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Saraste A, Ståhle M, Roivainen A, Knuuti J. Molecular Imaging of Heart Failure: An Update and Future Trends. Semin Nucl Med 2024:S0001-2998(24)00028-X. [PMID: 38609753 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular imaging can detect and quantify pathophysiological processes underlying heart failure, complementing evaluation of cardiac structure and function with other imaging modalities. Targeted tracers have enabled assessment of various cellular and subcellular mechanisms of heart failure aiming for improved phenotyping, risk stratification, and personalized therapy. This review outlines the current status of molecular imaging in heart failure, accompanied with discussion on novel developments. The focus is on radionuclide methods with data from clinical studies. Imaging of myocardial metabolism can identify left ventricle dysfunction caused by myocardial ischemia that may be reversible after revascularization in the presence of viable myocardium. In vivo imaging of active inflammation and amyloid deposition have an established role in the detection of cardiac sarcoidosis and transthyretin amyloidosis. Innervation imaging has well documented prognostic value in predicting heart failure progression and arrhythmias. Tracers specific for inflammation, angiogenesis and myocardial fibrotic activity are in earlier stages of development, but have demonstrated potential value in early characterization of the response to myocardial injury and prediction of cardiac function over time. Early detection of disease activity is a key for transition from medical treatment of clinically overt heart failure towards a personalized approach aimed at supporting repair and preventing progressive cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Mia Ståhle
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Telli T, Hosseini A, Settelmeier S, Kersting D, Kessler L, Weber WA, Rassaf T, Herrmann K, Varasteh Z. Imaging of Cardiac Fibrosis: How Far Have We Moved From Extracellular to Cellular? Semin Nucl Med 2024:S0001-2998(24)00025-4. [PMID: 38493001 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Myocardial fibrosis plays an important role in adverse outcomes such as heart failure and arrhythmias. As the pathological response and degree of scarring, and therefore clinical presentation varies from patient to patient, early detection of fibrosis is crucial for identifying the appropriate treatment approach and forecasting the progression of a disease along with the likelihood of disease-related mortality. Current imaging modalities provides information about either decreased function or extracellular signs of fibrosis. Targeting activated fibroblasts represents a burgeoning approach that could offer insights prior to observable functional alterations, presenting a promising focus for potential anti-fibrotic therapeutic interventions at cellular level. In this article, we provide an overview of imaging cardiac fibrosis and discuss the role of different advanced imaging modalities with the focus on novel non-invasive imaging of activated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Telli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Atefeh Hosseini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Settelmeier
- Westgerman Heart- and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - David Kersting
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Kessler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Westgerman Heart- and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Varasteh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Bengel FM, Diekmann J, Hess A, Jerosch-Herold M. Myocardial Fibrosis: Emerging Target for Cardiac Molecular Imaging and Opportunity for Image-Guided Therapy. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:49S-58S. [PMID: 37918842 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.264867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a major contributor to the development and progression of heart failure. Significant progress in the understanding of its pathobiology has led to the introduction and preclinical testing of multiple highly specific antifibrotic therapies. Because the mechanisms of fibrosis are highly dynamic, and because the involved cell populations are heterogeneous and plastic, there is increasing emphasis that any therapy directed specifically against myocardial fibrosis will require personalization and guidance by equally specific diagnostic testing for successful clinical translation. Noninvasive imaging techniques have undergone significant progress and provide increasingly specific information about the quantity, quality, and activity of myocardial fibrosis. Cardiac MRI can precisely map the extracellular space of the myocardium, whereas nuclear imaging characterizes activated fibroblasts and immune cells as the cellular components contributing to fibrosis. Existing techniques may be used in complementarity to provide the imaging biomarkers needed for the success of novel targeted therapies. This review provides a road map on how progress in basic fibrosis research, antifibrotic drug development, and high-end noninvasive imaging may come together to facilitate the success of fibrosis-directed cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Johanna Diekmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Annika Hess
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
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Saraste A, Knuuti J, Bengel F. Phenotyping heart failure by nuclear imaging of myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and molecular targets. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:1318-1328. [PMID: 37294318 PMCID: PMC10531130 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear imaging techniques can detect and quantify pathophysiological processes underlying heart failure, complementing evaluation of cardiac structure and function with other imaging modalities. Combined imaging of myocardial perfusion and metabolism can identify left ventricle dysfunction caused by myocardial ischaemia that may be reversible after revascularization in the presence of viable myocardium. High sensitivity of nuclear imaging to detect targeted tracers has enabled assessment of various cellular and subcellular mechanisms of heart failure. Nuclear imaging of active inflammation and amyloid deposition is incorporated into clinical management algorithms of cardiac sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. Innervation imaging has well-documented prognostic value with respect to heart failure progression and arrhythmias. Emerging tracers specific for inflammation and myocardial fibrotic activity are in earlier stages of development but have demonstrated potential value in early characterization of the response to myocardial injury and prediction of adverse left ventricular remodelling. Early detection of disease activity is a key for transition from broad medical treatment of clinically overt heart failure towards a personalized approach aimed at supporting repair and preventing progressive failure. This review outlines the current status of nuclear imaging in phenotyping heart failure and combines it with discussion on novel developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4–8, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4–8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Frank Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Abreu Diaz AM, Rodriguez Riera Z, Lee Y, Esteves LM, Normandeau CO, Fezas B, Hernandez Saiz A, Tournoux F, Juneau D, DaSilva JN. [ 18 F]Fluoropyridine-losartan: A new approach toward human Positron Emission Tomography imaging of Angiotensin II Type 1 receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:73-85. [PMID: 36656923 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1 R) blocker losartan is used in patients with renal and cardiovascular diseases. [18 F]fluoropyridine-losartan has shown favorable binding profile for quantitative renal PET imaging of AT1 R with selective binding in rats and pigs, low interference of radiometabolites and appropriate dosimetry for clinical translation. A new approach was developed to produce [18 F]fluoropyridine-losartan in very high molar activity. Automated radiosynthesis was performed in a three-step, two-pot, and two-HPLC-purification procedure within 2 h. Pure [18 F]FPyKYNE was obtained by radiofluorination of NO2 PyKYNE and silica-gel-HPLC purification (40 ± 9%), preventing the formation of nitropyridine-losartan in the second step. Conjugation with trityl-losartan azide via click chemistry, followed by acid hydrolysis, C18-HPLC purification and reformulation provided [18 F]fluoropyridine-losartan in 11 ± 2% (decay-corrected from [18 F]fluoride, EOB). Using tris[(1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-amine (THPTA) as a Cu(I)-stabilizing agent for coupling [18 F]FPyKYNE to the unprotected losartan azide afforded [18 F]fluoropyridine-losartan in similar yields (11 ± 3%, decay-corrected from [18 F]fluoride, EOB). Reverse-phase HPLC was optimized by reducing the pH of the mobile phase to achieve complete purification and high molar activities (467 ± 60 GBq/μmol). The use of radioprotectants prevented tracer radiolysis for 10 h (RCP > 99%). The product passed the quality control testing. This reproducible automated radiosynthesis process will allow in vivo PET imaging of AT1 R expression in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mary Abreu Diaz
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut de génie biomédical, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departamento de Radioquímica, Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de la Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Zalua Rodriguez Riera
- Departamento de Radioquímica, Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de la Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanick Lee
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut de génie biomédical, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luis Miguel Esteves
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- CRCHUM site, Isologic Innovative Radiopharmaceuticals, Lachine, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Baptiste Fezas
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - François Tournoux
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre cardiovasculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Juneau
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Médecine nucléaire, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de radiologie, radio-oncologie et médecine nucléaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean N DaSilva
- Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut de génie biomédical, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de radiologie, radio-oncologie et médecine nucléaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Stendahl JC, Liu Z, Boutagy NE, Nataneli E, Daghighian F, Sinusas AJ. Prototype device for endoventricular beta-emitting radiotracer detection and molecularly-guided intervention. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:663-676. [PMID: 32820423 PMCID: PMC7895860 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-020-02317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have set out to develop a catheter-based theranostic system that: (a) identifies diseased and at-risk myocardium via endocardial detection of systemically delivered β-emitting radiotracers and (b) utilizes molecular signals to guide delivery of therapeutics to appropriate tissue via direct intramyocardial injection. METHODS Our prototype device consists of a miniature β-radiation detector contained within the tip of a flexible intravascular catheter. The catheter can be adapted to incorporate an injection port and retractable needle for therapeutic delivery. The performance of the β-detection catheter was assessed in vitro with various β-emitting radionuclides and ex vivo in hearts of pigs following systemic injection of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) at 1-week post-myocardial infarction. Regional catheter-based endocardial measurements of 18F activity were compared to regional tissue activity from PET/CT images and gamma counting. RESULTS The β-detection catheter demonstrated sensitive in vitro detection of β-radiation from 22Na (β+), 18F (β+), and 204Tl (β-), with minimal sensitivity to γ-radiation. For 18F, the catheter demonstrated a sensitivity of 4067 counts/s/μCi in contact and a spatial resolution of 1.1 mm FWHM. Ex vivo measurements of endocardial 18F activity with the β-detection catheter in the chronic pig infarct model demonstrated good qualitative and quantitative correlation with regional tissue activity from PET/CT images and gamma counting. CONCLUSION The prototype β-detection catheter demonstrates sensitive and selective detection of β- and β+ emissions over a wide range of energies and enables high-fidelity ex vivo characterization of endocardial activity from systemically delivered 18F-FDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Stendahl
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Nabil E Boutagy
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eliahoo Nataneli
- IntraMedical Imaging, LLC, 12569 Crenshaw Blvd, Hawthorne, CA, 90250, USA
| | - Farhad Daghighian
- IntraMedical Imaging, LLC, 12569 Crenshaw Blvd, Hawthorne, CA, 90250, USA
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208017, Dana 3, New Haven, CT, 06520-8017, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Karam M, Fahs D, Maatouk B, Safi B, Jaffa AA, Mhanna R. Polymeric nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction: Challenges and future prospects. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100249. [PMID: 35434594 PMCID: PMC9006854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Nuclear Molecular Imaging of Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020183. [PMID: 35215296 PMCID: PMC8875369 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of molecular imaging technologies in detecting, evaluating, and monitoring cardiovascular disease and their treatment is expanding rapidly. Gradually replacing the conventional anatomical or physiological approaches, molecular imaging strategies using biologically targeted markers provide unique insight into pathobiological processes at molecular and cellular levels and allow for cardiovascular disease evaluation and individualized therapy. This review paper will discuss currently available and developing molecular-based single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging strategies to evaluate post-infarction cardiac remodeling. These approaches include potential targeted methods of evaluating critical biological processes, such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and scar formation.
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Therapeutic Effects of Lipid Lowering Medications on Myocardial Blood Flow, Inflammation, and Sympathetic Nerve Activity Using Nuclear Techniques. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:1849-1853. [PMID: 36227406 PMCID: PMC9747860 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Statins are routinely applied in patients with coronary artery disease, as they allow significantly to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Although those drugs are endorsed by current guidelines and prescribed routinely, a substantial portion of patients are still statin-intolerant and image-piloted strategies may then be helpful to identify patients that need further intensified treatment, e.g., to initiate treatment with proprotein convertase subtilisin / kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i). In addition, it has also been advocated that statins exhibit nonlipid, cardio-protective effects including improved cardiac nerve integrity, blood flow, and anti-inflammatory effects in congestive heart failure (HF) patients. RECENT FINDINGS In subjects after myocardial infarction treated with statins, 123II-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy has already revealed enhanced cardiac nerve function relative to patients without statins. In addition, all of those aforementioned statin-targeted pathways in HF can be visualized and monitored using dedicated cardiac radiotracers, e.g., 123I-MIBG or 18F-AF78 (for cardiac nerve function), 18F-flurpiridaz (to determine coronary flow) or 68Ga-PentixaFor (to detect inflammation). Statins exhibit various cardio-beneficial effects, including improvement of cardiac nerve function, blood flow, and reduction of inflammation, which can all be imaged using dedicated nuclear cardiac radiotracers. This may allow for in vivo monitoring of statin-induced cardioprotection beyond lipid profiling in HF patients.
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Cardiac hybrid imaging: novel tracers for novel targets. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2021; 18:748-758. [PMID: 34659381 PMCID: PMC8501382 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive cardiac imaging has explored enormous advances in the last few decades. In particular, hybrid imaging represents the fusion of information from multiple imaging modalities, allowing to provide a more comprehensive dataset compared to traditional imaging techniques in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The complementary anatomical, functional and molecular information provided by hybrid systems are able to simplify the evaluation procedure of various pathologies in a routine clinical setting. The diagnostic capability of hybrid imaging modalities can be further enhanced by introducing novel and specific imaging biomarkers. The aim of this review is to cover the most recent advancements in radiotracers development for SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI for cardiovascular diseases.
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Balogh V, MacAskill MG, Hadoke PWF, Gray GA, Tavares AAS. Positron Emission Tomography Techniques to Measure Active Inflammation, Fibrosis and Angiogenesis: Potential for Non-invasive Imaging of Hypertensive Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719031. [PMID: 34485416 PMCID: PMC8416043 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure, which is responsible for a high number of deaths worldwide, can develop due to chronic hypertension. Heart failure can involve and progress through several different pathways, including: fibrosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Early and specific detection of changes in the myocardium during the transition to heart failure can be made via the use of molecular imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET). Traditional cardiovascular PET techniques, such as myocardial perfusion imaging and sympathetic innervation imaging, have been established at the clinical level but are often lacking in pathway and target specificity that is important for assessment of heart failure. Therefore, there is a need to identify new PET imaging markers of inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis that could aid diagnosis, staging and treatment of hypertensive heart failure. This review will provide an overview of key mechanisms underlying hypertensive heart failure and will present the latest developments in PET probes for detection of cardiovascular inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Currently, selective PET probes for detection of angiogenesis remain elusive but promising PET probes for specific targeting of inflammation and fibrosis are rapidly progressing into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Balogh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G MacAskill
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian A Gray
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gupta S, Ge Y, Singh A, Gräni C, Kwong RY. Multimodality Imaging Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:2457-2469. [PMID: 34023250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, seen in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies, is associated with adverse cardiac outcomes. Noninvasive imaging plays a key role in early identification and quantification of myocardial fibrosis with the use of an expanding array of techniques including cardiac magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and nuclear imaging. This review discusses currently available noninvasive imaging techniques, provides insights into their strengths and limitations, and examines novel developments that will affect the future of noninvasive imaging of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gupta
- Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yin Ge
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amitoj Singh
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Gräni
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raymond Y Kwong
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Evaluation of the high affinity [ 18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan in rats for PET imaging of renal AT 1 receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:41-49. [PMID: 33798796 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alterations in the expression of the Angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) have been demonstrated in the development of several heart and renal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the novel compound [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan as a PET imaging tracer of AT1R in rat kidneys. METHODS Competition binding assays were carried out with membranes from CHO-K1 cells expressing human AT1R. Binding to plasma proteins was assessed by ultrafiltration. Radiolabeled metabolites in rat plasma and kidneys of control and pretreated animals (candesartan 10 mg/kg or losartan 30 mg/kg) were analyzed by column-switch HPLC. Dynamic PET/CT images of [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan in male Sprague-Dawley rats were acquired for 60 min at baseline, pre-treatment with the AT1R antagonist losartan (30 mg/kg) or the AT2R antagonist PD123,319 (5 mg/kg). RESULTS Fluoropyridine-candesartan bound with a high affinity for AT1R (Ki = 5.9 ± 1.1 nM), comparable to fluoropyridine-losartan but lower than the parent compound candesartan (Ki = 0.4 ± 0.1 nM). [18F]Fluoropyridine-candesartan bound strongly to plasma proteins (99.3%) and was mainly metabolized to radiolabeled hydrophilic compounds, displaying minimal interference on renal AT1R binding with 82% of unchanged tracer in the kidneys at 20 min post-injection. PET imaging displayed high renal and liver accumulations and slow clearances, with maximum tissue-to-blood ratios of 14 ± 3 and 54 ± 12 in kidney cortex and liver, respectively, at 10 min post-injection. Binding specificity for AT1R was demonstrated with marked reductions in kidney cortex (-84%) and liver (-93%) tissue-to-blood ratios at 20 min post-injection, when blocking with AT1R antagonist losartan (30 mg/kg). No change was observed in kidney cortex of rats pre-treated with AT2R antagonist PD 123,319 (5 mg/kg), confirming binding selectivity for AT1 over AT2 receptors. CONCLUSION High kidney-to-blood ratios and binding selectivity to renal AT1R combined with tracer in vivo stability displaying minimal interference from labeled metabolites support further PET imaging studies with [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan.
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Wen Z, Zhan J, Li H, Xu G, Ma S, Zhang J, Li Z, Ou C, Yang Z, Cai Y, Chen M. Dual-ligand supramolecular nanofibers inspired by the renin-angiotensin system for the targeting and synergistic therapy of myocardial infarction. Theranostics 2021; 11:3725-3741. [PMID: 33664858 PMCID: PMC7914367 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The compensatory activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) after myocardial infarction (MI) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Most existing studies on this subject focus on mono- or dual-therapy of blocking the RAS, which exhibit limited efficacy and often causes serious adverse reactions. Few studies have been conducted on targeted therapy based on the activated RAS post-MI. Thus, the development of multiple-functional nanomedicine with concurrent targeting ability and synergistic therapeutic effect against RAS may show great promise in improving cardiac function post-MI. Methods: We utilized a cooperative self-assembly strategy constructing supramolecular nanofibers— telmisartan-doped co-assembly nanofibers (TDCNfs) to counter-regulate RAS through targeted delivery and combined therapy. TDCNfs were prepared through serial steps of solvent exchange, heating incubation, gelation, centrifugation, and lyophilization, in which the telmisartan was doped in the self-assembly process of Ang1-7 to obtain the co-assembly nanofibers wherein they act as both therapeutic agents and target-guide agents. Results: TDCNfs exhibited the desired binding affinity to the two different receptors, AT1R and MasR. Through the dual ligand-receptor interactions to mediate the coincident downstream pathways, TDCNfs not only displayed favorably targeted properties to hypoxic cardiomyocytes, but also exerted synergistic therapeutic effects in apoptosis reduction, inflammatory response alleviation, and fibrosis inhibition in vitro and in vivo, significantly protecting cardiac function and mitigating post-MI adverse outcomes. Conclusion: A dual-ligand nanoplatform was successfully developed to achieve targeted and synergistic therapy against cardiac deterioration post-MI. We envision that the integration of multiple therapeutic agents through supramolecular self-assembly would offer new insight for the systematic and targeted treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Goud NS, Bhattacharya A, Joshi RK, Nagaraj C, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Carbon-11: Radiochemistry and Target-Based PET Molecular Imaging Applications in Oncology, Cardiology, and Neurology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1223-1259. [PMID: 33499603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging technique has gained its universal value as a remarkable tool for medical diagnosis and biomedical research. Carbon-11 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target-specific information related to its pharmacology and physiology to understand the disease status. Currently, many of the available carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) PET radiotracers are heterocyclic derivatives that have been synthesized using carbon-11 inserted different functional groups obtained from primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors. A spectrum of carbon-11 PET radiotracers has been developed against many of the upregulated and emerging targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and therapy in the fields of oncology, cardiology, and neurology. This review focuses on the carbon-11 radiochemistry and various target-specific PET molecular imaging agents used in tumor, heart, brain, and neuroinflammatory disease imaging along with its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Raman Kumar Joshi
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
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16
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Glasenapp A, Hess A, Thackeray JT. Molecular imaging in nuclear cardiology: Pathways to individual precision medicine. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:2195-2201. [PMID: 32893320 PMCID: PMC7749093 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-020-02319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth of molecular imaging bears potential to transform nuclear cardiology from a primarily diagnostic method to a precision medicine tool. Molecular targets amenable for imaging and therapeutic intervention are particularly promising to facilitate risk stratification, patient selection and exquisite guidance of novel therapies, and interrogation of systems-based interorgan communication. Non-invasive visualization of pathobiology provides valuable insights into the progression of disease and response to treatment. Specifically, inflammation, fibrosis, and neurohormonal signaling, central to the progression of cardiovascular disease and emerging therapeutic strategies, have been investigated by molecular imaging. As the number of radioligands grows, careful investigation of the binding properties and added-value of imaging should be prioritized to identify high-potential probes and facilitate translation to clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the current state of molecular imaging in cardiovascular medicine, and the challenges and opportunities ahead for cardiovascular molecular imaging to navigate the path from diagnosis to prognosis to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glasenapp
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Translational Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Hess
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Translational Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - J T Thackeray
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Translational Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Abreu Diaz AM, Drumeva GO, Petrenyov DR, Carrier JF, DaSilva JN. Synthesis of the Novel AT 1 Receptor Tracer [ 18F]Fluoropyridine-Candesartan via Click Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20353-20362. [PMID: 32832788 PMCID: PMC7439361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel 7-((4-(3-((2-[18F]fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)propyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivative of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) blocker candesartan, [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan, was synthesized via the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction between 2-[18F]fluoro-3-(pent-4-yn-1-yloxy)pyridine ([18F]FPyKYNE) and the tetrazole-protected azido-candesartan derivative, followed by acid deprotection. This three-step, two-pot, and two-step purification synthesis was done within 2 h. The use of tris[(1-hydroxypropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (THPTA) as a Cu(I) stabilizing agent increased the overall radiochemical yield by 4-fold (10 ± 2%, n = 13) compared to the reaction without THPTA (2.4 ± 0.2%, n = 3; decay-corrected from 18F produced at the end-of-beam). Complete separation of [18F]FPyKYNE from its nitro precursor and [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan from the deprotected azido-candesartan allowed for high molar activities (>380 GBq/μmol) of the tracer. The use of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water for reformulation and the addition of sodium ascorbate to the final formulation (1.6 ± 0.2 GBq/mL, n = 3) prevented tracer radiolysis with >97% radiochemical purity for a period of up to 10 h after the end-of-synthesis. A significant reduction in the uptake (86 ± 3%, n = 8) of the tracer was observed ex vivo in rats (at 20 min postinjection) in the AT1R-rich kidney cortex following pretreatment with saturating doses of the AT1R antagonist candesartan or losartan. This specific binding to AT1R was confirmed in vitro in the rat renal cortex (autoradiography) by a reduction of 26 ± 5% (n = 12) with losartan coincubation (10 μM). These favorable binding properties support further studies to assess the potential of [18F]fluoropyridine-candesartan as a tracer for the positron emission tomography imaging of renal AT1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida M. Abreu Diaz
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut
de Génie Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Departamento
de Radioquímica, Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y
Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de la Habana, Ave. Salvador Allende y Luaces,
Quinta de los Molinos, La Habana 10400, Cuba
| | - Gergana O. Drumeva
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniil R. Petrenyov
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-François Carrier
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut
de Génie Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département
de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Département
de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médecine Nucléaire,
Faculté de Médecine, Université
de Montréal, Pavillon
Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean N. DaSilva
- Centre
de Recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut
de Génie Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, 2960
chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département
de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médecine Nucléaire,
Faculté de Médecine, Université
de Montréal, Pavillon
Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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18
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Synthesis and Evaluation of [ 18F]FEtLos and [ 18F]AMBF 3Los as Novel 18F-Labelled Losartan Derivatives for Molecular Imaging of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081872. [PMID: 32325695 PMCID: PMC7221519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Losartan is widely used in clinics to treat cardiovascular related diseases by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1Rs), which regulate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Therefore, monitoring the physiological and pathological biodistribution of AT1R using positron emission tomography (PET) might be a valuable tool to assess the functionality of RAS. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two novel losartan derivatives PET tracers, [18F]fluoroethyl-losartan ([18F]FEtLos) and [18F]ammoniomethyltrifluoroborate-losartan ([18F]AMBF3Los). [18F]FEtLos was radiolabeled by 18F-fluoroalkylation of losartan potassium using the prosthetic group 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate; whereas [18F]AMBF3Los was prepared following an one-step 18F-19F isotopic exchange reaction, in an overall yield of 2.7 ± 0.9% and 11 ± 4%, respectively, with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Binding competition assays in AT1R-expressing membranes showed that AMBF3Los presented an almost equivalent binding affinity (Ki 7.9 nM) as the cold reference Losartan (Ki 1.5 nM), unlike FEtLos (Ki 2000 nM). In vitro and in vivo assays showed that [18F]AMBF3Los displayed a good binding affinity for AT1R-overexpressing CHO cells and was able to specifically bind to renal AT1R. Hence, our data demonstrate [18F]AMBF3Los as a new tool for PET imaging of AT1R with possible applications for the diagnosis of cardiovascular, inflammatory and cancer diseases.
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19
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PET/CT Imaging of Cardiac Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors in Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:1895-1896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Valenta I, Pacher P, Dilsizian V, Schindler TH. Novel Myocardial PET/CT Receptor Imaging and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019; 21:55. [PMID: 31104205 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-019-1148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Activation of myocardial cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1-R) and/or angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1-R) likely plays an important mechanistic role in determining the left-ventricular remodeling process in systolic heart failure. We provide an overview on novel radiotracer probes and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging to noninvasively probe the expression of myocardial CB1-R and/or AT1-R. RECENT FINDINGS Recent translational investigations have demonstrated the feasibility of 11C-OMAR or 11C-KR31173 and PET/CT to image and quantify myocardial CB1-R and/or AT1-R expression, respectively. There is an increasing understanding of the mechanisms of activated myocardial CB1-R and/or AT1-R to influence the left-ventricular remodeling process in systolic heart failure in different disease entities. The review summarizes contributions of PET to image myocardial CB1-R and AT1-R expression that may have the potential to serve as a target to tailor preventive medical care in the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Valenta
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8223, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vasken Dilsizian
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas H Schindler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8223, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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21
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Boutagy NE, Feher A, Alkhalil I, Umoh N, Sinusas AJ. Molecular Imaging of the Heart. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:477-533. [PMID: 30873600 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multimodality cardiovascular imaging is routinely used to assess cardiac function, structure, and physiological parameters to facilitate the diagnosis, characterization, and phenotyping of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as allows for risk stratification and guidance in medical therapy decision-making. Although useful, these imaging strategies are unable to assess the underlying cellular and molecular processes that modulate pathophysiological changes. Over the last decade, there have been great advancements in imaging instrumentation and technology that have been paralleled by breakthroughs in probe development and image analysis. These advancements have been merged with discoveries in cellular/molecular cardiovascular biology to burgeon the field of cardiovascular molecular imaging. Cardiovascular molecular imaging aims to noninvasively detect and characterize underlying disease processes to facilitate early diagnosis, improve prognostication, and guide targeted therapy across the continuum of CVD. The most-widely used approaches for preclinical and clinical molecular imaging include radiotracers that allow for high-sensitivity in vivo detection and quantification of molecular processes with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography. This review will describe multimodality molecular imaging instrumentation along with established and novel molecular imaging targets and probes. We will highlight how molecular imaging has provided valuable insights in determining the underlying fundamental biology of a wide variety of CVDs, including: myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and nonischemic and ischemic heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. In addition, the potential of molecular imaging to assist in the characterization and risk stratification of systemic diseases, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis will be discussed. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:477-533, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil E Boutagy
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Attila Feher
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Imran Alkhalil
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nsini Umoh
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Molecular Imaging to Monitor Left Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-019-9487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Hoffmann M, Chen X, Hirano M, Arimitsu K, Kimura H, Higuchi T, Decker M. 18
F‐Labeled Derivatives of Irbesartan for Angiotensin II Receptor PET Imaging. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2546-2557. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre (CHFC)University Hospital of Würzburg Oberdürrbacherstr. 6 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mitsuru Hirano
- Department of Bio-Medical ImagingNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, 5–7-1 Fujishiro-dai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
| | - Kenji Arimitsu
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic ChemistryKyoto Pharmaceutical University 5 Nakauchi-Cho, Misasagi Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607–8414 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic ChemistryKyoto Pharmaceutical University 5 Nakauchi-Cho, Misasagi Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607–8414 Japan
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre (CHFC)University Hospital of Würzburg Oberdürrbacherstr. 6 97080 Würzburg Germany
- Department of Bio-Medical ImagingNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, 5–7-1 Fujishiro-dai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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24
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Chen X, Hirano M, Werner RA, Decker M, Higuchi T. Novel 18F-Labeled PET Imaging Agent FV45 Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10460-10470. [PMID: 30288456 PMCID: PMC6166228 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and hormonal balance. Using positron emission tomography (PET) technology, it is possible to monitor the physiological and pathological distribution of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1), which reflects the functionality of RAS. A new 18F-labeled PET tracer derived from the clinically used AT1 antagonist valsartan showing the least possible chemical alteration from the valsartan structure has been designed and synthesized with several strategies, which can be applied for the syntheses of further derivatives. Radioligand binding study showed that the cold reference FV45 (K i 14.6 nM) has almost equivalent binding affinity as its lead valsartan (K i 11.8 nM) and angiotensin II (K i 1.7 nM). Successful radiolabeling of FV45 in a one-pot radiofluorination followed by the deprotection procedure with 21.8 ± 8.5% radiochemical yield and >99% radiochemical purity (n = 5) enabled a distribution study in rats and opened a path to straightforward large-scale production. A fast and clear kidney uptake could be observed, and this renal uptake could be selectively blocked by pretreatment with AT1-selective antagonist valsartan. Overall, as the first 18F-labeled PET tracer based on a derivation from clinically used drug valsartan with almost identical chemical structure, [18F]FV45 will be a new tool for assessing the RAS function by visualizing AT1 receptor distributions and providing further information regarding cardiovascular system malfunction as well as possible applications in inflammation research and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Mitsuru Hirano
- Department
of Bio-Medical Imaging, National Cerebral
and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-0873, Japan
| | - Rudolf A. Werner
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- The
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science,
Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Michael Decker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- Department
of Bio-Medical Imaging, National Cerebral
and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-0873, Japan
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25
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de Haas HJ, Narula J. Playing slot to hitting the jackpot in molecular imaging: On probability of uncovering subcellular pathogenesis vs achieving clinical applicability. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25:1124-1127. [PMID: 28353214 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-017-0850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J de Haas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jagat Narula
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1190 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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26
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Sengupta PP, Kramer CM, Narula J, Dilsizian V. The Potential of Clinical Phenotyping of Heart Failure With Imaging Biomarkers for Guiding Therapies: A Focused Update. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 10:1056-1071. [PMID: 28882290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The need for noninvasive assessment of cardiac volumes and ejection fraction (EF) ushered in the use of cardiac imaging techniques in heart failure (HF) trials that investigated the roles of pharmacological and device-based therapies. However, in contrast to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), modern HF pharmacotherapy has not improved outcomes in HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), largely attributed to patient heterogeneity and incomplete understanding of pathophysiological insights underlying the clinical presentations of HFpEF. Modern cardiac imaging methods offer insights into many sets of changes in cardiac tissue structure and function that can precisely link cause with cardiac remodeling at organ and tissue levels to clinical presentations in HF. This has inspired investigators to seek a more comprehensive understanding of HF presentations using imaging techniques. This article summarizes the available evidence regarding the role of cardiac imaging in HF. Furthermore, we discuss the value of cardiac imaging techniques in identifying HF patient subtypes who share similar causes and mechanistic pathways that can be targeted using specific HF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho P Sengupta
- Section of Cardiology, West Virginia University Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | - Christopher M Kramer
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology and Cardiovascular Imaging Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jagat Narula
- Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Vasken Dilsizian
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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Valenta I, Varga ZV, Valentine H, Cinar R, Horti A, Mathews WB, Dannals RF, Steele K, Kunos G, Wahl RL, Pomper MG, Wong DF, Pacher P, Schindler TH. Feasibility Evaluation of Myocardial Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Imaging in Obesity: A Translational Approach. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:320-332. [PMID: 29413441 PMCID: PMC6178217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of targeted imaging of myocardial cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1-R) and its potential up-regulation in obese mice with translation to humans using [11C]-OMAR and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). BACKGROUND Activation of myocardial CB1-R by endocannabinoids has been implicated in cardiac dysfunction in diabetic mice. Obesity may lead to an up-regulation of myocardial CB1-R, potentially providing a mechanistic link between obesity and the initiation and/or progression of cardiomyopathy. METHODS Binding specificity of [11C]-OMAR to CB1-R was investigated by blocking studies with rimonabant in mice. The heart was harvested from each mouse, and its radioactivity was determined by γ-counter. Furthermore, [11C]-OMAR dynamic micro-PET/CT was carried out in obese and normal-weight mice. Ex vivo validation was performed by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (absolute quantification) and RNAscope Technology (an in situ ribonucleic acid analysis platform). Subsequently, myocardial CB1-R expression was probed noninvasively with intravenous injection of CB1-R ligand [11C]-OMAR and PET/CT in humans with advanced obesity and normal-weight human control subjects, respectively. RESULTS Rimonabant significantly blocked OMAR uptake in the heart muscle compared with vehicle, signifying specific binding of OMAR to the CB1-R in the myocardium. The myocardial OMAR retention quantified by micro-PET/CT in mice was significantly higher in obese compared with normal-weight mice. Absolute quantification of CB1-R gene expression with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization confirmed CB1-R up-regulation in all major myocardial cell types (e.g., cardiomyocytes, endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts) of obese mice. Obese mice also had elevated myocardial levels of endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol compared with lean mice. Translation to humans revealed higher myocardial OMAR retention in advanced obesity compared with normal-weight subjects. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive imaging of cardiac CB1-R expression in obesity is feasible applying [11C]-OMAR and PET/CT. These results may provide a rationale for further clinical testing of CB1-R-targeted molecular imaging in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Valenta
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heather Valentine
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew Horti
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Mathews
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberley Steele
- Department of Surgery, Bariatric Center at Bayview, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard L Wahl
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Thomas H Schindler
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Molecular imaging of cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:10. [PMID: 29344827 PMCID: PMC5772148 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and subsequent heart failure is a major health burden associated with significant mortality and morbidity in western societies. The ability of cardiac tissue to recover after myocardial infarction is affected by numerous complex cellular and molecular pathways. Unbalance or failure of these pathways can lead to adverse remodelling of the heart and poor prognosis. Current clinical cardiac imaging modalities assess anatomy, perfusion, function, and viability of the myocardium, yet do not offer any insight into the specific molecular pathways involved in the repair process. Novel imaging techniques allow visualisation of these molecular processes and may have significant diagnostic and prognostic values, which could aid clinical management. Single photon-emission tomography, positron-emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are used to visualise various aspects of these molecular processes. Imaging probes are usually attached to radioisotopes or paramagnetic nanoparticles to specifically target biological processes such as: apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and scar formation. Although the results from preclinical studies are promising, translating this work to a clinical environment in a valuable and cost-effective way is extremely challenging. Extensive evaluation evidence of diagnostic and prognostic values in multi-centre clinical trials is still required.
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Schindler TH. Cardiovascular PET/MR imaging: Quo Vadis? J Nucl Cardiol 2017; 24:1007-1018. [PMID: 27659454 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-016-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With the recent advent of PET/MRI scanners, the combination of molecular imaging with a variety of known and novel PET radiotracers, the high spatial resolution of MRI, and its potential for multi-parametric imaging are anticipated to increase the diagnostic accuracy in cardiovascular disease detection, while providing novel mechanistic insights into the initiation and progression of the disease state. For the time being, cardiac PET/MRI emerges as potential clinical tool in the identification and characterization of infiltrative cardiac diseases, such as sarcoidosis, acute or chronic myocarditis, and cardiac tumors, respectively. The application of PET/MRI in conjunction with various radiotracer probes in the identification of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque also holds much promise but needs further translation and validation in clinical investigations. The combination of molecular imaging and creation of multi-parametric imaging maps with PET/MRI, however, are likely to set new horizons to develop predictive parameters for myocardial recovery and treatment response in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients. Molecular imaging and multi-parametric imaging in cardiovascular disease with PET/MRI at current stage are at its infancy but bear a bright future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hellmut Schindler
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 3225, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Gewirtz H, Dilsizian V. Myocardial Viability: Survival Mechanisms and Molecular Imaging Targets in Acute and Chronic Ischemia. Circ Res 2017; 120:1197-1212. [PMID: 28360350 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial responses to acute ischemia/reperfusion and to chronic ischemic conditions have been studied extensively at all levels of organization. These include subcellular (eg, mitochondria in vitro); intact, large animal models (eg, swine with chronic coronary stenosis); as well as human subjects. Investigations in humans have used positron emission tomographic metabolic and myocardial blood flow measurements, assessment of gene expression and anatomic description of myocardium obtained at the time of coronary artery revascularization, ventricular assist device placement, or heart transplantation. A multitude of genetic, molecular, and metabolic pathways have been identified, which may promote either myocyte survival or death or, most interestingly, both. Many of these potential mediators in both acute ischemia/reperfusion and adaptations to chronic ischemic conditions involve the mitochondria, which play a central role in cellular energy production and homeostasis. The present review is focused on operative survival mechanisms and potential myocardial viability molecular imaging targets in acute and chronic ischemia, especially those which impact mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Gewirtz
- From the Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.G.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (V.D.)
| | - Vasken Dilsizian
- From the Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.G.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (V.D.).
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Shirani J, Singh A, Agrawal S, Dilsizian V. Cardiac molecular imaging to track left ventricular remodeling in heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol 2017; 24:574-590. [PMID: 27480973 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-016-0620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac left ventricular (LV) remodeling is the final common pathway of most primary cardiovascular diseases that manifest clinically as heart failure (HF). The more advanced the systolic HF and LV dysfunction, the worse the prognosis. The knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and neurohormonal mechanisms that lead to myocardial dysfunction and symptomatic HF has expanded rapidly and has allowed sophisticated approaches to understanding and management of the disease. New therapeutic targets for pharmacologic intervention in HF have also been identified through discovery of novel cellular and molecular components of membrane-bound receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction cascades. Despite all advances, however, the prognosis of systolic HF has remained poor in general. This is, at least in part, related to the (1) relatively late institution of treatment due to reliance on gross functional and structural abnormalities that define the "heart failure phenotype" clinically; (2) remarkable genetic-based interindividual variations in the contribution of each of the many molecular components of cardiac remodeling; and (3) inability to monitor the activity of individual pathways to cardiac remodeling in order to estimate the potential benefits of pharmacologic agents, monitor the need for dose titration, and minimize side effects. Imaging of the recognized ultrastructural components of cardiac remodeling can allow redefinition of heart failure based on its "molecular phenotype," and provide a guide to implementation of "personalized" and "evidence-based" evaluation, treatment, and longitudinal monitoring of the disease beyond what is currently available through randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Shirani
- Department of Cardiology, St. Luke's University Health Network, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
| | - Amitoj Singh
- Department of Cardiology, St. Luke's University Health Network, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Sahil Agrawal
- Department of Cardiology, St. Luke's University Health Network, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Vasken Dilsizian
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Melero-Ferrer JL, López-Vilella R, Morillas-Climent H, Sanz-Sánchez J, Sánchez-Lázaro IJ, Almenar-Bonet L, Martínez-Dolz L. Novel Imaging Techniques for Heart Failure. Card Fail Rev 2016; 2:27-34. [PMID: 28875038 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2015:29:2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging techniques play a main role in heart failure (HF) diagnosis, assessment of aetiology and treatment guidance. Echocardiography is the method of choice for its availability, cost and it provides most of the information required for the management and follow up of HF patients. Other non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities, such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), nuclear imaging-positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) could provide additional aetiological, prognostic and therapeutic information, especially in selected populations. This article reviews current indications and possible future applications of imaging modalities to improve the management of HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep L Melero-Ferrer
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel López-Vilella
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
| | - Herminio Morillas-Climent
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Sanz-Sánchez
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio J Sánchez-Lázaro
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Almenar-Bonet
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Dolz
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe,Valencia, Spain
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Papadimitriou L, Smith-Jones PM, Sarwar CM, Marti CN, Yaddanapudi K, Skopicki HA, Gheorghiade M, Parsey R, Butler J. Utility of positron emission tomography for drug development for heart failure. Am Heart J 2016; 175:142-52. [PMID: 27179733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Only about 1 in 5,000 investigational agents in a preclinical stage acquires Food and Drug Administration approval. Among many reasons for this includes an inefficient transition from preclinical to clinical phases, which exponentially increase the cost and the delays the process of drug development. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that has been used for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and guidance of therapy. However, lately with the advance of radiochemistry and of molecular imaging technology, it became evident that PET could help novel drug development process. By using a PET radioligand to report on receptor occupancy during novel agent therapy, it may help assess the effectiveness, efficacy, and safety of such a new medication in an early preclinical stage and help design successful clinical trials even at a later phase. In this article, we explore the potential implications of PET in the development of new heart failure therapies and review PET's application in the respective pathophysiologic pathways such as myocardial perfusion, metabolism, innervation, inflammation, apoptosis, and cardiac remodeling.
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Ismail B, Hadizad T, Antoun R, Lortie M, deKemp RA, Beanlands RS, DaSilva JN. Evaluation of [11C]methyl-losartan and [11C]methyl-EXP3174 for PET imaging of renal AT1receptor in rats. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:850-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Thorn S, Sinusas AJ. Creation of clinically relevant model of chronic heart failure: Application of multi-modality imaging to define physiology. J Nucl Cardiol 2015; 22:673-6. [PMID: 25698482 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-015-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Thorn
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT, 06520-8017, USA
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Vonk Noordegraaf A, Haddad F, Bogaard HJ, Hassoun PM. Noninvasive imaging in the assessment of the cardiopulmonary vascular unit. Circulation 2015; 131:899-913. [PMID: 25753343 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.006972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Vonk Noordegraaf
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.).
| | - Francois Haddad
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.)
| | - Harm J Bogaard
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.)
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.)
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Chen X, Werner RA, Javadi MS, Maya Y, Decker M, Lapa C, Herrmann K, Higuchi T. Radionuclide imaging of neurohormonal system of the heart. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:545-58. [PMID: 25825596 PMCID: PMC4377725 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the growing causes of death especially in developed countries due to longer life expectancy. Although many pharmacological and instrumental therapeutic approaches have been introduced for prevention and treatment of heart failure, there are still limitations and challenges. Nuclear cardiology has experienced rapid growth in the last few decades, in particular the application of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), which allow non-invasive functional assessment of cardiac condition including neurohormonal systems involved in heart failure; its application has dramatically improved the capacity for fundamental research and clinical diagnosis. In this article, we review the current status of applying radionuclide technology in non-invasive imaging of neurohormonal system in the heart, especially focusing on the tracers that are currently available. A short discussion about disadvantages and perspectives is also included.
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Cardiac MRI and PET Scanning in Right Ventricular Failure. THE RIGHT VENTRICLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1065-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Angiotensin II (AII), an octapeptide member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is formed by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and exerts adverse cellular effects through an interaction with its type 1 receptor (AT1R). Both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) mitigate the vasoconstrictive, proliferative, proinflammatory, proapoptotic, and profibrotic effects of AII and are widely used as effective anti-remodeling agents in clinical practice. Prediction of individual response to these agents, however, remains problematic and is influenced by many factors including race, gender, and genotype. In addition, systemic and tissue RAS activity do not correlate closely. This report summarizes the results of on-going attempts to noninvasively determine tissue ACE activity and AT1R expression using novel nuclear tracers. It is hoped that the availability of such imaging techniques improve treatment of heart failure through more selective pharmacologic intervention and better dose titration of available drugs.
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Truong QA, Gewirtz H. Cardiac PET-CT for monitoring medical and interventional therapy in patients with CAD: PET alone versus hybrid PET-CT? Curr Cardiol Rep 2014; 16:460. [PMID: 24464305 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-013-0460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on optimal use of PET and PET-CT in monitoring medical and interventional therapy in patients with CAD. PET provides quantitative measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow and thus permits comprehensive physiological assessment of the coronary circulation. Hybrid PET-CT, in particular CCTA, adds anatomical information to maximal MBF measurement and so facilitates distinction of triple vessel focal epicardial disease from coronary microvascular disease or diffuse coronary atherosclerosis without focal stenoses. Hybrid PET-CT also may be of value in determining appropriateness and feasibility of percutaneous interventional therapy for chronic total coronary occlusion. PET alone, however, is the preferred modality to address functional status of the coronary circulation and response over time, if required, to medical or interventional therapy. CT at a minimum provides attenuation correction. More detailed CCTA should be added only when a well-defined need for anatomical information is required to answer the clinical question posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh A Truong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cardiac Unit/Yawkey 5E, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Osborn EA, Jaffer FA. The advancing clinical impact of molecular imaging in CVD. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 6:1327-41. [PMID: 24332285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging seeks to unravel critical molecular and cellular events in living subjects by providing complementary biological information to current structural clinical imaging modalities. In recent years, molecular imaging efforts have marched forward into the clinical cardiovascular arena, and are now actively illuminating new biology in a broad range of conditions, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, vasculitis, aneurysm, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease. Development of novel molecular imaging reporters is occurring for many clinical cardiovascular imaging modalities (positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), as well as in translational platforms such as intravascular fluorescence imaging. The ability to image, track, and quantify molecular biomarkers in organs not routinely amenable to biopsy (e.g., the heart and vasculature) open new clinical opportunities to tailor therapeutics based on a cardiovascular disease molecular profile. In addition, molecular imaging is playing an increasing role in atherosclerosis drug development in phase II clinical trials. Here, we present state-of-the-art clinical cardiovascular molecular imaging strategies, and explore promising translational approaches positioned for clinical testing in the near term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Osborn
- Cardiology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Molecular Imaging Research and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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45
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De La Vega JC, Häfeli UO. Utilization of nanoparticles as X-ray contrast agents for diagnostic imaging applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:81-95. [PMID: 25044541 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among all the diagnostic imaging modalities, X-ray imaging techniques are the most commonly used owing to their high resolution and low cost. The improvement of these techniques relies heavily on the development of novel X-ray contrast agents, which are molecules that enhance the visibility of internal structures within the body in X-ray imaging. To date, clinically used X-ray contrast agents consist mainly of small iodinated molecules that might cause severe adverse effects (e.g. allergies, cardiovascular diseases and nephrotoxicity) in some patients owing to the large and repeated doses that are required to achieve good contrast. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in the development of alternative X-ray contrast agents utilizing elements with high atomic numbers (e.g. gold, bismuth, ytterbium and tantalum), which are well known for exhibiting high absorption of X-rays. Nanoparticles (NPs) made from these elements have been reported to have better imaging properties, longer blood circulation times and lower toxicity than conventional iodinated X-ray contrast agents. Additionally, the combination of two or more of these elements into a single carrier allows for the development of multimodal and hybrid contrast agents. Herein, the limitations of iodinated X-ray contrast agents are discussed and the parameters that influence the efficacy of X-ray contrast agents are summarized. Several examples of the design and production of both iodinated and iodine-free NP-based X-ray contrast agents are then provided, emphasizing the studies performed to evaluate their X-ray attenuation capabilities and their toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos De La Vega
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Abstract
In almost all cardiac diseases, an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition or fibrosis occurs, mostly consisting of collagen I. Whereas replacement fibrosis follows cardiomyocyte loss in myocardial infarction, reactive fibrosis is triggered by myocardial stress or inflammatory mediators and often results in ventricular stiffening, functional deterioration, and development of heart failure. Given the importance of ECM deposition in cardiac disease, ECM imaging could be a valuable clinical tool. Molecular imaging of ECM may help understand pathology, evaluate impact of novel therapy, and may eventually find a role in predicting the extent of ECM expansion and development of personalized treatment. In the current review, we provide an overview of ECM imaging including the assessment of ECM volume and molecular targeting of key players involved in ECM deposition and degradation. The targets comprise myofibroblasts, intracardiac renin-angiotensin axis, matrix metalloproteinases, and matricellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J de Haas
- From Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (H.J.d.H., V.F., J.N.); Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (H.J.d.H.); Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (E.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.F.); and Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA (C.M.K.)
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Contrast-Enhanced T1-Mapping MRI for the Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-014-9260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Achenbach S, Friedrich MG, Nagel E, Kramer CM, Kaufmann PA, Farkhooy A, Dilsizian V, Flachskampf FA. CV imaging: what was new in 2012? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 6:714-34. [PMID: 23764098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Echocardiography, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), cardiac magnetic resonance, and cardiac computed tomography can be used for anatomic and functional imaging of the heart. All 4 methods are subject to continuous improvement. Echocardiography benefits from the more widespread availability of 3-dimensional imaging, strain and strain rate analysis, and contrast applications. SPECT imaging continues to provide very valuable prognostic data, and PET imaging, on the one hand, permits quantification of coronary flow reserve, a strong prognostic predictor, and, on the other hand, can be used for molecular imaging, allowing the analysis of extremely small-scale functional alterations in the heart. Magnetic resonance is gaining increasing importance as a stress test, mainly through perfusion imaging, and continues to provide very valuable prognostic information based on late gadolinium enhancement. Magnetic resonance coronary angiography does not substantially contribute to clinical cardiology at this point in time. Computed tomography imaging of the heart mainly concentrates on the imaging of coronary artery lumen and plaque and has made substantial progress regarding outcome data. In this review, the current status of the 5 imaging techniques is illustrated by reviewing pertinent publications of the year 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Achenbach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Harms HJ, van de Veerdonk MC, Lammertsma AA, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Bogaard HJ. Pulmonary vascular remodeling and right heart failure in pulmonary hypertension: future role of positron emission tomography in decoding the enigma. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:16. [PMID: 27234397 PMCID: PMC4715170 DOI: 10.1186/2213-0802-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and associated right heart failure have increased in recent years, there is a lack of clinical tools to assess the pathobiological mechanisms in patients. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides an array of new possibilities to image and quantify relevant disease processes, including proliferation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, shifts in metabolism and neurohormonal signaling. Here we describe the first studies which were conducted to image pulmonary vascular remodeling and right heart failure in vivo and discuss additional targets for imaging which hold great promise for future use in PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Harms
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C van de Veerdonk
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk Noordegraaf
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, The Netherlands.
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