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Muruganantham S, Krishnaswami V, Alagarsamy S, Kandasamy R. Anti-platelet Drug-loaded Targeted Technologies for the Effective Treatment of Atherothrombosis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:399-419. [PMID: 33109044 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201027125303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis results from direct interaction between atherosclerotic plaque and arterial thrombosis and is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. As a long term progressive disease, atherosclerosis frequently results in an acute atherothrombotic event through plaque rupture and platelet-rich thrombus formation. The pathophysiology of atherothrombosis involves cholesterol accumulation endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, immuno-inflammatory, and apoptotic aspects. Platelet activation and aggregation is the major cause for stroke because of its roles, including thrombus, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque, and sealing off the bleeding vessel. Platelet aggregates are associated with arterial blood pressure and cardiovascular ischemic events. Under normal physiological conditions, when a blood vessel is damaged, the task of platelets within the circulation is to arrest the blood loss. Antiplatelet inhibits platelet function, thereby decreasing thrombus formation with complementary modes of action to prevent atherothrombosis. In the present scientific scenario, researchers throughout the world are focusing on the development of novel drug delivery systems to enhance patient's compliance. Immediate responding pharmaceutical formulations become an emerging trend in the pharmaceutical industries with better patient compliance. The proposed review provides details related to the molecular pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and recent novel formulation approaches to treat atherothrombosis with particular emphasis on commercial formulation and upcoming technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Muruganantham
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugarathinam Alagarsamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Cabral M, Severo M, Ramos E. Ability of adiposity indicators to identify elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in young adults. Nutrition 2019; 63-64:75-80. [PMID: 30933729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the discriminatory ability of different adiposity indicators in distinguishing subclinical inflammatory levels in individuals 21 y of age. METHODS Data from the EPITeen (Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto) population-based cohort (N = 1547) was analyzed. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were ascertained to assess their relationship to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the association of each adiposity indicator with elevated hs-CRP (≥75th sex-specific percentile). The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated for all adiposity indicators to compare their relative ability to correctly classify individuals with elevated hs-CRP. RESULTS After adjustment, all adiposity indicators were significantly associated with high hs-CRP in both sexes, except WHR in women (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.36). The magnitude of the associations was stronger in women. BMI presented the best discriminatory ability in women (AUC = 0.675; 95% CI, 0.632-0.717; cutoff values >22.6 kg/m2). In men, both BF% (AUC = 0.604; 95% CI, 0.557-0.651; cutoff values >18%) and WHtR (AUC = 0.604; 95% CI, 0.557-0.651; cutoff values >0.5) showed the best discriminatory ability. On the contrary, WHR showed the least ability to discriminate high hs-CRP in both sexes (AUC = 0.539; 95% CI, 0.489-0.584 for women and AUC = 0.574; 95% CI, 0.528-0.620 for men). CONCLUSION WHR showed the least discriminatory ability for correctly identifying individuals with elevated hs-CRP. The small differences observed among the adiposity indices hinder the recommendation of a single best adiposity measure as predictor of low-grade inflammatory levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cabral
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
The heart and vascular system are susceptible to the harmful effects of alcohol. Alcohol is an active toxin that undergoes widespread diffusion throughout the body, causing multiple synchronous and synergistic effects. Alcohol consumption decreases myocardial contractility and induces arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy, resulting in progressive cardiovascular dysfunction and structural damage. Alcohol, whether at binge doses or a high cumulative lifetime consumption-both of which should be discouraged-is clearly deleterious for the cardiovascular system, increasing the incidence of total and cardiovascular mortality, coronary and peripheral artery disease, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus. However, epidemiological, case-control studies and meta-analyses have shown a U-type bimodal relationship so that low-to-moderate alcohol consumption (particularly of wine or beer) is associated with a decrease in cardiovascular events and mortality, compared with abstention. Potential confounding influences-alcohol-dose quantification, tobacco use, diet, exercise, lifestyle, cancer risk, accidents, and dependence-can affect the results of studies of both low-dose and high-dose alcohol consumption. Mendelian methodological approaches have led to doubts regarding the beneficial cardiovascular effects of alcohol, and the overall balance of beneficial and detrimental effects should be considered when making individual and population-wide recommendations, as reductions in alcohol consumption should provide overall health benefits.
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Barsoum MK, Cohoon KP, Roger VL, Mehta RA, Hodge DO, Bailey KR, Heit JA. Are myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism associated? Population-based case-control and cohort studies. Thromb Res 2014; 134:593-8. [PMID: 25037496 PMCID: PMC4142114 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because the association of myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain, we tested MI as a VTE risk factor and VTE as a predictor of MI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Rochester Epidemiology Project resources, we identified all Olmsted County, MN residents with objectively-diagnosed incident VTE over the 13-year period, 1988-2000 (n=1311), one to two resident controls per VTE case (n=1511), and all residents with incident MI over the 31-year period, 1979-2010. For VTE cases and controls, we reviewed their complete medical records in the community for VTE and MI risk factors. Using conditional logistic regression we tested MI as a potential VTE risk factor, both unadjusted and after adjusting for VTE risk factors. We also followed VTE cases and controls without prior MI forward in time for incident MI through 12/31/2010, and using Cox proportional hazards modeling, tested VTE as a predictor of MI, both unadjusted and after adjusting for MI risk factors. RESULTS The number (%) of MI prior to VTE among cases and controls were 75 (5.7) and 51 (3.4), respectively, and the number (%) of MI after VTE among cases and controls were 58 (4.4) and 77 (5.1), respectively. In univariate analyses, MI was significantly associated with VTE but not after adjusting for VTE risk factors. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, VTE (overall or idiopathic) was not a predictor of MI. CONCLUSIONS MI is not an independent risk factor for VTE, and VTE is not a predictor of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel K Barsoum
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin P Cohoon
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Véronique L Roger
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ramila A Mehta
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David O Hodge
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John A Heit
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Herranz F, Salinas B, Groult H, Pellico J, Lechuga-Vieco AV, Bhavesh R, Ruiz-Cabello J. Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Imaging. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 4:408-438. [PMID: 28344230 PMCID: PMC5304673 DOI: 10.3390/nano4020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The production of magnetic nanoparticles of utmost quality for biomedical imaging requires several steps, from the synthesis of highly crystalline magnetic cores to the attachment of the different molecules on the surface. This last step probably plays the key role in the production of clinically useful nanomaterials. The attachment of the different biomolecules should be performed in a defined and controlled fashion, avoiding the random adsorption of the components that could lead to undesirable byproducts and ill-characterized surface composition. In this work, we review the process of creating new magnetic nanomaterials for imaging, particularly for the detection of atherosclerotic plaque, in vivo. Our focus will be in the different biofunctionalization techniques that we and several other groups have recently developed. Magnetic nanomaterial functionalization should be performed by chemoselective techniques. This approach will facilitate the application of these nanomaterials in the clinic, not as an exception, but as any other pharmacological compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Herranz
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Pulmonary Diseases, Biomedical Research Network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Salinas
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Pulmonary Diseases, Biomedical Research Network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hugo Groult
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Pulmonary Diseases, Biomedical Research Network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Pellico
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Pulmonary Diseases, Biomedical Research Network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana V Lechuga-Vieco
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Pulmonary Diseases, Biomedical Research Network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Riju Bhavesh
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Ruiz-Cabello
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Pulmonary Diseases, Biomedical Research Network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physicochemistry II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Parahuleva MS, Maj R, Hölschermann H, Parviz B, Abdallah Y, Erdogan A, Tillmanns H, Kanse SM. Regulation of monocyte/macrophage function by factor VII activating protease (FSAP). Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:365-72. [PMID: 24075769 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a novel regulator of vascular inflammation and hemostasis. However, the molecular mechanism by which circulating FSAP influences inflammatory events and progression of atherosclerosis is not yet entirely understood. Here we have investigated the influence of FSAP on monocyte/macrophage functions. METHODS We stimulated human monocyte-derived macrophages with FSAP and analyzed their cellular responses. RESULTS FSAP induced IκB-dependent NF-κB activation in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. FSAP also activated the phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of the inhibitor protein IκBα. The phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB was induced by FSAP, which is known to contribute to the enhancement of DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Concomitantly, FSAP up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, cell adhesion molecules and tissue factor. In the presence of FSAP there was increased monocytes adhesion and transendothelial migration in a beta2 integrin dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that FSAP activates the NF-κB pathway and the associated downstream pro-inflammatory factors in monocytic cells. This adds to a spectrum of FSAP effects on the vascular system that may explain its association with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Parahuleva
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Innere Medizin I - Kardiologie, Bad Homburg, Germany.
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Li W, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL. Ferric chloride-induced murine carotid arterial injury: A model of redox pathology. Redox Biol 2013; 1:50-5. [PMID: 25101237 PMCID: PMC4116643 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. This model is based on redox-induced endothelial cell injury, which is simple and sensitive to both anticoagulant and anti-platelets drugs. The time required for platelet aggregation to occlude blood flow gives a quantitative measure of vascular damage that is pathologically relevant to thrombotic disease. We have refined the traditional FeCl3-induced carotid artery model making the data highly reproducible with lower variation. This paper will describe our artifices and report the role of varying the oxidative damage by varying FeCl3 concentrations and exposure. To explore a maximum difference between experimental groups, adjustment of the selected FeCl3 dose and exposure duration may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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