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Lee JK, Tackett S, Skarupski KA, Forbush K, Fivush B, Oliva-Hemker M, Levine RB. Inspiring and Preparing Our Future Leaders: Evaluating the Impact of the Early Career Women's Leadership Program. J Healthc Leadersh 2024; 16:287-302. [PMID: 39099833 PMCID: PMC11298210 DOI: 10.2147/jhl.s470538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The number of women in high-level leadership in academic medicine remains disproportionately low. Early career programs may help increase women's representation in leadership. We evaluated the Early Career Women's Leadership Program (ECWLP). We hypothesized that participants would rate themselves as having increased confidence in their leadership potential, improved leadership skills, and greater alignment between their goals for well-being and leading after the program. We also explored the participants' aspirations and confidence around pursuing high-level leadership before and after the program. Methods We surveyed women physicians and scientists before and after they participated in the 2023 ECWLP, consisting of 11 seminars over six months. We analyzed pre- and post-program data using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. We analyzed answers to open-ended questions with a content analysis approach. Results 47/51 (92%) participants responded, and 74% answered pre- and post-program questionnaires. Several metrics increased after the program, including women's confidence in their ability to lead (p<0.001), negotiate (p<0.001), articulate their career vision (p<0.001), reframe obstacles (p<0.001), challenge their assumptions (p<0.001), and align their personal and professional values (p=0.002). Perceptions of conflict between aspiring to lead and having family responsibilities (p=0.003) and achieving physical well-being (p=0.002) decreased. Perceived barriers to advancement included not being part of influential networks, a lack of transparency in leadership, and a competitive and individualistic culture. In the qualitative analysis, women described balancing internal factors such as self-doubt with external factors like competing professional demands when considering leadership. Many believed that becoming a leader would be detrimental to their well-being. Beneficial ECWLP components included support for self-reflection, tactical planning to pursue leadership, and creating a safe environment. Conclusion The ECWLP improved women's confidence and strategic plans to pursue leadership in a way that supported their work-life integration. Early career leadership programs may encourage and prepare women for high-level leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHU), Baltimore, MD, USA
- Office of Faculty, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean Tackett
- Department of Medicine, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Data Management Core, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Skarupski
- Office of Faculty, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathy Forbush
- Human Resources, Office of Talent Management, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Fivush
- Office of Faculty, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Oliva-Hemker
- Office of Faculty, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel B Levine
- Office of Faculty, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, JHU, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Patel PA, Gopali R, Reddy A, Patel KK. National Institutes of Health Funding Trends to Ophthalmology Departments at U.S. Medical Schools. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 37:408-414. [PMID: 34724859 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1998557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze trends in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding in ophthalmology and characterize its distribution to departments and principal investigators (PIs) affiliated with U.S. medical schools. DESIGN Longitudinal descriptive analysis. METHODS We queried publically accessible data from the Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research and NIH RePORTER to determine annual funding trends in ophthalmology from 2009 to 2020. To characterize the distribution of funding, we further ranked the top departments and principal investigators (PIs). Department websites (among other online resources) were utilized to extract characteristics of the latter cohort. RESULTS After adjusting for inflation, we observed a modest 9% increase in median NIH funding to academic ophthalmology departments between 2009 and 2020. In the same time period, among individual PIs, this translated to a 9% decline in median funding. Our results among both departments and PIs indicated a persistent inequality in NIH funding. In 2020, 10 ophthalmology departments received 44% of total funding, which is consistent with findings from prior years. Our ranking of PIs by average annual NIH funding indicated a disproportionate representation of males (76%) and PhDs (58%) in the top 50. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of this investigation suggest NIH funding remains limited for individual investigators, reflecting the increasingly competitive nature of the grant application process. Systemic alterations will be required to reverse these trends. If not accomplished, nascent and established researchers alike will continue to endure challenges in obtaining and maintaining funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth A Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rhea Gopali
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anvith Reddy
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kajol K Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Essien UR, Tipirneni R, Leung LB, Sterling MR. Surviving and Thriving as Physicians in General Internal Medicine Fellowship in the Twenty-First Century. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:3664-3670. [PMID: 32342480 PMCID: PMC7728835 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
General internal medicine (GIM) fellowships play an important role in the development of physician scientists and clinical educators, as well as leaders in academic medicine. Nevertheless, the challenges of developing another novel aspect to one's career, along with balancing coursework, research productivity, clinical duties, and personal life during fellowship, can be overwhelming. Similarly, successfully securing a job at the end of fellowship can be a daunting process. In this article, we discuss the foundational tenets and themes of the GIM fellowship. These themes include (1) finding your purpose and passion, with a focus on selecting research coursework and developing an area of study; (2) the role and importance of mentorship, including the various kinds of mentorship that fellows require (traditional and peer mentorship, sponsors, and coaches), as well as how to be an effective mentee; (3) securing research funding; (4) landing a job; (5) and protecting time to meet personal goals. There is an increased need for a vibrant, diverse, and successful generation of general internal medicine researchers to advance our understanding of complex issues in clinical medicine and healthcare delivery and to inform health policy. It is our hope that this piece helps to support that mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utibe R Essien
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Renuka Tipirneni
- Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lucinda B Leung
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, & Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Madeline R Sterling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Shaikh S, Emamaullee J, Lal G, Rodriguez L, Hughes M, Tatebe LC. The Association of Women Surgeons research grant: An analysis of the first 25 years. Am J Surg 2020; 220:1146-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Suber TL, Neptune ER, Lee JS. Inclusion in the Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Physician-Scientist Workforce. Building with Intention. ATS Sch 2020; 1:353-363. [PMID: 33870306 PMCID: PMC8015761 DOI: 10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0026ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physician-scientists comprise an exceedingly small fraction of the physician workforce. As the fields of pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine continue to invest in the development of the physician-scientist workforce, recruitment and retention strategies need to consider the temporal trend in the decline in numbers of trainees pursuing basic research, the challenges of trainees from underrepresented groups in medicine, and opportunities for career and scientific advancement of women physician-scientists. In this perspective article, we examine the headwinds in the training and education of physician-scientists and highlight potential solutions to reverse these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomeka L. Suber
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Enid R. Neptune
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janet S. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Holmes
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.R.H., C.A.W., R.A.N.)
| | - Carole A Warnes
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.R.H., C.A.W., R.A.N.)
| | - Patrick T O'Gara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.)
| | - Rick A Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.R.H., C.A.W., R.A.N.)
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Impact of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' Research Foundation Grants on Academic Colorectal Surgeons' Career Trajectory. Dis Colon Rectum 2019; 62:141-145. [PMID: 30640829 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kohno T, Kohsaka S, Takei Y, Fukuda K, Ozaki Y, Yamashina A. Time Trend in Interest and Satisfaction Towards Clinical Training and Academic Activities Among Early-Career Cardiologists - The Japanese Circulation Society Post-Graduate Training Survey. Circ J 2018; 82:423-429. [PMID: 28883224 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satisfaction among early-career cardiologists is a key performance metric for cardiovascular (CV) educational programs. To assess the time trend in the interest and activities of early-career cardiologists regarding their training, we conducted web-based surveys in 2011 and 2015.Methods and Results:Early-career cardiologists were defined as physicians who planned to attend Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) annual meetings within 10 years of graduation. A total of 272 and 177 participants completed the survey for the years 2011 and 2015, respectively. Survey questions were designed to obtain core insights into the workplace, research interests, and demographic profile of respondents. Main outcome measures were satisfaction levels with their training program. The overall satisfaction rate for training was lower in 2015 than 2011; this was largely affected by decreases in the rates of satisfaction for valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, advanced heart failure, and congenital heart disease. Moreover, satisfaction with CV training was associated with the volume of invasive procedures such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions in 2011 but not 2015. CONCLUSIONS Early-career cardiologists' satisfaction with their training decreased during the study period, especially in the field of evolving subspecialties (e.g., valvular heart disease or advanced heart failure), suggesting that prompt reevaluation of the current educational curriculum is needed to properly adapt to progress in cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kohno
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Hospital
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Tong CW, Madhur MS, Rzeszut AK, Abdalla M, Abudayyeh I, Alexanderson E, Buber J, Feldman DN, Gopinathannair R, Hira RS, Kates AM, Kessler T, Leung S, Raj SR, Spatz ES, Turner MB, Valente AM, West K, Sivaram CA, Hill JA, Mann DL, Freeman AM. Status of Early-Career Academic Cardiology: A Global Perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:2290-2303. [PMID: 29073958 PMCID: PMC5665176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early-career academic cardiologists, who many believe are an important component of the future of cardiovascular care, face myriad challenges. The Early Career Section Academic Working Group of the American College of Cardiology, with senior leadership support, assessed the progress of this cohort from 2013 to 2016 with a global perspective. Data consisted of accessing National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute public information, data from the American Heart Association and international organizations, and a membership-wide survey. Although the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute increased funding of career development grants, only a small number of early-career American College of Cardiology members have benefited as funding of the entire cohort has decreased. Personal motivation, institutional support, and collaborators continued to be positive influential factors. Surprisingly, mentoring ceased to correlate positively with obtaining external grants. The totality of findings suggests that the status of early-career academic cardiologists remains challenging; therefore, the authors recommend a set of attainable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W Tong
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology-Temple Region, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
| | - Meena S Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anne K Rzeszut
- Market Intelligence, American College of Cardiology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Marwah Abdalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Islam Abudayyeh
- Division of Cardiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
| | - Erick Alexanderson
- National Institute of Cardiology and Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Buber
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dmitriy N Feldman
- Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Ravi S Hira
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew M Kates
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Steve Leung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Satish R Raj
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Anne Marie Valente
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin West
- Member Strategy, American College of Cardiology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chittur A Sivaram
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, and Harry S. Moss Heart Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Douglas L Mann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew M Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Hall AK, Mills SL, Lund PK. Clinician-Investigator Training and the Need to Pilot New Approaches to Recruiting and Retaining This Workforce. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2017; 92:1382-1389. [PMID: 28767499 PMCID: PMC5625951 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinician-investigators, also called physician-scientists, offer critical knowledge and perspectives that benefit research on basic science mechanisms, improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, population and outcomes medicine, health policy, and health services, yet few clinically trained health professionals pursue a research career. Sustaining this workforce requires attention to the unique challenges faced by investigators who must achieve clinical and research competence during training and their careers. These challenges include the duration of required clinical training, limited or discontinuous research opportunities, high levels of educational debt, balancing the dual obligations and rewards of clinical care and research, competition for research funding, and the need for leadership development after training. Women and individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups comprise a small percentage of this workforce.The authors summarize the recent literature on training for clinician-investigators, emphasizing approaches with encouraging outcomes that warrant broader implementation. Using this overview as background, they convened three workshops at the National Institutes of Health in 2016 to identify and refine key priorities for potential new pilot programs to recruit and retain the clinician-investigator workforce. From these workshops emerged three priorities for future pilot programs: (1) support for research in residency, (2) new research on-ramps for health professionals at multiple career stages, and (3) national networks to diversify and sustain clinician-investigator faculty. Implementation of any pilot program will require coordinated commitment from academic health centers, medical licensing/certification boards, professional societies, and clinician-investigators themselves, in addition to support from the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Hall
- A.K. Hall was deputy director, Division of Training, Workforce Development, and Diversity, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, at the time this work was completed. She is now associate dean of research workforce development, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. S.L. Mills is director, Office of Extramural Programs, Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. P.K. Lund is director, Division of Biomedical Research Workforce, Office of Extramural Programs, Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Carlson DE, Wang WC, Scott JD. Initial Outcomes for the NHLBI K99/R00 Pathway to Independence Program in Relation to Long-Standing Career Development Programs: Implications for Trainees, Mentors, and Institutions. Circ Res 2016; 119:904-8. [PMID: 27688307 PMCID: PMC5082179 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sufficient history now exists to assess the NIH Pathway to Independence Award (K99/R00), first offered in 2007 to support the career development of biomedical researchers. The success of K99 principal investigators (PIs) in obtaining subsequent grant support was compared to PIs supported by the long-standing K08 and K23 programs. For cardiovascular K awards initiated in fiscal years 2007–2009, K99 PIs were more successful in obtaining subsequent grant support than the other groups. Although a bibliometric analysis showed similar publication quality for all groups, the K99 group was most persistent in applying for the next grant. Possible implications of these findings for all K Award PIs, their mentor’s, and institutions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Carlson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Wayne C Wang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jane D Scott
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Faxon
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David O. Williams
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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