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Maslov LN, Naryzhnaya NV, Voronkov NS, Kurbatov BK, Derkachev IA, Ryabov VV, Vyshlov EV, Kolpakov VV, Tomilova EA, Sapozhenkova EV, Singh N, Fu F, Pei J. The role of β-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion. Why do β-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists protect the heart? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:658-673. [PMID: 38423796 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamines and β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) play an important role in the regulation of cardiac tolerance to the impact of ischemia and reperfusion. This systematic review analyzed the molecular mechanisms of the cardioprotective activity of β-AR ligands. METHODS We performed an electronic search of topical articles using PubMed databases from 1966 to 2023. We cited original in vitro and in vivo studies and review articles that documented the cardioprotective properties of β-AR agonists and antagonists. RESULTS The infarct-reducing effect of β-AR antagonists did not depend on a decrease in the heart rate. The target for β-blockers is not only cardiomyocytes but also neutrophils. β1-blockers (metoprolol, propranolol, timolol) and the selective β2-AR agonist arformoterol have an infarct-reducing effect in coronary artery occlusion (CAO) in animals. Antagonists of β1- and β2-АR (metoprolol, propranolol, nadolol, carvedilol, bisoprolol, esmolol) are able to prevent reperfusion cardiac injury. All β-AR ligands that reduced infarct size are the selective or nonselective β1-blockers. It was hypothesized that β1-AR blocking promotes an increase in cardiac tolerance to I/R. The activation of β1-AR, β2-AR, and β3-AR can increase cardiac tolerance to I/R. The cardioprotective effect of β-AR agonists is mediated via the activation of kinases and reactive oxygen species production. CONCLUSIONS It is unclear why β-blockers with the similar receptor selectivity have the infarct-sparing effect while other β-blockers with the same selectivity do not affect infarct size. What is the molecular mechanism of the infarct-reducing effect of β-blockers in reperfusion? Why did in early studies β-blockers decrease the mortality rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and without reperfusion and in more recent studies β-blockers had no effect on the mortality rate in patients with AMI and reperfusion? The creation of more effective β-AR ligands depends on the answers to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N Maslov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Naryzhnaya
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikita S Voronkov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Boris K Kurbatov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ivan A Derkachev
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V Ryabov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Vyshlov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Sabe SA, Harris DD, Broadwin M, Sellke FW. Cardioprotection in cardiovascular surgery. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:545-568. [PMID: 38856733 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the invention of cardiopulmonary bypass, cardioprotective strategies have been investigated to mitigate ischemic injury to the heart during aortic cross-clamping and reperfusion injury with cross-clamp release. With advances in cardiac surgical and percutaneous techniques and post-operative management strategies including mechanical circulatory support, cardiac surgeons are able to operate on more complex patients. Therefore, there is a growing need for improved cardioprotective strategies to optimize outcomes in these patients. This review provides an overview of the basic principles of cardioprotection in the setting of cardiac surgery, including mechanisms of cardiac injury in the context of cardiopulmonary bypass, followed by a discussion of the specific approaches to optimizing cardioprotection in cardiac surgery, including refinements in cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia, ischemic conditioning, use of specific anesthetic and pharmaceutical agents, and novel mechanical circulatory support technologies. Finally, translational strategies that investigate cardioprotection in the setting of cardiac surgery will be reviewed, with a focus on promising research in the areas of cell-based and gene therapy. Advances in this area will help cardiologists and cardiac surgeons mitigate myocardial ischemic injury, improve functional post-operative recovery, and optimize clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - Dwight D Harris
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - Mark Broadwin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
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3
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Sun B, Wang CY, Chen RR. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Early Intravenous Administration of Beta-Blockers in Patients Suffering from Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Without Heart Failure Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Study-Level Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:833-846. [PMID: 37002468 PMCID: PMC11266243 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical studies have produced diverse results regarding the efficacy and safety of early intravenous beta-blockers in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A study-level meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing early intravenous beta-blockers versus placebo or routine care in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed. METHODS A database search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared intravenous beta-blockers versus placebo or routine care in STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI. The efficacy outcomes were infarct size (IS, % of LV) and the myocardial salvage index (MSI) based on magnetic resonance imaging, electrocardiographic findings, heart rate, ST-segment reduction percent (STR%), and complete STR. Safety outcomes included arrhythmias in the first 24 h (ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation [VT/VF], atrial fibrillation [AF], bradycardia, and advanced atrioventricular [AV] block), cardiogenic shock and hypotension during hospitalization, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiac death, stroke, reinfarction, and heart failure readmission) at follow-up. RESULTS Seven RCTs with 1428 patients were included in this study, with 709 patients in the intravenous beta-blockers and 719 in the control group. Intravenous beta-blockers improved MSI compared to the control group (weighted mean difference [WMD] 8.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.12-13.80, P = 0.002, I2 = 0%), but no differences were observed in IS (% of LV) between groups. Compared to the control group, the intravenous beta-blockers group had a lower risk of VT/VF (relative risk [RR] 0.65, 95% CI 0.45-0.94, P = 0.02, I2 = 35%) without an increase of AF, bradycardia, and AV-block and significantly decreased HR, hypotension. LVEF at 1 week ± 7 days (WMD 2.06, 95% CI 0.25-3.88, P = 0.03, I2 = 12%) and 6 months ± 7 days (WMD 3.24, 95% CI 1.54-4.95, P = 0.0002, I2 = 0%) was improved in the intravenous beta-blockers group compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis showed that intravenous beta-blockers before PCI decreased the risk of VT/VF and improved LVEF compared to the control group. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed that patients with a left anterior descending (LAD) artery lesion had a smaller IS (% of LV) in the intravenous beta-blockers group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Intravenous beta-blockers improved the MSI, decreased the risk of VT/VF in the first 24 h, and were associated with increased LVEF at 1 week and 6 months following PCI. In particular, intravenous beta-blockers started before PCI is beneficial for patients with LAD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Tang Du Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chi Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tang Du Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Rui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tang Du Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, China.
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4
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Boyd W, Young W, Yildiz M, Henry TD, Gorder K. In-hospital cardiac arrest after STEMI: prevention strategies and post-arrest care. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39076105 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2024.2383648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (IHCA) after ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is a subset of IHCA with high morbidity. While information on this selected group of patients is limited, closer inspection reveals that this is a challenging patient population with certain risk factors for IHCA following treatment of STEMI. AREAS COVERED In this review article, strategies for prevention of IHCA post STEMI are reviewed, as well as best-practices for the care of STEMI patients post-IHCA. EXPERT OPINION Early and successful reperfusion is key for the prevention of IHCA and has a significant impact on in-hospital mortality. A number of pharmacological treatments have also been studied that can impact the progression to IHCA. Development of cardiogenic shock post-STEMI increases mortality and raises the risk of cardiac arrest. The treatment of IHCA follows the ACLS algorithm with some notable exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker Boyd
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wesley Young
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy D Henry
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Carl and Edyth Lindner Research Center at The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kari Gorder
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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El Kadi S, van de Veerdonk MC, Spoormans EM, Verouden NJW, Li S, Xie F, Azevedo LF, Mathias W, van Rossum AC, Porter TR, Kamp O. Sonothrombolysis in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Electrocardiographic No-Reflow After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024:S0894-7317(24)00346-8. [PMID: 38972613 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Approximately 50% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) experience microvascular no-reflow. Pre- and post-PCI sonothrombolysis has been shown to decrease infarct size and improve left ventricular (LV) systolic function in STEMI patients receiving urgent PCI. The aim of this study was to investigate whether post-PCI sonothrombolysis alone in STEMI patients with persistent ST elevation could reduce no-reflow and infarct size. METHODS Patients with STEMI with symptoms <12 hours who had persistent ST elevation (≤70% ST resolution) after primary PCI were randomized to sonothrombolysis or control. The primary end point was summed (Σ) ST elevation 60 minutes after study intervention. Secondary end points included infarct size, myocardial perfusion score, LV ejection fraction on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging at 2 months follow-up, and clinical outcome at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Sixty-seven STEMI patients with persistent ST elevation after PCI were randomized (49 left anterior descending, 18 right coronary/left circumflex artery). No difference was observed in Σ ST elevation 60 minutes after study intervention (mean difference, 0.6 mm; 95% CI, -1.1 to 2.2, P = .50). Complete ST resolution occurred in 14 (40%) of patients treated with sonothrombolysis compared to 6 (19%) of controls (P = .16). Myocardial perfusion score index (1.5 ± 0.3 vs 1.5 ± 0.3, P = .93), infarct size (18.0% ± 10% vs 16.8% ± 11%; P = .29) and LV ejection fraction on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (46% ± 8% vs 47% ± 11% in the control group; P = .86) were comparable. Incidence of all-cause death, acute coronary syndrome, and hospital admission for heart failure at 6-month follow-up was similar between the groups (sonothrombolysis, 2; control, 5). CONCLUSIONS In STEMI patients with persistent ST elevation after PCI, post-PCI sonothrombolysis did not result in more ST resolution or smaller infarct size compared to control subjects. The incidence of the combined clinical end points was remarkably low in this high-risk patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane El Kadi
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Eva M Spoormans
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J W Verouden
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shouqiang Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Feng Xie
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Wilson Mathias
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert C van Rossum
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R Porter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Otto Kamp
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Młynarska E, Czarnik W, Fularski P, Hajdys J, Majchrowicz G, Stabrawa M, Rysz J, Franczyk B. From Atherosclerotic Plaque to Myocardial Infarction-The Leading Cause of Coronary Artery Occlusion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7295. [PMID: 39000400 PMCID: PMC11242737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes the most common cause of death worldwide. In Europe alone, approximately 4 million people die annually due to CVD. The leading component of CVD leading to mortality is myocardial infarction (MI). MI is classified into several types. Type 1 is associated with atherosclerosis, type 2 results from inadequate oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes, type 3 is defined as sudden cardiac death, while types 4 and 5 are associated with procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting, respectively. Of particular note is type 1, which is also the most frequently occurring form of MI. Factors predisposing to its occurrence include, among others, high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the blood, cigarette smoking, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). The primary objective of this review is to elucidate the issues with regard to type 1 MI. Our paper delves into, amidst other aspects, its pathogenesis, risk assessment, diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, and interventional treatment options in both acute and long-term conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Witold Czarnik
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Fularski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Hajdys
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Gabriela Majchrowicz
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stabrawa
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Johnson TW, Holt J, Kleyman A, Zhou S, Sammut E, Bruno VD, Gaupp C, Stanzani G, Martin J, Arina P, Deutsch J, Ascione R, Singer M, Dyson A. Development and translation of thiometallate sulfide donors using a porcine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103167. [PMID: 38688060 PMCID: PMC11070758 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfide-releasing compounds reduce reperfusion injury by decreasing mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species production. We previously characterised ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM), a clinically used copper chelator, as a sulfide donor in rodents. Here we assessed translation to large mammals prior to clinical testing. In healthy pigs an intravenous ATTM dose escalation revealed a reproducible pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship with minimal adverse clinical or biochemical events. In a myocardial infarction (1-h occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery)-reperfusion model, intravenous ATTM or saline was commenced just prior to reperfusion. ATTM protected the heart (24-h histological examination) in a drug-exposure-dependent manner (r2 = 0.58, p < 0.05). Blood troponin T levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in ATTM-treated animals while myocardial glutathione peroxidase activity, an antioxidant selenoprotein, was elevated (p < 0.05). Overall, our study represents a significant advance in the development of sulfides as therapeutics and underlines the potential of ATTM as a novel adjunct therapy for reperfusion injury. Mechanistically, our study suggests that modulating selenoprotein activity could represent an additional mode of action of sulfide-releasing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Johnson
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - James Holt
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Kleyman
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shengyu Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Sammut
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Vito Domenico Bruno
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Charlotte Gaupp
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giacomo Stanzani
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Martin
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pietro Arina
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Deutsch
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Raimondo Ascione
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alex Dyson
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London, London, UK.
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8
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Welt FGP, Batchelor W, Spears JR, Penna C, Pagliaro P, Ibanez B, Drakos SG, Dangas G, Kapur NK. Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: JACC Scientific Statement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:2196-2213. [PMID: 38811097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Despite impressive improvements in the care of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, mortality remains high. Reperfusion is necessary for myocardial salvage, but the abrupt return of flow sets off a cascade of injurious processes that can lead to further necrosis. This has been termed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and is the subject of this review. The pathologic and molecular bases for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury are increasingly understood and include injury from reactive oxygen species, inflammation, calcium overload, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired microvascular flow. A variety of pharmacologic strategies have been developed that have worked well in preclinical models and some have shown promise in the clinical setting. In addition, there are newer mechanical approaches including mechanical unloading of the heart prior to reperfusion that are in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G P Welt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | | | - J Richard Spears
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Systems, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stavros G Drakos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - George Dangas
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Navin K Kapur
- The CardioVascular Center and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Galli M, Niccoli G, De Maria G, Brugaletta S, Montone RA, Vergallo R, Benenati S, Magnani G, D'Amario D, Porto I, Burzotta F, Abbate A, Angiolillo DJ, Crea F. Coronary microvascular obstruction and dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:283-298. [PMID: 38001231 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite prompt epicardial recanalization in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), coronary microvascular obstruction and dysfunction (CMVO) is still fairly common and is associated with poor prognosis. Various pharmacological and mechanical strategies to treat CMVO have been proposed, but the positive results reported in preclinical and small proof-of-concept studies have not translated into benefits in large clinical trials conducted in the modern treatment setting of patients with STEMI. Therefore, the optimal management of these patients remains a topic of debate. In this Review, we appraise the pathophysiological mechanisms of CMVO, explore the evidence and provide future perspectives on strategies to be implemented to reduce the incidence of CMVO and improve prognosis in patients with STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Galli
- Department of Cardiology, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | | | - Gianluigi De Maria
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Salvatore Brugaletta
- Institut Clinic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocco A Montone
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Vergallo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Benenati
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Magnani
- Department of Cardiology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Domenico D'Amario
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria 'Maggiore Della Carita', Novara, Italy
| | - Italo Porto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Burzotta
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciencies, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology - Heart and Vascular Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciencies, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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10
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Zhang C, Wang F, Hao C, Liang W, Hou T, Xin J, Su B, Ning M, Liu Y. Prognostic Impact of Early Administration of β-Blockers in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:410-417. [PMID: 37830391 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In critically ill patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the relationship between the early administration of β-blockers and the risks of in-hospital and long-term mortality remains controversial. Furthermore, there are conflicting evidences for the efficacy of the early administration of intravenous followed by oral β-blockers in AMI. We conducted a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients with AMI who received the early administration of β-blockers within 24 hours of admission. The data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database. We enrolled 2467 critically ill patients with AMI in the study, with 1355 patients who received the early administration of β-blockers and 1112 patients who were non-users. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models showed that the early administration of β-blockers was associated with a lower risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.52; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.42-0.64), 1-year mortality (aHR 0.54, 95%CI 0.47-0.63), and 5-year mortality (aHR 0.60, 95%CI 0.52-0.69). Furthermore, the early administration of both oral β-blockers and intravenous β-blockers followed by oral β-blockers may reduce the mortality risk, compared with non-users. The risks of in-hospital and long-term mortality were significantly decreased in patients who underwent revascularization with the early administration of β-blockers. We found that the early administration of β-blockers could lower the risks of in-hospital and long-term mortality. Furthermore, the early administration of both oral β-blockers and intravenous β-blockers followed by oral β-blockers may reduce the mortality risk, compared with non-users. Notably, patients who underwent revascularization with the early administration of β-blockers showed the lowest risks of in-hospital and long-term mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuijun Hao
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiru Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhua Hou
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayan Xin
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Su
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingwu Liu
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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11
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Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, Claeys MJ, Dan GA, Dweck MR, Galbraith M, Gilard M, Hinterbuchner L, Jankowska EA, Jüni P, Kimura T, Kunadian V, Leosdottir M, Lorusso R, Pedretti RFE, Rigopoulos AG, Rubini Gimenez M, Thiele H, Vranckx P, Wassmann S, Wenger NK, Ibanez B. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2024; 13:55-161. [PMID: 37740496 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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12
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Chen W, Ni M, Huang H, Cong H, Fu X, Gao W, Yang Y, Yu M, Song X, Liu M, Yuan Z, Zhang B, Wang Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of coronary microvascular diseases (2023 Edition). MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e438. [PMID: 38116064 PMCID: PMC10729292 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the four working groups of the Chinese Society of Cardiology issued first expert consensus on coronary microvascular diseases (CMVD) in 2017, international consensus documents on CMVD have increased rapidly. Although some of these documents made preliminary recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of CMVD, they did not provide classification of recommendations and levels of evidence. In order to summarize recent progress in the field of CMVD, standardize the methods and procedures of diagnosis and treatment, and identify the scientific questions for future research, the four working groups of the Chinese Society of Cardiology updated the 2017 version of the Chinese expert consensus on CMVD and adopted a series of measures to ensure the quality of this document. The current consensus has raised a new classification of CMVD, summarized new epidemiological findings for different types of CMVD, analyzed key pathological and molecular mechanisms, evaluated classical and novel diagnostic technologies, recommended diagnostic pathways and criteria, and therapeutic strategies and medications, for patients with CMVD. In view of the current progress and knowledge gaps of CMVD, future directions were proposed. It is hoped that this expert consensus will further expedite the research progress of CMVD in both basic and clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Chen
- The National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryThe Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceDepartment of CardiologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Mei Ni
- The National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryThe Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceDepartment of CardiologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - He Huang
- Department of CardiologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hongliang Cong
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xianghua Fu
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of CardiologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Department of CardiologyFuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Mengyue Yu
- Department of CardiologyFuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiantao Song
- Department of CardiologyBeijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meilin Liu
- Department of GeriatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong UniversityXianChina
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of CardiologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of CardiologyXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Yundai Chen
- Senior Department of Cardiology, Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; for the Basic Research Group, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease Group, Interventional Cardiology Group, and Women's Heart Health Group of the Chinese Society of Cardiology
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryThe Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceDepartment of CardiologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- The National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryThe Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceDepartment of CardiologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
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13
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Zilinyi RS, Fertel BS, Chang BC, Abrukin L, Suh EH, Sayan OR, McCarty M, Stant JA, Chuich T, Smyth ET, Neuberg G, Collins MB, Kirtane AJ, Moses J, Rabbani L. Updating a Healthcare System-wide Clinical Pathway for Managing Chest Pain and Acute Coronary Syndromes. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2023; 22:103-109. [PMID: 37782621 DOI: 10.1097/hpc.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical pathways are useful tools for conveying and reinforcing best practices to standardize care and optimize patient outcomes across myriad conditions. The NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System has utilized a clinical chest pain pathway for more than 20 years to facilitate the timely recognition and management of patients presenting with chest pain syndromes and acute coronary syndromes. This chest pain pathway is regularly updated by an expanding group of key stakeholders, which has extended from the Columbia University Irving Medical Center to encompass the entire regional healthcare system, which includes 8 hospitals. In this 2023 update of the NewYork-Presbyterian clinical chest pain pathway, we present the key changes to the healthcare system-wide clinical chest pain pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Zilinyi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Baruch S Fertel
- Quality and Patient Safety, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Betty C Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Liliya Abrukin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Edward H Suh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Osman R Sayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew McCarty
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer A Stant
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Emily T Smyth
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gerald Neuberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Allen Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Michael B Collins
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ajay J Kirtane
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey Moses
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - LeRoy Rabbani
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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14
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Heusch G, Andreadou I, Bell R, Bertero E, Botker HE, Davidson SM, Downey J, Eaton P, Ferdinandy P, Gersh BJ, Giacca M, Hausenloy DJ, Ibanez B, Krieg T, Maack C, Schulz R, Sellke F, Shah AM, Thiele H, Yellon DM, Di Lisa F. Health position paper and redox perspectives on reactive oxygen species as signals and targets of cardioprotection. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102894. [PMID: 37839355 PMCID: PMC10590874 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the beneficial and detrimental roles of reactive oxygen species in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. In the first part, the continued need for cardioprotection beyond that by rapid reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction is emphasized. Then, pathomechanisms of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion to the myocardium and the coronary circulation and the different modes of cell death in myocardial infarction are characterized. Different mechanical and pharmacological interventions to protect the ischemic/reperfused myocardium in elective percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass grafting, in acute myocardial infarction and in cardiotoxicity from cancer therapy are detailed. The second part keeps the focus on ROS providing a comprehensive overview of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Starting from mitochondria as the main sources and targets of ROS in ischemic/reperfused myocardium, a complex network of cellular and extracellular processes is discussed, including relationships with Ca2+ homeostasis, thiol group redox balance, hydrogen sulfide modulation, cross-talk with NAPDH oxidases, exosomes, cytokines and growth factors. While mechanistic insights are needed to improve our current therapeutic approaches, advancements in knowledge of ROS-mediated processes indicate that detrimental facets of oxidative stress are opposed by ROS requirement for physiological and protective reactions. This inevitable contrast is likely to underlie unsuccessful clinical trials and limits the development of novel cardioprotective interventions simply based upon ROS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Bell
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Bertero
- Chair of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Hans-Erik Botker
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Downey
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Philip Eaton
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Heart Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mauro Giacca
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Maack
- Department of Translational Research, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute for Physiology, Justus-Liebig -Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Thiele
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.
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15
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Mirna M, Berezin A, Schmutzler L, Demirel O, Hoppe UC, Lichtenauer M. Early beta-blocker therapy improves in-hospital mortality of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction - a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2023; 389:131160. [PMID: 37423571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although current guidelines endorse early beta-blocker therapy in stable patients with STEMI, there is no clear recommendation on the early use of these drugs in patients with NSTEMI. METHODS Literature search was conducted by 3 independent researchers using PubMed/MEDLINE, CDSR, CENTRAL, CCAs, EBM Reviews, Web of Science and LILACS. Studies were eligible if (P) patients included were ≥ 18 years of age and had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), (I) early (<24 h) treatment with intravenous or oral beta-blockers was compared to (C) no treatment with beta-blockers and data on (O) in-hospital mortality and/or in-hospital cardiogenic shock were depicted. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random effects models with the Mantel-Haenszel method. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method was used as estimator for τ2. RESULTS 977 records were screened for eligibility, which led to the inclusion of 4 retrospective, nonrandomized, observational cohort studies comprising a total of N = 184,951 patients. After pooling of the effect sizes, early therapy with beta-blockers resulted in a reduction of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.43 [0.36-0.51], p = 0.0022) despite no significant effect on the prevalence of cardiogenic shock (OR 0.36 [0.07-1.91], p = 0.1196). CONCLUSION Early treatment with beta-blockers was associated with an attenuation of in-hospital mortality despite no increase in cardiogenic shock. Thus, early therapy with these drugs could elicit beneficial effects on top of reperfusion therapy, similar to the effects seen in STEMI-patients. The low number of studies (k = 4) has to be considered when interpreting the findings of this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Mirna
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexander Berezin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Schmutzler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ozan Demirel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Uta C Hoppe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
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16
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Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, Claeys MJ, Dan GA, Dweck MR, Galbraith M, Gilard M, Hinterbuchner L, Jankowska EA, Jüni P, Kimura T, Kunadian V, Leosdottir M, Lorusso R, Pedretti RFE, Rigopoulos AG, Rubini Gimenez M, Thiele H, Vranckx P, Wassmann S, Wenger NK, Ibanez B. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3720-3826. [PMID: 37622654 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 661.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
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17
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Tu W, Li L, Yi M, Chen J, Wang X, Sun Y. Dapagliflozin attenuates high glucose-and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury via activating AMPK/mTOR-OPA1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37655809 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2252200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effect of dapagliflozin on H9c2 cardiomyocyte function under high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation (HG-H/R) conditions and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. Dapagliflozin reduced the level of lactate dehydrogenase and reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes under HG-H/R conditions and was accompanied by a decrease in caspase-3/9 activity. In addition, Dapagliflozin significantly reduced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and increased ATP content, accompanied by upregulation of OPA1 with autophagy-related protein molecules and activation of the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway in HG-H/R treated cardiomyocytes. OPA1 knockdown or compound C treatment attenuated the protective effects of dapagliflozin on the cardiomyocytes under HG-H/R conditions. Downregulation of OPA1 expression increased mitochondrial intolerance in cardiomyocytes during HG-H/R injury and the AMPK-mTOR-autophagy signalling is a key mechanism for protecting mitochondrial function and reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Collectively, dapagliflozin exerted protective effects on the cardiomyocytes under HG-H/R conditions. Dapagliflozin attenuated myocardial HG-H/R injury by activating AMPK/mTOR-OPA1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Tu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuyang, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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18
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Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Coronary No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Current Knowledge on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Impact and Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5592. [PMID: 37685660 PMCID: PMC10488607 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary no-reflow (CNR) is a frequent phenomenon that develops in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following reperfusion therapy. CNR is highly dynamic, develops gradually (over hours) and persists for days to weeks after reperfusion. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) developing as a consequence of myocardial ischemia, distal embolization and reperfusion-related injury is the main pathophysiological mechanism of CNR. The frequency of CNR or MVO after primary PCI differs widely depending on the sensitivity of the tools used for diagnosis and timing of examination. Coronary angiography is readily available and most convenient to diagnose CNR but it is highly conservative and underestimates the true frequency of CNR. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive method to diagnose MVO and CNR that provides information on the presence, localization and extent of MVO. CMR imaging detects intramyocardial hemorrhage and accurately estimates the infarct size. MVO and CNR markedly negate the benefits of reperfusion therapy and contribute to poor clinical outcomes including adverse remodeling of left ventricle, worsening or new congestive heart failure and reduced survival. Despite extensive research and the use of therapies that target almost all known pathophysiological mechanisms of CNR, no therapy has been found that prevents or reverses CNR and provides consistent clinical benefit in patients with STEMI undergoing reperfusion. Currently, the prevention or alleviation of MVO and CNR remain unmet goals in the therapy of STEMI that continue to be under intense research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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19
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Kleinbongard P, Lieder HR, Skyschally A, Heusch G. No robust reduction of infarct size and no-reflow by metoprolol pretreatment in adult Göttingen minipigs. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:23. [PMID: 37289247 PMCID: PMC10250284 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whereas prior experiments in juvenile pigs had reported infarct size reduction by intravenous metoprolol early during myocardial ischaemia, two major clinical trials in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction were equivocal. We, therefore, went back and tested the translational robustness of infarct size reduction by metoprolol in minipigs. Using a power analysis-based prospective design, we pretreated 20 anaesthetised adult Göttingen minipigs with 1 mg kg-1 metoprolol or placebo and subjected them to 60-min coronary occlusion and 180-min reperfusion. Primary endpoint was infarct size (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining) as a fraction of area at risk; no-reflow area (thioflavin-S staining) was a secondary endpoint. There was no significant reduction in infarct size (46 ± 8% of area at risk with metoprolol vs. 42 ± 8% with placebo) or area of no-reflow (19 ± 21% of infarct size with metoprolol vs. 15 ± 23% with placebo). However, the inverse relationship between infarct size and ischaemic regional myocardial blood flow was modestly, but significantly shifted downwards with metoprolol, whereas ischaemic blood flow tended to be reduced by metoprolol. With an additional dose of 1 mg kg-1 metoprolol after 30-min ischaemia in 4 additional pigs, infarct size was also not reduced (54 ± 9% vs. 46 ± 8% in 3 contemporary placebo, n.s.), and area of no-reflow tended to be increased (59 ± 20% vs. 29 ± 12%, n.s.).Infarct size reduction by metoprolol in pigs is not robust, and this result reflects the equivocal clinical trials. The lack of infarct size reduction may be the result of opposite effects of reduced infarct size at any given blood flow and reduced blood flow, possibly through unopposed alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Raphael Lieder
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Skyschally
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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20
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Wang X, Guo R, Guo Y, Guo Q, Yan Y, Gong W, Zheng W, Wang H, Xu L, Ai H, Que B, Yan X, Ma X, Nie S. Rationale and design of the RESTORE trial: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of Shenfu injection on myocardial injury in STEMI patients after primary PCI. Am Heart J 2023; 260:9-17. [PMID: 36822255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains substantial in the reperfusion era. Shenfu injection, as a traditional Chinese herbal formula, can alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury through multiple pharmacologic effects. However, no robust data are available regarding the role of Shenfu injection in reducing infarct size for patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). METHODS/DESIGN This RESTORE trial is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial (NCT04493840). A total of 326 eligible patients with first-time anterior STEMI undergoing PPCI within 12 h of symptom onset will be enrolled from 10 centers in mainland China. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to receive either intravenous Shenfu injection (80mL Shenfu injection + 70mL 5% glucose injection) or placebo group (150mL 5% glucose injection) before reperfusion and followed by once a day until 5 days after PPCI. The primary end point is infarct size assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging 5±2 days after PPCI. The major secondary end points include enzymatic infarct size, microvascular obstruction, intramyocardial hemorrhage, left ventricular volume and ejection fraction assessed by CMR, as well as cardiovascular events at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS The RESTORE trial is sufficiently powered to demonstrate the clinical effects of Shenfu injection on myocardial injury in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI in the contemporary era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Guo
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Que
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shaoping Nie
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Ferdinandy P, Andreadou I, Baxter GF, Bøtker HE, Davidson SM, Dobrev D, Gersh BJ, Heusch G, Lecour S, Ruiz-Meana M, Zuurbier CJ, Hausenloy DJ, Schulz R. Interaction of Cardiovascular Nonmodifiable Risk Factors, Comorbidities and Comedications With Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Cardioprotection by Pharmacological Treatments and Ischemic Conditioning. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:159-216. [PMID: 36753049 PMCID: PMC9832381 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning, postconditioning, and remote conditioning of the myocardium enhance the ability of the heart to withstand a prolonged ischemia/reperfusion insult and the potential to provide novel therapeutic paradigms for cardioprotection. While many signaling pathways leading to endogenous cardioprotection have been elucidated in experimental studies over the past 30 years, no cardioprotective drug is on the market yet for that indication. One likely major reason for this failure to translate cardioprotection into patient benefit is the lack of rigorous and systematic preclinical evaluation of promising cardioprotective therapies prior to their clinical evaluation, since ischemic heart disease in humans is a complex disorder caused by or associated with cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. These risk factors and comorbidities induce fundamental alterations in cellular signaling cascades that affect the development of ischemia/reperfusion injury and responses to cardioprotective interventions. Moreover, some of the medications used to treat these comorbidities may impact on cardioprotection by again modifying cellular signaling pathways. The aim of this article is to review the recent evidence that cardiovascular risk factors as well as comorbidities and their medications may modify the response to cardioprotective interventions. We emphasize the critical need for taking into account the presence of cardiovascular risk factors as well as comorbidities and their concomitant medications when designing preclinical studies for the identification and validation of cardioprotective drug targets and clinical studies. This will hopefully maximize the success rate of developing rational approaches to effective cardioprotective therapies for the majority of patients with multiple comorbidities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Ischemic heart disease is a major cause of mortality; however, there are still no cardioprotective drugs on the market. Most studies on cardioprotection have been undertaken in animal models of ischemia/reperfusion in the absence of comorbidities; however, ischemic heart disease develops with other systemic disorders (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis). Here we focus on the preclinical and clinical evidence showing how these comorbidities and their routine medications affect ischemia/reperfusion injury and interfere with cardioprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Gary F Baxter
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Sean M Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (I.A.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (G.F.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark (H.E.B.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK (S.M.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.D.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.G.); Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Cape Heart Institute and Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (S.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Spain (M.R-M.); Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care Anesthesiology, Department Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.J.Z.); Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (D.J.H.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore (D.J.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan (D.J.H.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
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22
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Johri N, Matreja PS, Maurya A, Varshney S, Smritigandha. Role of β-blockers in Preventing Heart Failure and Major Adverse Cardiac Events Post Myocardial Infarction. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:e110123212591. [PMID: 36635926 PMCID: PMC10494272 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x19666230111143901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
β-blockers have been widely utilized as a part of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treatment for the past 40 years. Patients receiving β-adrenergic blockers for an extended period following myocardial infarction have a higher chance of surviving. Although many patients benefited from β-blockers, many do not, including those with myocardial infarction, left ventricle dysfunction, chronic pulmonary disease, and elderly people. In individuals with the post-acute coronary syndrome and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the appropriate duration of betablocker therapy is still unknown. There is also no time limit for those without angina and those who do not need β-blockers for arrhythmia or hypertension. Interestingly, β-blockers have been prescribed for more than four decades. The novel mechanism of action on cellular compartments has been found continually, which opens a new way for their potential application in cardiac failure and other cardiac events like post-myocardial infarction. Here, in this review, we studied β-blocker usage in these circumstances and the current recommendations for β-blocker use from clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Johri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prithpal S. Matreja
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivani Varshney
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smritigandha
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Khan O, Patel M, Tomdio AN, Beall J, Jovin IS. Beta-Blockers in the Prevention and Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease: Evidence and Clinical Practice. Heart Views 2023; 24:41-49. [PMID: 37124437 PMCID: PMC10144413 DOI: 10.4103/heartviews.heartviews_75_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease characterized by atherosclerotic plaque buildup that can lead to partial or full obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries. Treatment for CAD involves a combination of lifestyle changes, pharmacologic therapy, and modern revascularization procedures. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (or beta-blockers) have been widely used for decades as a key therapy for CAD. In this review, prior studies are examined to better understand beta-adrenoceptor antagonist use in patients with acute coronary syndrome, stable coronary heart disease, and in the perioperative setting. The evidence for the benefit of beta-blocker therapy is well established for patients with acute myocardial infarction, but it diminishes as the time from the index cardiac event elapses. The evidence for benefit in the perioperative setting is not strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Khan
- Department of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Murti Patel
- Department of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna N. Tomdio
- Department of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Beall
- Department of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ion S. Jovin
- Department of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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24
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Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA, Charron P, Corrado D, Dagres N, de Chillou C, Eckardt L, Friede T, Haugaa KH, Hocini M, Lambiase PD, Marijon E, Merino JL, Peichl P, Priori SG, Reichlin T, Schulz-Menger J, Sticherling C, Tzeis S, Verstrael A, Volterrani M. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3997-4126. [PMID: 36017572 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 849] [Impact Index Per Article: 424.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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25
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Motawea KR, Gaber H, Singh RB, Swed S, Elshenawy S, Talat NE, Elgabrty N, Shoib S, Wahsh EA, Chébl P, Reyad SM, Rozan SS, Aiash H. Effect of early metoprolol before PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on infarct size and left ventricular ejection fraction. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Cardiol 2022; 45:1011-1028. [PMID: 36040709 PMCID: PMC9574721 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This meta‐analysis aims to look at the impact of early intravenous Metoprolol in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on infarct size, as measured by cardio magnetic resonance (CMR) and left ventricular ejection fraction. Methods We searched the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Web of Science. We included only randomized control trials that reported the use of early intravenous Metoprolol in STEMI before PCI on infarct size, as measured by CMR and left ventricular ejection fraction. RevMan software 5.4 was used for performing the analysis. Results Following a literature search, 340 publications were found. Finally, 18 studies were included for the systematic review, and 8 clinical trials were included in the meta‐analysis after the full‐text screening. At 6 months, the pooled effect revealed a statistically significant association between Metoprolol and increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (%) compared to controls (mean difference [MD] = 3.57, [95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.22–4.92], p < .00001), as well as decreased infarcted myocardium(g) compared to controls (MD = −3.84, [95% [CI] = −5.75 to −1.93], p < .0001). At 1 week, the pooled effect revealed a statistically significant association between Metoprolol and increased LVEF (%) compared to controls (MD = 2.98, [95% CI = 1.26−4.69], p = .0007), as well as decreased infarcted myocardium(%) compared to controls (MD = −3.21, [95% CI = −5.24 to −1.18], p = .002). Conclusion A significant decrease in myocardial infarction and increase in LVEF (%) was linked to receiving Metoprolol at 1 week and 6‐month follow‐up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam R Motawea
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hamed Gaber
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ravi B Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suny Upstate Medical university, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sarya Swed
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Salem Elshenawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Nawal Elgabrty
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Engy A Wahsh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 university, Giza, Egypt
| | - Pensée Chébl
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarraa M Reyad
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samah S Rozan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hani Aiash
- Department of Cardiovascular perfusion, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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26
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Zhang A, Rastogi R, Marsh KM, Yang B, Wu D, Kron IL, Yang Z. Topical Neck Cooling Without Systemic Hypothermia Attenuates Myocardial Ischemic Injury and Post-ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:893837. [PMID: 35837603 PMCID: PMC9274088 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.893837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following acute myocardial infarction (MI), irreversible damage to the myocardium can only be reduced by shortening the duration between symptom onset and revascularization. While systemic hypothermia has shown promising results in slowing pre-revascularization myocardial damage, it is resource intensive and not conducive to prehospital initiation. We hypothesized that topical neck cooling (NC), an easily implemented therapy for en route transfer to definitive therapy, could similarly attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods Using an in vivo mouse model of myocardial IRI, moderate systemic hypothermia or NC was applied following left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, at early, late, and post-reperfusion intervals. Vagotomy was performed after late NC in an additional group. Hearts were harvested to measure infarct size. Results Both hypothermia treatments equally attenuated myocardial infarct size by 60% compared to control. The infarct-sparing effect of NC was temperature-dependent and timing-dependent. Vagotomy at the gastroesophageal junction abolished the infarct-sparing effect of late NC. Cardiac perfusate isolated following ischemia had significantly reduced cardiac troponin T, HMGB1, cell-free DNA, and interferon α and β levels after NC. Conclusions Topical neck cooling attenuates myocardial IRI in a vagus nerve-dependent manner, with an effect comparable to that of systemic hypothermia. NC attenuated infarct size when applied during ischemia, with earlier initiation resulting in superior infarct sparing. This novel therapy exerts a cardioprotective effect without requiring significant change in core temperature and may be a promising practical strategy to attenuate myocardial damage while patients await definitive revascularization.
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27
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Chen DQ, Guo Y, Li X, Zhang GQ, Li P. Small molecules as modulators of regulated cell death against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2067-2101. [PMID: 35730121 DOI: 10.1002/med.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury contributes to disability and mortality worldwide. Due to the complicated mechanisms and lack of proper therapeutic targets, few interventions are available that specifically target the pathogenesis of IR injury. Regulated cell death (RCD) of endothelial and parenchymal cells is recognized as the promising intervening target. Recent advances in IR injury suggest that small molecules exhibit beneficial effects on various RCD against IR injury, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos. Here, we describe the mechanisms behind these novel promising therapeutic targets and explain the machinery powering the small molecules. These small molecules exert protection by targeting endothelial or parenchymal cells to alleviate IR injury. Therapies of the ideal combination of small molecules targeting multiple cell types have shown potent synergetic therapeutic effects, laying the foundation for novel strategies to attenuate IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qian Chen
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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28
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Li M, Zheng C, Kawada T, Uemura K, Inagaki M, Saku K, Sugimachi M. Early donepezil monotherapy or combination with metoprolol significantly prevents subsequent chronic heart failure in rats with reperfused myocardial infarction. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:12. [PMID: 35725377 PMCID: PMC10717938 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the presence of clinical guidelines recommending that β-blocker treatment be initiated early after reperfused myocardial infarction (RMI), acute myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of chronic heart failure (CHF). In this study, we compared the effects of donepezil, metoprolol, and their combination on the progression of cardiac remodeling in rats with RMI. The animals were randomly assigned to untreated (UT), donepezil-treated (DT), metoprolol-treated (MT), and a combination of donepezil and metoprolol (DMT) groups. On day 8 after surgery, compared to the UT, the DT and DMT significantly improved myocardial salvage, owing to the suppression of macrophage infiltration and apoptosis. After the 10-week treatment, the DT and DMT exhibited decreased heart rate, reduced myocardial infarct size, attenuated cardiac dysfunction, and decreased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide and catecholamine, thereby preventing subsequent CHF. These results suggest that donepezil monotherapy or combined therapy with β-blocker may be an alternative pharmacotherapy post-RMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Can Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kazunori Uemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Masashi Inagaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Keita Saku
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
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29
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Annibali G, Scrocca I, Aranzulla TC, Meliga E, Maiellaro F, Musumeci G. "No-Reflow" Phenomenon: A Contemporary Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2233. [PMID: 35456326 PMCID: PMC9028464 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary percutaneous angioplasty (pPCI), represents the reperfusion strategy of choice for patients with STEMI according to current international guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Coronary no-reflow is characterized by angiographic evidence of slow or no anterograde epicardial flow, resulting in inadequate myocardial perfusion in the absence of evidence of mechanical vessel obstruction. No reflow (NR) is related to a functional and structural alteration of the coronary microcirculation and we can list four main pathophysiological mechanisms: distal atherothrombotic embolization, ischemic damage, reperfusion injury, and individual susceptibility to microvascular damage. This review will provide a contemporary overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of NR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I, 10128 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (I.S.); (T.C.A.); (E.M.); (F.M.)
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30
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Fabris E, Selvarajah A, Tavenier A, Hermanides R, Kedhi E, Sinagra G, van’t Hof A. Complementary Pharmacotherapy for STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI: An Evidence-Based Clinical Approach. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2022; 22:463-474. [PMID: 35316483 PMCID: PMC9468081 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-022-00531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic therapy is the cornerstone of pharmacological treatment in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the acute management of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients includes therapy for pain relief and potential additional strategies for cardioprotection. The safety and efficacy of some commonly used treatments have been questioned by recent evidence. Indeed a concern about morphine use is the interaction between opioids and oral P2Y12 inhibitors; early beta-blocker treatment has shown conflicting results for the improvement of clinical outcomes; and supplemental oxygen therapy lacks benefit in patients without hypoxia and may be of potential harm. Other additional strategies remain disappointing; however, some treatments may be selectively used. Therefore, we intend to present a critical updated review of complementary pharmacotherapy for a modern treatment approach for STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.
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31
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Wen XS, Luo R, Liu J, Liu ZQ, Zhang HW, Hu WW, Duan Q, Qin S, Xiao J, Zhang DY. The duration of beta-blocker therapy and outcomes in patients without heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: A multicenter prospective cohort study. Clin Cardiol 2022; 45:509-518. [PMID: 35246866 PMCID: PMC9045069 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The duration of beta‐blocker therapy in patients without heart failure (HF) or left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is unclear. Hypothesis Continuous beta‐blocker therapy is associated with an improved prognosis. Methods This is a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. One thousand four hundred and eighty‐three patients eventually met the inclusion criteria. The study groups included the continuous beta‐blocker therapy group (lasted ≥6 months) and the discontinuous beta‐blocker therapy group (consisting of the no‐beta‐blocker therapy group and the beta‐blocker therapy <6 months group). The inverse probability treatment weighting was used to control confounding factors. The study tried to learn the role of continuous beta‐blocker therapy on outcomes. The median duration of follow‐up was 13.0 months. The primary outcomes were cardiac death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The secondary outcomes were all‐cause death, stroke, unstable angina, rehospitalization for HF, and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). Results Compared with discontinuous beta‐blocker therapy, continuous beta‐blocker therapy was associated with a reduced risk of unstable angina, recurrent MI, and MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.82; p = 0.006); but this association was not available for cardiac death (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.24–1.36; p = 0.206). When compared to the subgroups of no‐beta‐blocker therapy and beta‐blocker therapy <6 months, respectively, continuous beta‐blocker therapy was still observed to be associated with a reduced risk of unstable angina, recurrent MI, and MACE. Conclusions Continuous beta‐blocker therapy was associated with a reduced risk of unstable angina or recurrent MI or MACE in patients without HF or left ventricular systolic dysfunction after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing University Center Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Karam M, Fahs D, Maatouk B, Safi B, Jaffa AA, Mhanna R. Polymeric nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction: Challenges and future prospects. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100249. [PMID: 35434594 PMCID: PMC9006854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite extensive efforts to provide early diagnosis and adequate treatment regimens, detection of MI still faces major limitations and pathological MI complications continue to threaten the recovery of survivors. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) represent novel noninvasive drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of MI and subsequent prevention of fatal heart failure. In this review, we cover the recent advances in polymeric NP-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MI and their application as multifunctional theranostic tools. We also discuss the in vivo behavior and toxicity profile of polymeric NPs, their application in noninvasive imaging, passive, and active drug delivery, and use in cardiac regenerative therapy. We conclude with the challenges faced with polymeric nanosystems and suggest future efforts needed for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Karam
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duaa Fahs
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Maatouk
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Brouna Safi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Lebanon
| | - Ayad A. Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami Mhanna
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Lebanon
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Ischemia preconditioning alleviates ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced coronary no-reflow and contraction of microvascular pericytes in rats. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104349. [PMID: 35240123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia preconditioning (IPC) ameliorates coronary no-reflow induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and pericytes play an important role in microvascular function. However, it is unclear whether IPC exerts a protective effect on coronary microcirculation and regulates the pericytes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess whether IPC improves coronary microvascular perfusion and reduces pericyte constriction after myocardial I/R injury. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group, the I/R group, and the IPC + I/R group. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) of rats in the I/R group were ligated for 45 min, and the rats in the IPC + I/R group received 4 episodes of 6min occlusion followed by 6min reperfusion before the LAD was ligated. After 24 h of reperfusion, the area of no-reflow, and area at risk were evaluated with thioflavin-S and Evens blue staining, and infarct size with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, respectively. Besides, fluorescent microspheres were perfused to enable visualization of the non-obstructed coronary vessels. Cardiac pericytes and microvascular were observed by immunofluorescence, and the diameter of microvascular at the site of the pericyte somata was analyzed. RESULTS The infarct size, and area of no-reflow in the IPC + I/R group were significantly reduced compared with the I/R group (infarct size, 33.5% ± 11.9% vs. 49.2% ± 9.4%, p = 0.021;no-reflow, 12.7% ± 5.2% vs. 26.6% ± 5.0%, p < 0.001). IPC improved microvascular perfusion and reduced the percentage of the blocked coronary capillary. Moreover, we found that cardiac pericytes were widely distributed around the microvascular in various regions of the heart, and expressed the contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin. The microvascular lumen diameter at pericyte somata was reduced after I/R (4.3 ± 1.0 μm vs. 6.5 ± 1.2 μm, p < 0.001), which was relieved in IPC + I/R group compared with the I/R group (5.2 ± 1.0 μm vs. 4.3 ± 1.0 μm, p < 0.001). Besides, IPC could reduce the proportion of apoptotic pericytes compared to the I/R group (22.1% ± 8.4% vs. 38.5% ± 7.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION IPC reduced no-reflow and inhibited the contraction of microvascular pericytes induced by cardiac I/R injury, suggesting that IPC might play a protective role by regulating the pericyte function.
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Kahraman F, Arslan A, Dogan A, Turker Y, Guler S. Effect of prior beta-blocker use on in-hospital atrial fibrillation development in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Exp Hypertens 2022; 44:263-267. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2022.2029473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kahraman
- Cardiology Clinic, Evliya Celebi Research and Training Hospital, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Akif Arslan
- Cardiology Clinic, Private Anatolia Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Dogan
- Cardiology Clinic, Private Alfa Medical Center, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yasin Turker
- Cardiology Clinic, Private Meddem Hospital, Ispart, Turkey
| | - Serdar Guler
- Cardiology Clinic, Acıpayam State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey
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35
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Zhang H, Kim H, Park BW, Noh M, Kim Y, Park J, Park JH, Kim JJ, Sim WS, Ban K, Park HJ, Kwon YG. CU06-1004 enhances vascular integrity and improves cardiac remodeling by suppressing edema and inflammation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:23-34. [PMID: 34997212 PMCID: PMC8814060 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury accelerates the cardiomyocytes (CMs) death by oxidative stress, and thereby deteriorates cardiac function. There has been a paradigm shift in the therapeutic perspective more towards the prevention or amelioration of damage caused by reperfusion. Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) are more vulnerable to reperfusion injury and play the crucial roles more than CMs in the pathological process of early I/R injury. In this study, we investigate that CU06-1004, as a vascular leakage blocker, can improve cardiac function by inhibiting CMEC's hyperpermeability and subsequently reducing the neutrophil's plugging and infiltration in infarcted hearts. CU06-1004 was delivered intravenously 5 min before reperfusion and the rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) vehicle, (2) low-CU06-1004 (1 mg/kg, twice at 24 h intervals), and (3) high-CU06-1004 (5 mg/kg, once before reperfusion). CU06-1004 treatment reduced necrotic size and cardiac edema by enhancing vascular integrity, as demonstrated by the presence of intact junction proteins on CMECs and surrounding pericytes in early I/R injury. It also decreased the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) on CMECs, resulting in reduced infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Echocardiography showed that the CU06-1004 treatment significantly improved cardiac function compared with the vehicle group. Interestingly, single high-dose treatment with CU06-1004 provided a greater functional improvement than repetitive low-dose treatment until 8 weeks post I/R. These findings demonstrate that CU06-1004 enhances vascular integrity and improves cardiac function by preventing lethal myocardial I/R injury. It can provide a promising therapeutic option, as potential adjunctive therapy to current reperfusion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea ,R&D Department, Curacle Co. Ltd, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Kim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Woo Park
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Noh
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeomyeong Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Park
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Park
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sup Sim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Ban
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Hun-Jun Park
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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Liu T, Howarth AG, Chen Y, Nair AR, Yang HJ, Ren D, Tang R, Sykes J, Kovacs MS, Dey D, Slomka P, Wood JC, Finney R, Zeng M, Prato FS, Francis J, Berman DS, Shah PK, Kumar A, Dharmakumar R. Intramyocardial Hemorrhage and the "Wave Front" of Reperfusion Injury Compromising Myocardial Salvage. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:35-48. [PMID: 34991787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (MI) is lifesaving. However, the benefit of reperfusion therapy can be paradoxically diminished by reperfusion injury, which can increase MI size. OBJECTIVES Hemorrhage is known to occur in reperfused MIs, but whether hemorrhage plays a role in reperfusion-mediated MI expansion is not known. METHODS We studied cardiac troponin kinetics (cTn) of ST-segment elevation MI patients (n = 70) classified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance to be hemorrhagic (70%) or nonhemorrhagic following primary percutaneous coronary intervention. To isolate the effects of hemorrhage from ischemic burden, we performed controlled canine studies (n = 25), and serially followed both cTn and MI size with time-lapse imaging. RESULTS CTn was not different before reperfusion; however, an increase in cTn following primary percutaneous coronary intervention peaked earlier (12 hours vs 24 hours; P < 0.05) and was significantly higher in patients with hemorrhage (P < 0.01). In hemorrhagic animals, reperfusion led to rapid expansion of myocardial necrosis culminating in epicardial involvement, which was not present in nonhemorrhagic cases (P < 0.001). MI size and salvage were not different at 1 hour postreperfusion in animals with and without hemorrhage (P = 0.65). However, within 72 hours of reperfusion, a 4-fold greater loss in salvageable myocardium was evident in hemorrhagic MIs (P < 0.001). This paralleled observations in patients with larger MIs occurring in hemorrhagic cases (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Myocardial hemorrhage is a determinant of MI size. It drives MI expansion after reperfusion and compromises myocardial salvage. This introduces a clinical role of hemorrhage in acute care management, risk assessment, and future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Andrew G Howarth
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yinyin Chen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Anand R Nair
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hsin-Jung Yang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daoyuan Ren
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard Tang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jane Sykes
- Lawson Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael S Kovacs
- Lawson Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damini Dey
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Piotr Slomka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John C Wood
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mengsu Zeng
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank S Prato
- Lawson Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Kumar
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohan Dharmakumar
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine/IU Health Cardiovascular Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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37
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Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)-Unravelling Biology to Identify New Therapies-The Microcirculation as a Frontier for New Therapies in ACS. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092188. [PMID: 34571836 PMCID: PMC8468909 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, restoring epicardial culprit vessel patency and flow with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting has been the mainstay of treatment for decades. However, there is an emerging understanding of the crucial role of coronary microcirculation in predicting infarct burden and subsequent left ventricular remodelling, and the prognostic significance of coronary microvascular obstruction (MVO) in mortality and morbidity. This review will elucidate the multifaceted and interconnected pathophysiological processes which underpin MVO in ACS, and the various diagnostic modalities as well as challenges, with a particular focus on the invasive but specific and reproducible index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). Unfortunately, a multitude of purported therapeutic strategies to address this unmet need in cardiovascular care, outlined in this review, have so far been disappointing with conflicting results and a lack of hard clinical end-point benefit. There are however a number of exciting and novel future prospects in this field that will be evaluated over the coming years in large adequately powered clinical trials, and this review will briefly appraise these.
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Ibanez B. Intravenous β-blockers in STEMI: what you are about to do, do it quickly. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2021; 9:459-461. [PMID: 33191762 DOI: 10.1177/2048872620950205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ibanez
- Clinical Research Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Spain.,Department of Cardiology, IIS-Fundacion Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
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Fabris E, Hermanides R, Roolvink V, Ibanez B, Ottervanger JP, Pizarro G, van Royen N, Mateos-Rodriguez A, Dambrink JH, Albarran A, Fernández-Avilés F, Botas J, Remkes W, Hernandez-Jaras V, Kedhi E, Zamorano J, Alfonso F, García-Lledó A, van Leeuwen M, Nijveldt R, Postma S, Kolkman E, Gosselink M, de Smet B, Rasoul S, Lipsic E, Piek JJ, Fuster V, van 't Hof AW. Beta-blocker effect on ST-segment: a prespecified analysis of the EARLY-BAMI randomised trial. Open Heart 2021; 7:openhrt-2020-001316. [PMID: 33318150 PMCID: PMC7737101 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The effect of early intravenous (IV) beta-blockers (BBs) administration in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) on ST-segment deviation is unknown. We undertook a prespecified secondary analysis of the Early Beta-blocker Administration before primary PCI in patients with
ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (EARLY-BAMI) trial to investigate the effect of early IV BB on ST-segment deviation. Methods The EARLY-BAMI trial randomised patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to IV metoprolol (2×5 mg bolus) or matched placebo before pPCI. The prespecified outcome, evaluated by an independent core laboratory blinded to study treatment, was the residual ST-segment deviation 1 hour after pPCI (ie, the percentage of patients with >3 mm cumulative ST deviation at 1 hour after pPCI). Results An ECG for the evaluation of residual ST-segment deviation 1 hour after pPCI was available in 442 out of 683 randomised patients. The BB group had a lower heart rate after pPCI compared with placebo (71.2±13.2 vs 74.3±13.6, p=0.016); however, no differences were noted in the percentages of patients with >3 mm cumulative ST deviation at 1 hour after pPCI (58.6% vs 54.1%, p=0.38, in BB vs placebo, respectively) neither a significant difference was found for the percentages of patients in each of the four prespecified groups (normalised ST-segment; 1–3 mm; 4–6 mm;>6 mm residual ST-deviation). Conclusions In patients with STEMI, who were being transported for primary PCI, early IV BB administration did not significantly affect ST-segment deviation after pPCI compared with placebo. The neutral result of early IV BB administration on an early marker of pharmacological effect is consistent with the absence of subsequent improvement of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fabris
- Department of Cardiology, Isala Hartcentrum, Zwolle, The Netherlands .,Cardiovascular Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Vincent Roolvink
- Department of Cardiology, Isala Hartcentrum, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gonzalo Pizarro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Ruber Juan Bravo UEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alonso Mateos-Rodriguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Henk Dambrink
- Department of Cardiology, Isala Hartcentrum, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Agustin Albarran
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Botas
- Servicio de Cardiologia, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elvin Kedhi
- Erasmus Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jose Zamorano
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,University Hopsital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alfonso
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Lledó
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Gosselink
- Department of Cardiology, Isala Hartcentrum, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Smet
- Department of Cardiology, Meander Medisch Centrum, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Saman Rasoul
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands.,Zuyderland Medical Centre Heerlen, Heerlen, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lipsic
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J Piek
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arnoud Wj van 't Hof
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands.,Zuyderland Medical Centre Heerlen, Heerlen, Limburg, The Netherlands
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Reducing Cardiac Injury during ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Reasoned Approach to a Multitarget Therapeutic Strategy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132968. [PMID: 34279451 PMCID: PMC8268641 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant reduction in ‘ischemic time’ through capillary diffusion of primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) has rendered myocardial-ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) prevention a major issue in order to improve the prognosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. In fact, while the ischemic damage increases with the severity and the duration of blood flow reduction, reperfusion injury reaches its maximum with a moderate amount of ischemic injury. MIRI leads to the development of post-STEMI left ventricular remodeling (post-STEMI LVR), thereby increasing the risk of arrhythmias and heart failure. Single pharmacological and mechanical interventions have shown some benefits, but have not satisfactorily reduced mortality. Therefore, a multitarget therapeutic strategy is needed, but no univocal indications have come from the clinical trials performed so far. On the basis of the results of the consistent clinical studies analyzed in this review, we try to design a randomized clinical trial aimed at evaluating the effects of a reasoned multitarget therapeutic strategy on the prevention of post-STEMI LVR. In fact, we believe that the correct timing of pharmacological and mechanical intervention application, according to their specific ability to interfere with survival pathways, may significantly reduce the incidence of post-STEMI LVR and thus improve patient prognosis.
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Kim HK, Lim KS, Kim SS, Na JY. Impact of Bisoprolol on Ventricular Arrhythmias in Experimental Myocardial Infarction. Chonnam Med J 2021; 57:132-138. [PMID: 34123741 PMCID: PMC8167445 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2021.57.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), early use of beta-blockers (BBs) reduced the incidences of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and death in the pre reperfusion era. However, some studies have reported a worsening of clinical outcomes and therefore, this study used a porcine model of AMI to evaluate the efficacy of bisoprolol on VAs and mortality. Twenty pigs were divided into two groups with one group using oral bisoprolol which was given for 3 hours before the experiment and then maintained for 7 days. A loop recorder was implanted, AMI was induced by balloon occlusion for 60 min, and then, reperfusion. One week later, the echocardiography and loop recorder data were analyzed in the surviving animals. Bisoprolol did not increase the heart rate (62.9±14.5 vs 79.0±20.3; p=0.048), lower the rate of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) (0.8±0.8 vs 11.0±12.8; p=0.021) or tend to lower recurrent VA (0.6±0.5 vs 1.1±1.1; p=0.131) during coronary artery occlusion. After reperfusion, bisoprolol did reduce VA in the early AMI period (0.1±0.3 vs 4.2±4.6; p=0.001) and it was not associated with the extent of myocardial recovery. In this porcine model, early oral bisoprolol might help reduce the incidences of PVC and recurrent VA and determine whether effects are more pronounced during the early AMI period. Our results suggest that bisoprolol might help reduce lethal VA and cardiac death following AMI in this reperfusion era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kuk Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Na
- Department of Pathology, Busan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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42
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Guan X, Zhang J, Li Y, Ma N. Safety measures for COVID-19 do not compromise the outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a single center retrospective study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9959. [PMID: 33976302 PMCID: PMC8113542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic impacting nearly 170 countries/regions and millions of patients worldwide. Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) still need to be treated at percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers with relevant safety measures. This retrospective study was conducted to assess the therapeutic outcomes of PCI performed under the safety measures and normal conditions. AMI patients undergoing PCI between January 24 to April 30, 2020 were performed under safety measures for COVID-19. Patients received pulmonary computed tomography (CT) and underwent PCI in negative pressure ICU. Cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) staff and physicians worked with level III personal protection. Demographic and clinical data, such as door-to-balloon (DTB) time, operation time, complications for patients in this period (COVID-19 group) and the same period in 2019 (2019 group) were retrieved and analyzed. COVID-19 and 2019 groups had 37 and 96 patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in age, gender, BMI and comorbidity between the two groups. DTB time and operation time were similar between the two groups (60.0 ± 12.39 vs 58.83 ± 12.85 min, p = 0.636; 61.46 ± 9.91 vs 62.55 ± 10.72 min, p = 0.592). Hospital stay time in COVID-19 group was significantly shorter (6.78 ± 2.14 vs 8.85 ± 2.64 days, p < 0.001). The incidences of malignant arrhythmia and Takotsubo Syndrome in COVID-19 group were higher than 2019 group significantly (16.22% vs 5.21%, p = 0.039; 10.81% vs 1.04% p = 0.008). During hospitalization and 3-month follow-up, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in the two groups were statistically similar (35.13% vs 14.58%, p = 0.094; 16.22% vs 8.33%, p = 0.184). The risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was associated with cardiogenic shock (OR, 11.53; 95% CI, 2.888-46.036; p = 0.001), malignant arrhythmias (OR, 7.176; 95% CI, 1.893-27.203; p = 0.004) and advanced age (≥ 75 years) (OR, 6.718; 95% CI, 1.738-25.964; p = 0.006). Cardiogenic shock (OR, 17.663; 95% CI, 5.5-56.762; p < 0.001) and malignant arrhythmias (OR, 4.659; 95% CI, 1.481-14.653; p = 0.008) were also associated with death of 3 months. Our analysis showed that safety measures undertaken in this hospital, including screening of COVID-19 infection and use of personal protection equipment for conducting PCI did not compromise the surgical outcome as compared with PCI under normal condition, although there were slight increases in incidence of malignant arrhythmia and Takotsubo Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Guan
- Center of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Jingyuan Road, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Center of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Jingyuan Road, Beijing, 100043, China.
| | - Yanbing Li
- Center of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Jingyuan Road, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Center of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Jingyuan Road, Beijing, 100043, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Controversy exists whether beta-blockers should be given before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or to defer their administration for up to 24 hours. RECENT FINDINGS Animal studies, most of them conducted in the 1970s and 1980s, showed evidence that early beta-blocker administration may reduce infarct size. Subsequent human studies had mixed results on infarct size and survival. More specifically, in the current primary PCI era, only four studies evaluated the impact of early intravenous beta-blocker administration after acute myocardial infarction, only two of them before PCI. All studies agree that in hemodynamically stable patients, early intravenous beta-blocker administration is safe and protected against malignant arrhythmias. Nevertheless, results on infarct size and mortality are equivocal. Considering the heterogeneity of currently available data, further studies are still needed to assess the benefit of early injection of metoprolol in STEMI patients in a large double-blinded and randomized design versus placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Giannakopoulos
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Noble
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyew Desta
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.)
| | - Sergio Raposeiras-Roubin
- Clinical Research Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.R.-R., B.I.).,Cardiology Department, University Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain (S.R.-R.)
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Clinical Research Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.R.-R., B.I.).,Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (B.I.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (B.I.)
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45
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Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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46
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Pharmacologic Prevention of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:430-449. [PMID: 33416260 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Establishing efficient perfusion into the myocardium is the main purpose in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but the process of reperfusion is not without risk and can damage the myocardium paradoxically. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for reperfusion injury, and efforts to find an efficient preventive approach are still ongoing. In the past 3 decades, there have been many successful animal studies on how to prevent reperfusion injury; nonetheless, translation to the clinical setting has almost always proven disappointing. In this article, we review clinical studies on the prevention of reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a pharmacologic-based approach. We categorize all the agents that are evaluated for the prevention of myocardial reperfusion injury based on their mechanisms of action into 5 groups: drugs that can reduce oxidative stress, drugs that can affect cellular metabolism, rheological agents that target microvascular obstruction, anti-inflammatory agents, and agents with mixed mechanisms of action. Then, review all the clinical studies of these agents in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Finally, we will discuss the possible reasons for the failure in translation of studies into practice and propose potential solutions to overcome this problem.
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Testa A, Frati G, Versaci F, Biondi-Zoccai G. Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Can We Stop the Curing-Hurting Paradox? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:427-429. [PMID: 33818549 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Testa
- Sapienza School for Advanced Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Versaci
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Cardiologia, Ospedale Santa Maria Goretti, Latina, Italy; and
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
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Maznyczka A, Haworth PAJ. Adjunctive Intracoronary Fibrinolytic Therapy During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:1140-1150. [PMID: 33781699 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite routinely restoring epicardial coronary patency, with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), microvascular obstruction affects approximately half of patients and confers an adverse prognosis. There are no evidence-based treatments for microvascular obstruction. A key contributor to microvascular obstruction is distal embolisation and microvascular thrombi. Adjunctive intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy may reduce thrombotic burden, potentially reducing distal embolisation of atherothrombotic debris to the microcirculation. In this review, the evidence from published randomised trials on the effects of adjunctive intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy during primary PCI is critically appraised, the ongoing randomised trials are described, and conclusions are made from the available evidence. Clinical uncertainties, to be addressed by future research, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Maznyczka
- Cardiology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK; British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Peter A J Haworth
- Cardiology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
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Abstract
Purpose of Review In acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), successful restoration of blood flow in the infarct-related coronary artery may not secure effective myocardial reperfusion. The mortality and morbidity associated with acute MI remain significant. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) represents failed microvascular reperfusion. MVO is under-recognized, independently associated with adverse cardiac prognosis and represents an unmet therapeutic need. Recent Findings Multiple factors including clinical presentation, patient characteristics, biochemical markers, and imaging parameters are associated with MVO after MI. Summary Impaired microvascular reperfusion is common following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). New knowledge about disease mechanisms underpins precision medicine with individualized risk assessment, investigation, and stratified therapy. To date, there are no evidence-based therapies to prevent or treat MVO post-MI. Identifying novel therapy for MVO is the next frontier.
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Ferreira JA, Baptista RM, Monteiro SR, Gonçalves LM. Usefulness of universal beta-blocker therapy in patients after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23987. [PMID: 33545989 PMCID: PMC7837933 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of beta-blockers (BB) in the context of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was a universal practice in the pre-reperfusion era. Since then, evidence of their use for secondary prevention after STEMI is scarce. Our aim is to determine treatment results associated with BB therapy after a STEMI at 1-year follow-up in a contemporary nationwide cohort.A prospective analysis involving 49 national centers, including patients admitted with STEMI, enrolled between October 2010 and September 2019 was conducted. The primary outcome was defined as the composite of all-cause mortality or hospital re-admission for a cardiovascular (CV) cause in the first year after STEMI. The patients were distributed into 2 groups, depending on whether they received therapy with BB at hospital discharge or not (BB and NB group, respectively).A total of 3145 patients were included in the analysis, of which 2526 (80.3%) in the BB group. A total of 12.2% of patients reached the primary outcome. Regarding the univariate Cox regression analysis, the BB group presented lower mortality or re-admission for CV cause at 1-year follow-up [hazard ratio (HR) 0.69, confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.55-0.87, P = .001]. However, after adjustment for significant covariates, this association was lost (HR 0.73, CI 95% 0.51-1.04, P = .081). In patients with preserved (HR 0.73, CI 95% 0.51-1.04, P = .081) and mid-range (HR 1.01, CI 95% 0.64-1.61, P = .959) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the primary outcome was similar between the 2 groups, while in patients with reduced LVEF, the BB group presented a better prognosis, with fewer patients reaching the primary outcome (HR 0.431, CI 95% 0.262-0.703, P = .001).BB universal therapy after STEMI has not proved useful, but it seems to be beneficial in patients with reduced LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Miguel Baptista
- Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra
- iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Lino Manuel Gonçalves
- Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra
- iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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