing and non-failing control hearts which are used for eQTL mapping and network analysis, resulting in the prioritization of PPP1R3A as a heart failure gene.
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Ge J, Zhu J, Xia B, Cao H, Peng Y, Li X, Yu T, Chu G, Yang G, Shi X. miR-423-5p inhibits myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting Sufu. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7610-7620. [PMID: 29923621 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast proliferation and terminal differentiation are the key steps of myogenesis. MicroRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in gene expression regulation. They negatively regulate gene expression by causing messenger RNA translational repression or target messenger RNA degradation. Here, we found that microRNA-423-5p (miR-423-5p) is highly expressed in both slow and fast muscles. Our gain-of-function study indicated that miR-423-5p actually plays a negative role in regulating myoblast proliferation and differentiation. We also found that miR-423-5p is able to inhibit the expression of suppressor of fused homolog to inactivate the expression of the marker genes in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Taken together, our findings indicated miR-423-5p as a potential inhibitor of myogenesis by targeting suppressor of fused homolog in myoblast, and it also contributes to a better understanding of the microRNAs-target gene regulatory network in different types of porcine muscle types and may benefit the practice of improving the meat quality in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayu Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haigang Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taiyong Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guiyan Chu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xine Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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D'Amario D, Vergallo R, Crea F. Predicting the future after acute myocardial infarction: A gaze into the crystal ball of gene expression profile. Int J Cardiol 2018; 254:47-48. [PMID: 29407127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Amario
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Vergallo
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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5
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Foster DB, Liu T, Kammers K, O'Meally R, Yang N, Papanicolaou KN, Talbot CC, Cole RN, O'Rourke B. Integrated Omic Analysis of a Guinea Pig Model of Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3009-28. [PMID: 27399916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examine key regulatory pathways underlying the transition from compensated hypertrophy (HYP) to decompensated heart failure (HF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in a guinea pig pressure-overload model by integrated multiome analysis. Relative protein abundances from sham-operated HYP and HF hearts were assessed by iTRAQ LC-MS/MS. Metabolites were quantified by LC-MS/MS or GC-MS. Transcriptome profiles were obtained using mRNA microarrays. The guinea pig HF proteome exhibited classic biosignatures of cardiac HYP, left ventricular dysfunction, fibrosis, inflammation, and extravasation. Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial transcription/translation factors, antioxidant enzymes, and other mitochondrial procsses, were downregulated in HF but not HYP. Proteins upregulated in HF implicate extracellular matrix remodeling, cytoskeletal remodeling, and acute phase inflammation markers. Among metabolites, acylcarnitines were downregulated in HYP and fatty acids accumulated in HF. The correlation of transcript and protein changes in HF was weak (R(2) = 0.23), suggesting post-transcriptional gene regulation in HF. Proteome/metabolome integration indicated metabolic bottlenecks in fatty acyl-CoA processing by carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT1B) as well as TCA cycle inhibition. On the basis of these findings, we present a model of cardiac decompensation involving impaired nuclear integration of Ca(2+) and cyclic nucleotide signals that are coupled to mitochondrial metabolic and antioxidant defects through the CREB/PGC1α transcriptional axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brian Foster
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ting Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Kai Kammers
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Robert O'Meally
- Proteomics Core Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ni Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Kyriakos N Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - C Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Robert N Cole
- Proteomics Core Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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6
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Altered mitochondrial expression genes in patients receiving right ventricular apical pacing. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:469-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Iyngkaran P, Thomas M. Bedside-to-Bench Translational Research for Chronic Heart Failure: Creating an Agenda for Clients Who Do Not Meet Trial Enrollment Criteria. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2015; 9:121-32. [PMID: 26309418 PMCID: PMC4527366 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s18737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic condition usually without cure. Significant developments, particularly those addressing pathophysiology, mainly started at the bench. This approach has seen many clinical observations initially explored at the bench, subsequently being trialed at the bedside, and eventually translated into clinical practice. This evidence, however, has several limitations, importantly the generalizability or external validity. We now acknowledge that clinical management of CHF is more complicated than merely translating bench-to-bedside evidence in a linear fashion. This review aims to help explore this evolving area from an Australian perspective. We describe the continuation of research once core evidence is established and describe how clinician-scientist collaboration with a bedside-to-bench view can help enhance evidence translation and generalizability. We describe why an extension of the available evidence or generating new evidence is occasionally needed to address the increasingly diverse cohort of patients. Finally, we explore some of the tools used by basic scientists and clinicians to develop evidence and describe the ones we feel may be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iyngkaran
- Flinders University, NT Medical School, Darwin, Australia
| | - M Thomas
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lahm H, Schön P, Doppler S, Dreßen M, Cleuziou J, Deutsch MA, Ewert P, Lange R, Krane M. Tetralogy of Fallot and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - Complex Clinical Phenotypes Meet Complex Genetic Networks. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:141-58. [PMID: 26069455 PMCID: PMC4460219 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150303232520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In many cases congenital heart disease (CHD) is represented by a complex phenotype and
an array of several functional and morphological cardiac disorders. These malformations will be
briefly summarized in the first part focusing on two severe CHD phenotypes, hypoplastic left heart
syndrome (HLHS) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). In most cases of CHD the genetic origin remains
largely unknown, though the complexity of the clinical picture strongly argues against a dysregulation which can be attributed
to a single candidate gene but rather suggests a multifaceted polygenetic origin with elaborate interactions. Consistent
with this idea, genome-wide approaches using whole exome sequencing, comparative sequence analysis of multiplex
families to identify de novo mutations and global technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy
number variants, dysregulation of the transcriptome and epigenetic variations have been conducted to obtain information
about genetic alterations and potential predispositions possibly linked to the occurrence of a CHD phenotype. In the second
part of this review we will summarize and discuss the available literature on identified genetic alterations linked to
TOF and HLHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Lahm
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Patric Schön
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Doppler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Dreßen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Cleuziou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lange
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krane
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
The intermediate filament proteins, A- and B-type lamins, form the nuclear lamina scaffold adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. Lamins also contribute to chromatin regulation and various signaling pathways affecting gene expression. In this review, Osmanagic-Myers et al. focus on the role of nuclear lamins in mechanosensing and also discuss how disease-linked lamin mutants may impair the response of cells to mechanical stimuli and influence the properties of the extracellular matrix. The intermediate filament proteins, A- and B-type lamins, form the nuclear lamina scaffold adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. B-type lamins confer elasticity, while A-type lamins lend viscosity and stiffness to nuclei. Lamins also contribute to chromatin regulation and various signaling pathways affecting gene expression. The mechanical roles of lamins and their functions in gene regulation are often viewed as independent activities, but recent findings suggest a highly cross-linked and interdependent regulation of these different functions, particularly in mechanosignaling. In this newly emerging concept, lamins act as a “mechanostat” that senses forces from outside and responds to tension by reinforcing the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. A-type lamins, emerin, and the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex directly transmit forces from the extracellular matrix into the nucleus. These mechanical forces lead to changes in the molecular structure, modification, and assembly state of A-type lamins. This in turn activates a tension-induced “inside-out signaling” through which the nucleus feeds back to the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix to balance outside and inside forces. These functions regulate differentiation and may be impaired in lamin-linked diseases, leading to cellular phenotypes, particularly in mechanical load-bearing tissues.
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Maciejak A, Kiliszek M, Michalak M, Tulacz D, Opolski G, Matlak K, Dobrzycki S, Segiet A, Gora M, Burzynska B. Gene expression profiling reveals potential prognostic biomarkers associated with the progression of heart failure. Genome Med 2015; 7:26. [PMID: 25984239 PMCID: PMC4432772 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Here, we identify biologically relevant transcripts that are significantly altered in the early phase of myocardial infarction and are associated with the development of post-myocardial infarction HF. Methods We collected peripheral blood samples from patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): n = 111 and n = 41 patients from the study and validation groups, respectively. Control groups comprised patients with a stable coronary artery disease and without a history of myocardial infarction. Based on plasma NT-proBNP level and left ventricular ejection fraction parameters the STEMI patients were divided into HF and non-HF groups. Microarrays were used to analyze mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the study group at four time points and control group. Microarray results were validated by RT-qPCR using whole blood RNA from the validation group. Results Samples from the first three time points (admission, discharge, and 1 month after AMI) were compared with the samples from the same patients collected 6 months after AMI (stable phase) and with the control group. The greatest differences in transcriptional profiles were observed on admission and they gradually stabilized during the follow-up. We have also identified a set of genes the expression of which on the first day of STEMI differed significantly between patients who developed HF after 6 months of observation and those who did not. RNASE1, FMN1, and JDP2 were selected for further analysis and their early up-regulation was confirmed in HF patients from both the study and validation groups. Significant correlations were found between expression levels of these biomarkers and clinical parameters. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated a good prognostic value of the genes chosen. Conclusions This study demonstrates an altered gene expression profile in PBMCs during acute myocardial infarction and through the follow-up. The identified gene expression changes at the early phase of STEMI that differentiated the patients who developed HF from those who did not could serve as a convenient tool contributing to the prognosis of heart failure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0149-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Maciejak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kiliszek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Michalak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Tulacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matlak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Segiet
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 1st Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Gora
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Burzynska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Di Salvo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Nashville TN
| | - Saptarsi M. Haldar
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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Schechter MA, Hsieh MKH, Njoroge LW, Thompson JW, Soderblom EJ, Feger BJ, Troupes CD, Hershberger KA, Ilkayeva OR, Nagel WL, Landinez GP, Shah KM, Burns VA, Santacruz L, Hirschey MD, Foster MW, Milano CA, Moseley MA, Piacentino V, Bowles DE. Phosphoproteomic profiling of human myocardial tissues distinguishes ischemic from non-ischemic end stage heart failure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104157. [PMID: 25117565 PMCID: PMC4130503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular differences between ischemic (IF) and non-ischemic (NIF) heart failure are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular differences between these two heart failure etiologies may lead to the development of more effective heart failure therapeutics. In this study extensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiles of myocardial tissue from patients diagnosed with IF or NIF were assembled and compared. Proteins extracted from left ventricular sections were proteolyzed and phosphopeptides were enriched using titanium dioxide resin. Gel- and label-free nanoscale capillary liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accuracy mass tandem mass spectrometry allowed for the quantification of 4,436 peptides (corresponding to 450 proteins) and 823 phosphopeptides (corresponding to 400 proteins) from the unenriched and phospho-enriched fractions, respectively. Protein abundance did not distinguish NIF from IF. In contrast, 37 peptides (corresponding to 26 proteins) exhibited a ≥ 2-fold alteration in phosphorylation state (p<0.05) when comparing IF and NIF. The degree of protein phosphorylation at these 37 sites was specifically dependent upon the heart failure etiology examined. Proteins exhibiting phosphorylation alterations were grouped into functional categories: transcriptional activation/RNA processing; cytoskeleton structure/function; molecular chaperones; cell adhesion/signaling; apoptosis; and energetic/metabolism. Phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrated profound post-translational differences in proteins that are involved in multiple cellular processes between different heart failure phenotypes. Understanding the roles these phosphorylation alterations play in the development of NIF and IF has the potential to generate etiology-specific heart failure therapeutics, which could be more effective than current therapeutics in addressing the growing concern of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Schechter
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael K. H. Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Linda W. Njoroge
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Duke Proteomics Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erik J. Soderblom
- Duke Proteomics Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bryan J. Feger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Constantine D. Troupes
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Hershberger
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olga R. Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Whitney L. Nagel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gina P. Landinez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kishan M. Shah
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Virginia A. Burns
- Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucia Santacruz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Hirschey
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carmelo A. Milano
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valentino Piacentino
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Goldraich LA, Martinelli NC, Matte U, Cohen C, Andrades M, Pimentel M, Biolo A, Clausell N, Rohde LE. Transcoronary gradient of plasma microRNA 423-5p in heart failure: evidence of altered myocardial expression. Biomarkers 2014; 19:135-41. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.870605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Arimura T, Onoue K, Takahashi-Tanaka Y, Ishikawa T, Kuwahara M, Setou M, Shigenobu S, Yamaguchi K, Bertrand AT, Machida N, Takayama K, Fukusato M, Tanaka R, Somekawa S, Nakano T, Yamane Y, Kuba K, Imai Y, Saito Y, Bonne G, Kimura A. Nuclear accumulation of androgen receptor in gender difference of dilated cardiomyopathy due to lamin A/C mutations. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:382-94. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Over the past 5 years, researchers have examined the utility of many experimental heart failure biomarkers that are not yet widely adopted clinically, to complement the role of B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor. Candidate biomarkers have been identified from several different pathophysiologic categories, including markers of inflammation, myocyte necrosis, renal dysfunction, neurohumoral activation, oxidative stress and raised intracardiac pressure. Indeed, some biomarkers provide prognostic information that is independent of information obtained from conventional clinical and biomarker assessment. Moreover, some biomarkers studied help to identify dominant pathology that may predict responsiveness to specific therapies. Preliminary data also suggest a potential role for the development of comprehensive biomarker profiling models, integrating biomarkers from several categories to refine risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kobulnik
- Toronto General Hospital/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Gao C, Wang Y. Global impact of RNA splicing on transcriptome remodeling in the heart. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:603-8. [PMID: 22843179 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the eukaryotic transcriptome, both the numbers of genes and different RNA species produced by each gene contribute to the overall complexity. These RNA species are generated by the utilization of different transcriptional initiation or termination sites, or more commonly, from different messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing events. Among the 30,000+ genes in human genome, it is estimated that more than 95% of them can generate more than one gene product via alternative RNA splicing. The protein products generated from different RNA splicing variants can have different intracellular localization, activity, or tissue-distribution. Therefore, alternative RNA splicing is an important molecular process that contributes to the overall complexity of the genome and the functional specificity and diversity among different cell types. In this review, we will discuss current efforts to unravel the full complexity of the cardiac transcriptome using a deep-sequencing approach, and highlight the potential of this technology to uncover the global impact of RNA splicing on the transcriptome during development and diseases of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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In search of novel targets for heart disease: myocardin and myocardin-related transcriptional cofactors. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:973723. [PMID: 22666593 PMCID: PMC3362810 DOI: 10.1155/2012/973723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that gene-regulatory networks, which are responsible for directing cardiovascular development, are altered under stress conditions in the adult heart. The cardiac gene regulatory network is controlled by cardioenriched transcription factors and multiple-cell-signaling inputs. Transcriptional coactivators also participate in gene-regulatory circuits as the primary targets of both physiological and pathological signals. Here, we focus on the recently discovered myocardin-(MYOCD) related family of transcriptional cofactors (MRTF-A and MRTF-B) which associate with the serum response transcription factor and activate the expression of a variety of target genes involved in cardiac growth and adaptation to stress via overlapping but distinct mechanisms. We discuss the involvement of MYOCD, MRTF-A, and MRTF-B in the development of cardiac dysfunction and to what extent modulation of the expression of these factors in vivo can correlate with cardiac disease outcomes. A close examination of the findings identifies the MYOCD-related transcriptional cofactors as putative therapeutic targets to improve cardiac function in heart failure conditions through distinct context-dependent mechanisms. Nevertheless, we are in support of further research to better understand the precise role of individual MYOCD-related factors in cardiac function and disease, before any therapeutic intervention is to be entertained in preclinical trials.
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Ricci M, Xu Y, Hammond HL, Willoughby DA, Nathanson L, Rodriguez MM, Vatta M, Lipshultz SE, Lincoln J. Myocardial alternative RNA splicing and gene expression profiling in early stage hypoplastic left heart syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29784. [PMID: 22299024 PMCID: PMC3267718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) is a congenital defect characterized by underdevelopment of the left ventricle and pathological compensation of the right ventricle. If untreated, HLHS is invariably lethal due to the extensive increase in right ventricular workload and eventual failure. Despite the clinical significance, little is known about the molecular pathobiological state of HLHS. Splicing of mRNA transcripts is an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression. Tissue specific alterations of this process have been associated with several cardiac diseases, however, transcriptional signature profiles related to HLHS are unknown. In this study, we performed genome-wide exon array analysis to determine differentially expressed genes and alternatively spliced transcripts in the right ventricle (RV) of six neonates with HLHS, compared to the RV and left ventricle (LV) from non-diseased control subjects. In HLHS, over 180 genes were differentially expressed and 1800 were differentially spliced, leading to changes in a variety of biological processes involving cell metabolism, cytoskeleton, and cell adherence. Additional hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that differential gene expression and mRNA splicing patterns identified in HLHS are unique compared to non-diseased tissue. Our findings suggest that gene expression and mRNA splicing are broadly dysregulated in the RV myocardium of HLHS neonates. In addition, our analysis identified transcriptome profiles representative of molecular biomarkers of HLHS that could be used in the future for diagnostic and prognostic stratification to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ricci
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
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Devaux Y, Bousquenaud M, Rodius S, Marie PY, Maskali F, Zhang L, Azuaje F, Wagner DR. Transforming growth factor β receptor 1 is a new candidate prognostic biomarker after acute myocardial infarction. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:83. [PMID: 22136666 PMCID: PMC3240818 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction of left ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (MI) is clinically important and would benefit from the discovery of new biomarkers. METHODS Blood samples were obtained upon admission in patients with acute ST-elevation MI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Messenger RNA was extracted from whole blood cells. LV function was evaluated by echocardiography at 4-months. RESULTS In a test cohort of 32 MI patients, integrated analysis of microarrays with a network of protein-protein interactions identified subgroups of genes which predicted LV dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤ 40%) with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) above 0.80. Candidate genes included transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1). In a validation cohort of 115 MI patients, TGBFR1 was up-regulated in patients with LV dysfunction (P < 0.001) and was associated with LV function at 4-months (P = 0.003). TGFBR1 predicted LV function with an AUC of 0.72, while peak levels of troponin T (TnT) provided an AUC of 0.64. Adding TGFBR1 to the prediction of TnT resulted in a net reclassification index of 8.2%. When added to a mixed clinical model including age, gender and time to reperfusion, TGFBR1 reclassified 17.7% of misclassified patients. TGFB1, the ligand of TGFBR1, was also up-regulated in patients with LV dysfunction (P = 0.004), was associated with LV function (P = 0.006), and provided an AUC of 0.66. In the rat MI model induced by permanent coronary ligation, the TGFB1-TGFBR1 axis was activated in the heart and correlated with the extent of remodeling at 2 months. CONCLUSIONS We identified TGFBR1 as a new candidate prognostic biomarker after acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Devaux
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research Centre de Recherche Public-Santé, Luxembourg, L-1150, Luxembourg.
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Molecular Signatures of End-Stage Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2011; 17:867-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease caused by decreased contractility of the ventricles leading to heart failure and premature death. Multiple conditions like ischemic heart disease (atherosclerosis), hypertension, diabetes, viral infection, alcohol abuse, obesity and genetic mutations can lead to cardiomyopathy. Single gene mutations in sarcomeric proteins, Z-disk-associated proteins, membrane/associated proteins, intermediate filaments, calcium cycle proteins as well as in modifier genes have been linked to cardiomyopathy. Clinical practice guidelines have been formulated by the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Association of America on how to genetically evaluate patients with cardiomyopathy. To illustrate the concept that alterations in genes cause cardiovascular disease, this review will focus on two membrane-associated proteins, vinculin and talin. We will discuss the general function of vinculin/metavinulin as well as talin1 and talin2, with emphasis on what is understood about their role in the cardiac myocyte and in whole heart.
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Abstract
There is an ongoing explosion of information about microRNAs (miRs) in cardiac disease. These small noncoding RNAs regulate protein expression by destabilization and translational inhibition of target mRNAs. Similar to mRNAs, miRs are regulated in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, but miR expression profiles appear to be more sensitive than mRNA signatures to changes in clinical status, suggesting that miR levels in myocardium or plasma could enhance clinical diagnostics. Single miRs can target dozens or hundreds of different mRNAs, complicating attempts to determine their individual physiologic effects. However, manipulating individual miRs by overexpression or gene ablation in experimental models has begun to unravel this conundrum: Single miRs tend to regulate numerous effectors within the same functional pathway, producing a coherent physiologic response via multiple parallel perturbations. miRs are attractive nodal therapeutic targets, and stable miR mimetics (agomiRs) and antagonists (antagomiRs) are being evaluated to prevent or reverse heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Washington University Center for Pharmacogenomics, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8220, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Whole blood biomarkers of acute cardiac allograft rejection: double-crossing the biopsy. Transplantation 2011; 90:1388-93. [PMID: 21076371 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182003df6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rejection is still a significant barrier to long-term survival of the allograft. Current acute rejection diagnostic methods are not specific enough or are invasive. There have been a number of studies that have explored the blood or the biopsy to discover genomic biomarkers of acute rejection; however, none of the studies to date have used both. METHODS We analyzed endomyocardial biopsy tissue and whole blood-derived messenger RNA from 11 acute rejection and 20 nonrejection patients using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 chips. We used a novel approach and gained insight into the biology of rejection based on gene expression in the biopsy, and applied this knowledge to the blood analysis to identify novel blood biomarkers. RESULTS We identified probesets that are differentially expressed between acute rejection and nonrejection patients in the biopsy and blood, and developed three biomarker panels: (1) based on biopsy-only (area under the curve=0.85), (2) based on biopsy-targeted whole blood (area under the curve=0.83), and (3) based on whole blood-only (area under the curve=0.60) analyses. CONCLUSIONS Most of the probesets replicated between biopsy and blood are regulated in opposite direction between the two sources of information. We also observed that the biopsy-targeted blood biomarker discovery approach can improve performance of the biomarker panel. The biomarker panel developed using this targeted approach is able to diagnose acute cardiac allograft rejection almost as well as the biopsy-only based biomarker panel.
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Vanburen P, Ma J, Chao S, Mueller E, Schneider DJ, Liew CC. Blood gene expression signatures associate with heart failure outcomes. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:392-7. [PMID: 21266504 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00175.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression signatures in blood correlate with specific diseases. Such signatures may serve as valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools in disease management. Blood gene expression signatures associated with heart failure may be applied to predict prognosis, monitor disease progression, and optimize treatment. Blood gene expression profiles were generated for 71 subjects with heart failure and 15 controls without heart failure, using the Affymetrix GeneChip U133Plus2.0. Survival analysis identified 197 "mortality genes" that were significantly associated with patient outcome. Functional categorization showed that genes associated with T cell receptor signaling were most significantly overpresented. Cluster analysis of these T cell receptor signaling genes significantly categorized heart failure patients into three risk groups (P = 0.031) that were distinct from the three risk groups categorized by New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification (P = 0.0002). By combining the analysis of clinical assessment (NYHA class) with T cell receptor signaling gene expression, we proposed a model that demonstrated an even greater differentiation of patients at risk (P = 0.0001). In this discovery study, we identified blood expression signatures associated with heart failure patient outcomes. Characterization of these mortality genes helped identify a set of T cell receptor signaling genes that may be of utility in predicting survival of heart failure patients. These data raise the possibility of prospectively risk stratifying patients with heart failure by integrating blood gene expression signatures with current clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vanburen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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Abstract
Epigenetics studies inheritable changes of genes and gene expression that do not concern DNA nucleotide variation. Such modifications include DNA methylation, several forms of histone modification, and microRNAs. From recent studies, we know not only that genetic changes account for heritable phenotypic variation, but that epigenetic changes also play an important role in the variation of predisposition to disease and to drug response. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of epigenetic changes that play an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and may dictate response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Tong W, Mendrick DL. Genomics. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kong SW, Hu YW, Ho JWK, Ikeda S, Polster S, John R, Hall JL, Bisping E, Pieske B, Remedios CGD, Pu WT. Heart failure-associated changes in RNA splicing of sarcomere genes. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2010; 3:138-46. [PMID: 20124440 PMCID: PMC3073230 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.904698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative mRNA splicing is an important mechanism for regulation of gene expression. Altered mRNA splicing occurs in association with several types of cancer, and a small number of disease-associated changes in splicing have been reported in heart disease. However, genome-wide approaches have not been used to study splicing changes in heart disease. We hypothesized that mRNA splicing is different in diseased hearts compared with control hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the Affymetrix Exon array to globally evaluate mRNA splicing in left ventricular myocardial RNA from controls (n=15) and patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (n=15). We observed a broad and significant decrease in mRNA splicing efficiency in heart failure, which affected some introns to a greater extent than others. The profile of mRNA splicing separately clustered ischemic cardiomyopathy and control samples, suggesting distinct changes in mRNA splicing between groups. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction validated 9 previously unreported alternative splicing events. Furthermore, we demonstrated that splicing of 4 key sarcomere genes, cardiac troponin T (TNNT2), cardiac troponin I (TNNI3), myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7), and filamin C, gamma (FLNC), was significantly altered in ischemic cardiomyopathy and in dilated cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis. In aortic stenosis samples, these differences preceded the onset of heart failure. Remarkably, the ratio of minor to major splice variants of TNNT2, MYH7, and FLNC classified independent test samples as control or disease with >98% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that mRNA splicing is broadly altered in human heart disease and that patterns of aberrant RNA splicing accurately assign samples to control or disease classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sek Won Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong Wu Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Joshua W. K. Ho
- School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, and NICTA, Australian Technology Park, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sadakatsu Ikeda
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Polster
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine and Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ranjit John
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer L. Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine and Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Egbert Bisping
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria
| | | | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 42 Church Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Condorelli G, Latronico MVG, Dorn GW. microRNAs in heart disease: putative novel therapeutic targets? Eur Heart J 2010; 31:649-58. [PMID: 20118173 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRs) are short, approximately 22-nucleotide-long non-coding RNAs involved in the control of gene expression. They guide ribonucleoprotein complexes that effect translational repression or messenger RNA degradation to targeted messenger RNAs. miRs were initially thought to be peculiar to the developmental regulation of the nematode worm, in which they were first described in 1993. Since then, hundreds of different miRs have been reported in diverse organisms, and many have been implicated in the regulation of physiological processes of adult animals. Of importance, misexpression of miRs has been uncovered as a pathogenic mechanism in several diseases. Here, we first outline the biogenesis and mechanism of action of miRs, and then discuss their relevance to heart biology, pathology, and medicine.
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