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Liu Y, He Q, Dou Z, Ma K, Lin X, Li S. Comparison of definitive approaches for conotruncal defects following bidirectional Glenn procedure. Heart 2024; 110:783-791. [PMID: 38346787 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2023-323742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staged repair is common for complex conotruncal defects, often involving bidirectional Glenn (BDG) procedure. Following the cavopulmonary shunt, both Fontan completion and biventricular conversion (BiVC) serve as definitive approaches. The optimal strategy remains controversial. METHODS The baseline, perioperative and follow-up data were obtained for all paediatric patients with conotruncal defects who underwent BDG procedure as palliation in Fuwai Hospital from 2013 to 2022. Patients with single ventricle were excluded. The primary outcome was mortality. The secondary outcome was reintervention, including any cardiovascular surgeries and non-diagnostic catheterisations. RESULTS A total of 232 patients were included in the cohort, with 142 underwent Fontan (61.2%) and 90 underwent BiVC (38.8%). The median interstage period from BDG to the definitive procedure was 3.83 years (IQR: 2.72-5.42) in the overall cohort, 3.62 years (IQR: 2.57-5.15) in the Fontan group and 4.15 years (IQR: 3.05-6.13) in the BiVC group (p=0.03). The in-hospital outcomes favoured the Fontan group, including duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamp, mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay. Postoperative mortality was generally low and comparable, as was the reintervention rate (HR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.708 to 2.85, p=0.32). The left ventricular size was smaller at baseline and within the normal range at follow-up for both Fontan and BiVC groups; however, it was significantly larger with BiVC at follow-up. CONCLUSION In paediatric patients with conotruncal heart defects who underwent BDG procedure, BiVC is a feasible option, especially for patients with certain Fontan risk factors, and are not ideal candidates for successful Fontan completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Liu
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu He
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Dou
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Lin
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Pula G, Harris KC. The Fontan Fenestration: What Are Its Long-term Implications? Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00306-4. [PMID: 38663528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pula
- Division of Cardiology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin C Harris
- Division of Cardiology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Dib N, Chaix MA, Samuel M, Hermann Honfo S, Hamilton RM, Aboulhosn J, Broberg CS, Cohen S, Cook S, Dore A, Jameson SM, Fournier A, Ibrahim R, Kay J, Mongeon FP, Opotowsky AR, Zaidi A, Poirier N, Khairy P. Cardiovascular Outcomes in Fontan Patients With Right vs Left Univentricular Morphology: A Multicenter Study. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:100871. [PMID: 38939676 PMCID: PMC11198647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of data on long-term outcomes after Fontan palliation in patients with a dominant morphological univentricular right (uRV) vs left (uLV) ventricle. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of atrial arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, cardiac transplantation, and death following Fontan palliation in patients with uRV vs uLV. Methods The Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital Cardiology conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study on patients with total cavopulmonary connection Fontan palliation across 12 centers in North America. All components of the composite outcome, that is, atrial arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, cardiac transplantation, and death, were reviewed and classified by a blinded adjudicating committee. Time-to-event analyses were performed that accounted for competing risks. Results A total of 384 patients were followed for 10.5 ± 5.9 years. The composite outcome occurred in 3.7 vs 1.7 cases per 100 person-years for uRV (N = 171) vs uLV (N = 213), respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, uRV conferred a >2-fold higher risk of the composite outcome (HR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.45-3.45, P < 0.001). In secondary analyses of components of the primary outcome, uRV was significantly associated with a greater risk of cardiac transplantation or death (HR: 9.09, 95% CI: 2.17-38.46, P < 0.001) and atrial arrhythmias (HR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.20-4.00, P = 0.010) but not thromboembolic events (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 0.86-3.16, P = 0.131). Conclusions Fontan patients with uRV vs uLV morphology have a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular events, including atrial arrhythmia, cardiac transplantation, and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Dib
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-A. Chaix
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michelle Samuel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Jamil Aboulhosn
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Craig S. Broberg
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Scott Cohen
- The Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart (WAtCH) Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Stephen Cook
- The Philadelphia Adult Congenital Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Annie Dore
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan M. Jameson
- Adult Congenital Heart Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Anne Fournier
- Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Kay
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Alexander R. Opotowsky
- Boston Adult Congenital Heart Service, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ali Zaidi
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Nancy Poirier
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Khairy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Suriany S, Liu H, Cheng AL, Wenby R, Patel N, Badran S, Meiselman HJ, Denton C, Coates TD, Wood JC, Detterich JA. Decreased erythrocyte aggregation in Glenn and Fontan: univentricular circulation as a rheologic disease model. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1335-1345. [PMID: 38177250 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Fontan palliation for single ventricle heart disease (SVHD), pulmonary blood flow is non-pulsatile/passive, low velocity, and low shear, making viscous power loss a critical determinant of cardiac output. The rheologic properties of blood in SVHD patients are essential for understanding and modulating their limited cardiac output and they have not been systematically studied. We hypothesize that viscosity is decreased in single ventricle circulation. METHODS We evaluated whole blood viscosity, red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, and RBC deformability to evaluate changes in healthy children and SVHD patients. We altered suspending media to understand cellular and plasma differences contributing to rheologic differences. RESULTS Whole blood viscosity was similar between SVHD and healthy at their native hematocrits, while viscosity was lower at equivalent hematocrits for SVHD patients. RBC deformability is increased, and RBC aggregation is decreased in SVHD patients. Suspending SVHD RBCs in healthy plasma resulted in increased RBC aggregation and suspending healthy RBCs in SVHD plasma resulted in lower RBC aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Hematocrit corrected blood viscosity is lower in SVHD vs. healthy due to decreased RBC aggregation and higher RBC deformability, a viscous adaptation of blood in patients whose cardiac output is dependent on minimizing viscous power loss. IMPACT Patients with single ventricle circulation have decreased red blood cell aggregation and increased red blood cell deformability, both of which result in a decrease in blood viscosity across a large shear rate range. Since the unique Fontan circulation has very low-shear and low velocity flow in the pulmonary arteries, blood viscosity plays an increased role in vascular resistance, therefore this work is the first to describe a novel mechanism to target pulmonary vascular resistance as a modifiable risk factor. This is a novel, modifiable risk factor in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Suriany
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Honglei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosalinda Wenby
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Badran
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Helen Devos Children's Hospital at Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Herbert J Meiselman
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Denton
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas D Coates
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John C Wood
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon A Detterich
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Dib N, Samuel M, Levesque S, Zaidi A, Cohen S, Opotowsky AR, Mongeon FP, Mondésert B, Kay J, Ibrahim R, Hamilton RM, Fournier A, Jameson SM, Dore A, Cook SC, Cohen S, Chaix MA, Broberg CS, Aboulhosn J, Poirier N, Khairy P. Impact of Fontan Fenestration on Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Multicentre Study. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00079-5. [PMID: 38309467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenestrating a Fontan baffle has been associated with improved perioperative outcomes in patients with univentricular hearts. However, longer-term potential adverse effects remain debated. We sought to assess the impact of a fenestrated Fontan baffle on adverse cardiovascular events including all-cause mortality, cardiac transplantation, atrial arrhythmias, and thromboemboli. METHODS A multicentre North American retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with total cavopulmonary connection Fontan baffle, with and without fenestration. All components of the composite outcome were independently adjudicated. Potential static and time-varying confounders were taken into consideration, along with competing risks. RESULTS A total of 407 patients were followed for 10.4 (7.1-14.4) years; 70.0% had fenestration of their Fontan baffle. The fenestration spontaneously closed or was deliberately sealed in 79.9% of patients a median of 2.0 years after Fontan completion. In multivariable analysis in which a persistent fenestration was modelled as a time-dependent variable, an open fenestration did not confer a higher risk of the composite outcome (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.97; P = 0.521). In secondary analyses, an open fenestration was not significantly associated with components of the primary outcome: that is, mortality or transplantation, atrial arrhythmias, or thromboemboli. However, sensitivity analyses to assess the possible range of error resulting from imprecise dates for spontaneous fenestration closures could not rule out significant associations between an open fenestration and atrial arrhythmias or thromboemboli. CONCLUSIONS In this multicentre study, no significant association was identified between an open fenestration in the Fontan baffle and major adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Dib
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michelle Samuel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Levesque
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ali Zaidi
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris, France
| | - Alexander R Opotowsky
- Boston Adult Congenital Heart Service, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Cincinnati Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Blandine Mondésert
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph Kay
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert M Hamilton
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Fournier
- Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Susan M Jameson
- Stanford Adult Congenital Heart Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and Stanford Health Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Annie Dore
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cook
- Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Scott Cohen
- The Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart (WAtCH) Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marie-A Chaix
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jamil Aboulhosn
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nancy Poirier
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Khairy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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6
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Dib N, Iserin L, Varnous S, Guillemain R, Hascoet S, Belli E, Cohen S. Long-term outcomes after heart transplantation in adult patients with univentricular versus biventricular congenital heart disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 65:ezad410. [PMID: 38078813 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heart transplantation (HT) is the only life-extending therapy in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) and end-stage heart failure. HT is considered at high risk in complex CHD given the anatomical complexity and past medical history. Little is known about long-term outcomes after HT in these patients. We aimed to evaluate early and long-term outcomes after HT in adult patients with univentricular versus biventricular CHD. METHODS This multicentre retrospective cohort study included all adult CHD patients who underwent HT between 1988 and 2021 in 3 tertiary centres. Factors associated with early (<30 days) and conditional long-term survival were assessed in the entire cohort. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 10.1 ± 7.8 years, 149 patients were included, of whom 55 (36.9%) had univentricular CHD. Sixty-four patients died during follow-up including 47 deaths before discharge from hospital. In multivariable analysis, univentricular physiology and female recipient gender were independently associated with a higher risk of early mortality (odds ratio 2.99; 95% confidence interval [1.33-6.74] and odds ratio 2.76; 95% confidence interval [1.23-6.20], respectively). For patients who survived the early period, conditional long-term survival was excellent for both groups and was not different between 2 groups (P = 0.764). CONCLUSIONS Adult CHD patients have a high incidence of overall mortality due to a high rate of early mortality. Univentricular physiology was associated with a significant increased risk of early death compared to biventricular physiology. However, late mortality was excellent and no longer different between the 2 physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Dib
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Department, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, M3C, Reference Center for Complex Congenital Heart Diseases, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Laurence Iserin
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, European George Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Shaida Varnous
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit and Pathology Department, La Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Romain Guillemain
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, European George Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Hascoet
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Cardiology, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Inserm UMR-S 999, Paris-Saclay University, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Emre Belli
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Department, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, M3C, Reference Center for Complex Congenital Heart Diseases, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Cardiology, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Inserm, CESP U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Laubham M, Blais B, Kamp AN. Atrial Arrhythmias in Adults with Fontan Palliation. Cardiol Ther 2023; 12:473-487. [PMID: 37495769 PMCID: PMC10423191 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-023-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Single ventricle physiology is a rare form of congenital heart disease and was, historically, a uniformly lethal condition. However, the atriopulmonary Fontan operation, and its successive iterations, the lateral tunnel and extracardiac conduit Fontan, became the fundamental approach to treating single ventricle heart disease. Over time, dysrhythmias are some of the most common complications with Fontan physiology, compounding morbidity and mortality. Atrial arrhythmias are prevalent in the Fontan population and occur in about 15-60% of patients with Fontan palliation, increasingly with age. Diagnosing atrial arrhythmias in patients with Fontan palliation may be challenging because of low voltage amplitudes arising from myopathic atrial tissue making it difficult to clearly assess atrial depolarization on surface electrocardiograms (ECG), vague symptoms not suggestive of tachyarrhythmia, or atrial arrhythmia with ventricular rates below 100 beats per minute. Intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART) is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia in adults with Fontan palliation. Acute management of atrial arrhythmias in patients with Fontan palliation involves prompt assessment of a patient's hemodynamic stability, anticoagulation and thrombosis risk, systemic ventricular function, and risk of sedation or anesthesia if needed. Long-term management of atrial arrhythmias is often multifactorial and may include long-term anti-arrhythmic therapy, permanent pacing, and ablation. The best approach for the management of atrial arrhythmias in adults with Fontan palliation is patient-specific and involves collaboration between congenital electrophysiologists, adult congenital cardiologists, and the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Laubham
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Ben Blais
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna N Kamp
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Skubera M, Gołąb A, Sternalski T, Trojnarska O, Plicner D, Smaś-Suska M, Mazurek-Kula A, Bartczak-Rutkowska A, Pająk J, Podolec P, Tomkiewicz-Pająk L. Thromboembolic Complications in Adult Patients Following Fontan Procedure-A Multicenter Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103465. [PMID: 37240571 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morbidity and mortality following Fontan (FO) surgery are primarily thromboembolic in nature. However, follow-up data regarding thromboembolic complications (TECs) in adult patients after FO procedure are inconsistent. In this multicenter study, we investigated the incidence of TECs in FO patients. METHODS We studied 91 patients who underwent FO procedure. Clinical data, laboratory, and imaging investigations were collected prospectively during the scheduled medical appointments in 3 Adult Congenital Heart Disease Departments in Poland. TECs were recorded during a median follow-up of 31 months. RESULTS Four patients (4.4%) were lost to follow-up. The mean age of patients was 25.3 (±6.0) years at enrollment, and the mean time between FO operation and investigation was 22.1 (±5.1) years. A total of 21 out of 91 patients (23.1%) had a history of 24 TECs since an FO procedure, mainly pulmonary embolism (PE; n = 12, 13.2%), including 4 (33.3%) silent PE. The mean time since FO operation to the first TEC was 17.8 (±5.1) years. During follow-up, we documented 9 TECs in 7 (8.0%) patients, mainly PE (n = 5, 5.5%). Most patients with TEC had a left type of systemic ventricle (57.1%). Three patients (42.9%) were treated with aspirin, 3 (3.4%) with Vitamin K antagonists or novel oral anticoagulants, and 1 patient had no antithrombotic treatment at the time of TEC occurrence. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were present in 3 patients (42.9%). CONCLUSIONS This prospective study shows that TECs are common in FO patients, and a significant number of these events occur during adolescence and young adulthood. We also indicated how much TECs are underestimated in the growing adult FO population. The complexity of the problem requires more studies, especially to standardize the prevention of TECs in the whole FO population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Skubera
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gołąb
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Research and Innovative Technology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sternalski
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Trojnarska
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plicner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Unit of Experimental Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Smaś-Suska
- Department of Liver Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Mazurek-Kula
- Department of Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Pająk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-025 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Piotr Podolec
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lidia Tomkiewicz-Pająk
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Liver Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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9
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Minaev AV, Gushchin DK, Kovalev DV, Mwela BM. Hemostasis assessment in Fontan patients using the new thrombodynamics test. Egypt Heart J 2023; 75:39. [PMID: 37150775 PMCID: PMC10164663 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-023-00365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboembolic events are a well-known risk for Fontan patients and often lead to morbidity and mortality in cyanotic patients and patients with a single ventricle. Coagulopathy and thrombophilia, in addition to disturbed Fontan blood flow and endothelial injury, are major contributors to thromboembolic complications. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal medication to prevent or treat these events. Identification of coagulation disorders is therefore crucial for selecting appropriate management strategies and evaluating long-term outcomes in these patients. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a 35-year-old male who underwent the Fontan procedure with a total cavopulmonary modification during childhood due to tricuspid atresia. He was admitted with complaints of headaches and visual disturbances, but no clear cardiovascular cause was identified. Standard coagulation test parameters were normal, but the thrombodynamics test indicated severe hypercoagulation and spontaneous clot formation. Anticoagulation therapy was initiated, and a subsequent thrombodynamics assay showed normalization of the coagulation parameters. The patient remained asymptomatic during the six-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS The thrombodynamics test is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of coagulation disorders, as it can assess coagulation parameters and clot growth in vitro. This method can also aid in the optimization of antithrombotic therapy. The presented clinical case highlights the potential use of the thrombodynamics test in Fontan patients to diagnose coagulation disorders and improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Minaev
- Congenital Heart Diseases Department, A.N. Bakoulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry K Gushchin
- Congenital Heart Diseases Department, A.N. Bakoulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kovalev
- Congenital Heart Diseases Department, A.N. Bakoulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bupe M Mwela
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Kamp A, Moore JP, Khairy P. How to Perform Catheter Ablation of Atrial Tachyarrhythmia after the Fontan Operation. Heart Rhythm 2023:S1547-5271(23)00294-1. [PMID: 36963742 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kamp
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jeremy P Moore
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul Khairy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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11
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Polat AB, Ertürk M, Uzunhan O, Karademir N, Öztarhan K. 27 years of experience with the Fontan procedure: characteristics and clinical outcomes of children in a tertiary referral hospital. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 36653817 PMCID: PMC9850550 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fontan operation has improved the survival of children born with congenital heart disease with single ventricle physiology. The most widely adopted variations of the Fontan procedure are the extracardiac conduit, the lateral tunnel ve the intra/extracardiac conduit with fenestration. Despite advances in the treatment and prevention of early and late complications that may develop after Fontan surgery, morbidity still remains an important problem. METHODS 304 patients who underwent Fontan surgery in our center between 1995 and 2022 were included in our study. The complications that developed in patients who underwent primary Fontan or lateral tunnel surgery and extracardiac conduit Fontan application were compared. RESULTS Classic Fontan surgery and lateral tunnel surgery were performed in 26 of the patients, and extracardiac Fontan surgery was performed in 278 patients. 218 of 304 cases were patients with single ventricular pathology. 86 cases were patients with two ventricular morphologies but complex cardiac pathology. Fenestration was performed in only 6 patients, other patients did not require fenestration. The mean follow-up period of our patients was 12 years (3 months-27 years). When the complications between Fontan procedures were compared in our study, it was found that the length of hospital stay and mortality were statistically significantly reduced in patients who underwent extracardiac Fontan surgery. There was no significant difference in terms of complications that can be seen after Fontan surgery and the length of stay in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSION Fontan complex is a palliative surgery for children with complex heart disease. Palliative surgical operations aimed at the preparation of the Fontan circulation lead to the preparation of the pulmonary vascular bed and the preservation of ventricular function. The techniques applied in Fontan surgery affect the early and long-term complications and the survival of the patients. In our study, when we examined the patients who extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure for the non-cardiac route, we found that mortality and morbidity were minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bülent Polat
- grid.414934.f0000 0004 0644 9503Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Florence Nightingale Hospital, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, İzzetpaşa Mah, Abide-I Hürriyet Cad, No:166, Sisli, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Ertürk
- grid.414934.f0000 0004 0644 9503Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Florence Nightingale Hospital, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, İzzetpaşa Mah, Abide-I Hürriyet Cad, No:166, Sisli, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozan Uzunhan
- grid.414934.f0000 0004 0644 9503Department of Newborn, Florence Nightingale Hospital, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, İzzetpaşa Mah, Abide-I Hürriyet Cad, No:166, Sisli, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Karademir
- grid.414934.f0000 0004 0644 9503Florence Nightingale Hospital, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, İzzetpaşa Mah, Abide-I Hürriyet Cad, No:166, Sisli, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazım Öztarhan
- grid.414934.f0000 0004 0644 9503Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Florence Nightingale Hospital, T.C. Demiroglu Bilim University, İzzetpaşa Mah, Abide-I Hürriyet Cad, No:166, Sisli, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Basmaji S, Samuel M, Shohoudi A, Hamilton RM, Aboulhosn J, Broberg CS, Chaix MA, Cohen S, Cook S, Dore A, Fernandes SM, Fortier A, Fournier A, Guertin MC, Kay J, Mondésert B, Mongeon FP, Opotowsky AR, Proietti A, Ting J, Zaidi A, Khairy P. Time in Therapeutic Range With Vitamin K Antagonists in Congenital Heart Disease: A Multicentre Study. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1751-1758. [PMID: 35964887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are frequently prescribed to patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) for atrial arrhythmias or Fontan palliation, but there is a paucity of data regarding time spent in the therapeutic range (TTR). We sought to determine the TTR in patients with CHD and atrial arrhythmias or Fontan palliation prescribed VKAs and explore associations with thromboembolic and bleeding events. METHODS A multicentre North American cohort study was conducted on patients with CHD who received VKAs for sustained atrial arrhythmia or Fontan palliation. TTR was calculated using the Rosendaal linear interpolation method. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore factors associated with time outside the therapeutic range. RESULTS A total of 567 patients, aged 33 ± 17 years, 56% female, received VKAs for 11.5 ± 8.4 years for atrial arrhythmias (63.0%) or Fontan palliation (58.0%). CHD was simple, moderate, and complex in 10.8%, 20.3%, and 69.0%, respectively. Site investigators perceived good control over international normalized ratio (INR) levels in most patients (75.3%), with no or minor compliance or adherence issues (85.6%). The mean TTR was 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.0%-44.8%). Forty-seven (8.3%) and 34 (6.0%) patients had thromboembolic and bleeding events, respectively. Thromboembolic events were associated with a higher proportion of time below the therapeutic range (31.3% vs 19.1%, P = 0.003) and bleeding complications with a higher proportion of time above the therapeutic range (32.5% vs 19.5%, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CHD who receive VKAs spend < 42% of their time with INR levels in the therapeutic range, with repercussions regarding thromboembolic and bleeding complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Basmaji
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michelle Samuel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Azadeh Shohoudi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert M Hamilton
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Marie-A Chaix
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Scott Cohen
- The Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart (WAtCH) Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen Cook
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annie Dore
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Annik Fortier
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Fournier
- Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Kay
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Blandine Mondésert
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Alexander R Opotowsky
- Boston Adult Congenital Heart Service, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Proietti
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ting
- Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Zaidi
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Khairy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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13
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Ohuchi H, Kawata M, Uemura H, Akagi T, Yao A, Senzaki H, Kasahara S, Ichikawa H, Motoki H, Syoda M, Sugiyama H, Tsutsui H, Inai K, Suzuki T, Sakamoto K, Tatebe S, Ishizu T, Shiina Y, Tateno S, Miyazaki A, Toh N, Sakamoto I, Izumi C, Mizuno Y, Kato A, Sagawa K, Ochiai R, Ichida F, Kimura T, Matsuda H, Niwa K. JCS 2022 Guideline on Management and Re-Interventional Therapy in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease Long-Term After Initial Repair. Circ J 2022; 86:1591-1690. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-22-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohuchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masaaki Kawata
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery, Jichi Children’s Medical Center Tochigi
| | - Hideki Uemura
- Congenital Heart Disease Center, Nara Medical University
| | - Teiji Akagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Atsushi Yao
- Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo
| | - Hideaki Senzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Shingo Kasahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hajime Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Hirohiko Motoki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Morio Syoda
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Hisashi Sugiyama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kei Inai
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Saitama Medical University
| | | | - Syunsuke Tatebe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoko Ishizu
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yumi Shiina
- Cardiovascular Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital
| | - Shigeru Tateno
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba Kaihin Municipal Hospital
| | - Aya Miyazaki
- Division of Congenital Heart Disease, Department of Transition Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital
| | - Norihisa Toh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ichiro Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Chisato Izumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Yoshiko Mizuno
- Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo University of Information Sciences
| | - Atsuko Kato
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Koichi Sagawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Fukuoka Children’s Hospital
| | - Ryota Ochiai
- Department of Adult Nursing, Yokohama City University
| | - Fukiko Ichida
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Koichiro Niwa
- Department of Cardiology, St. Luke’s International Hospital
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14
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Wichert-Schmitt B, D'Souza R, Silversides CK. Reproductive Issues in Patients With the Fontan Operation. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:921-929. [PMID: 35490924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with the Fontan operation have a unique circulation, with a limited ability to increase cardiac output, and high central venous pressure. They may have diastolic and/or systolic ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, thromboembolic complications, or multiorgan dysfunction. All of these factors contribute to reproductive issues, including menstrual irregularities, infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and complications during pregnancy. Although atrial arrhythmias are the most common cardiac complications during pregnancy, patients can develop heart failure and thromboembolic events. Obstetric bleeding, including postpartum hemorrhage, is common. In addition to maternal complications, adverse fetal and neonatal events, such as prematurity and low birthweight, are very common. Counselling about these reproductive issues should begin early. For those who become pregnant, care should be provided by a multidisciplinary cardio-obstetric team familiar with the specific issues and needs of the Fontan population. In this review, we discuss infertility, contraception, and pregnancy in patients with the Fontan operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wichert-Schmitt
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, Kepler University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
| | - Rohan D'Souza
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Candice K Silversides
- Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, Pregnancy and Heart Disease Program, Mount Sinai and Toronto General Hospitals, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Heidendael JF, Engele LJ, Bouma BJ, Dipchand AI, Thorne SA, McCrindle BW, Mulder BJM. Coagulation and Anticoagulation in Fontan Patients. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1024-1035. [PMID: 35122939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with a Fontan circulation for single-ventricle physiology are at increased risk of developing thromboembolic events. Thromboembolic events can lead to failure of the Fontan circulation, chronic sequelae in case of stroke, and early mortality. Controversies exist regarding the substrates, risk factors, and optimal detection methods for thromboembolic events. Despite the major clinical implications, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal antithrombotic therapy to prevent or treat thromboembolic events after the Fontan procedure. In this review we aimed to untangle the available literature regarding antithrombotic prophylaxis and treatment for pediatric and adult Fontan patients. A decision-tree algorithm for thromboprophylaxis in Fontan patients is proposed. Additionally, the current state of knowledge is reviewed with respect to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and detection of thromboembolic events in Fontan patients, and important evidence gaps are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Heidendael
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo J Engele
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berto J Bouma
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne I Dipchand
- Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara A Thorne
- Department of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara J M Mulder
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Blissett S, Kheiwa A, Mahadevan VS. Extracardiac manifestations of the Fontan circulation in adults: Beyond the liver. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcchd.2022.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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17
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Kamp AN, Nair K, Fish FA, Khairy P. Catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients post-Fontan. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1036-1047. [PMID: 35240252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial arrhythmias are highly prevalent in the aging Fontan population and contribute importantly to morbidity and mortality. Although the most common arrhythmia is scar-based intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia, various other arrhythmias may occur including focal atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular node-dependent tachycardias, and atrial fibrillation. The type and prevalence of atrial arrhythmia is determined, in part, by the underlying congenital defect and variant of Fontan surgery. While the cumulative incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmias has decreased substantially from the atriopulmonary anastomosis to the more recent total cavopulmonary connection Fontan, the burden of atrial arrhythmias remains substantial. Management is often multi-faceted and can include anticoagulation, anti-arrhythmic drug therapy, pacing, and cardioversion. Catheter ablation plays a key role in arrhythmia control. Risks and benefits must be carefully weighed. Among the important considerations are the clinical burden of arrhythmia, ventricular function, hemodynamic stability in tachycardia, suspected arrhythmia mechanisms, risks associated with anaesthesia, venous access, approaches to reaching the pulmonary venous atrium, and accompanying co-morbidities. Careful review of surgical notes, electrocardiographic tracings, and advanced imaging is paramount, with particular attention to anatomic abnormalities such as venous obstructions and displaced conduction systems. Despite numerous challenges, ablation of atrial arrhythmias is effective in improving clinical status. Nevertheless, onset of new arrhythmias is common during long-term follow-up. Advanced technologies such as high-density mapping catheters and remote magnetic guided ablation carry the potential to further improve outcomes. Fontan patients with atrial arrhythmias should be referred to centers with dedicated expertise in congenital heart disease including catheter ablation, anaesthesia support, and advanced imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Kamp
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Nair
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frank A Fish
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; and
| | - Paul Khairy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Selvanathan T, Smith JM, Miller SP, Field TS. Neurodevelopment and cognition across the lifespan in patients with single ventricle physiology: Abnormal brain maturation and accumulation of brain injuries. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:977-987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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19
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Van Den Helm S, Sparks CN, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Attard C. Increased Risk for Thromboembolism After Fontan Surgery: Considerations for Thromboprophylaxis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:803408. [PMID: 35419321 PMCID: PMC8996130 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.803408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fontan circulation introduces an increased risk of thromboembolism which is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. Adverse outcomes of thromboembolic complications post-Fontan surgery vary in both nature and severity, ranging from local tissue infarction and pulmonary embolism to Fontan failure and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, recent studies have identified that subclinical stroke is common yet underdiagnosed in Fontan patients. Fontan patients are commonly treated with antiplatelet agents and/or anticoagulants as primary thromboprophylaxis. Optimal thromboprophylaxis management in the Fontan population is still unclear, and clinical consensus remains elusive despite the growing literature on the subject. This perspective will describe the nature of thromboembolism post-Fontan surgery and provide evidence for the use of both current and emerging thromboprophylaxis options for children and adults living with Fontan circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelyn Van Den Helm
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Noel Sparks
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chantal Attard
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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La Rosée K, Klingenheben T. Orale Antikoagulation bei Erwachsenen mit angeborenen Herzfehlern. AKTUELLE KARDIOLOGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1547-3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungPatienten mit angeborenen Herzfehlern weisen ein erhöhtes Risiko für das Auftreten
thrombembolischer Ereignisse auf. Je nach zugrunde liegender Anatomie/operativer Korrektur ist
dieses Risiko jedoch individuell sehr unterschiedlich und lässt sich weder hinsichtlich
Embolierisiko noch hinsichtlich Blutungsrisiko durch die gängigen Risikoscores (z. B.
CHA2DS2-VASc oder HAS-BLED) verlässlich abbilden. Neben der Frage der
Indikationsstellung zur oralen Antikoagulation ist die Frage nach der Möglichkeit des
Einsatzes neuer oraler Antikoagulanzien (NOAK) anstelle der Standardtherapie mit
Vitamin-K-Antagonisten (VKA) eine immer drängendere, sofern kein mechanischer Klappenersatz
und keine schwergradige Mitralstenose vorliegt. Bei atrialen Arrhythmien/Vorhofflimmern können
nach momentaner Datenlage Patienten mit als „leicht“ klassifizierbaren Vitien mit NOAK
behandelt werden, während Patienten mit mittelgradigen oder schweren/komplexen Herzfehlern
eher mit VKA behandelt werden sollten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl La Rosée
- Kardiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Bonn, Deutschland
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21
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Girnius A, Zentner D, Valente AM, Pieper PG, Economy KE, Ladouceur M, Roos-Hesselink JW, Warshak C, Partington SL, Gao Z, Ollberding N, Faust M, Girnius S, Kaemmerer H, Nagdyman N, Cohen S, Canobbio M, Akagi T, Grewal J, Bradley E, Buber Y, Palumbo J, Walker N, Aboulhosn J, Oechslin E, Baumgartner H, Kurdi W, Book WM, Mulder BJM, Veldtman GR. Bleeding and thrombotic risk in pregnant women with Fontan physiology. Heart 2021; 107:1390-1397. [PMID: 33234672 PMCID: PMC10367127 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pregnancy may potentiate the inherent hypercoagulability of the Fontan circulation, thereby amplifying adverse events. This study sought to evaluate thrombosis and bleeding risk in pregnant women with a Fontan. METHODS We performed a retrospective observational cohort study across 13 international centres and recorded data on thrombotic and bleeding events, antithrombotic therapies and pre-pregnancy thrombotic risk factors. RESULTS We analysed 84 women with Fontan physiology undergoing 108 pregnancies, average gestation 33±5 weeks. The most common antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy was aspirin (ASA, 47 pregnancies (43.5%)). Heparin (unfractionated (UFH) or low molecular weight (LMWH)) was prescribed in 32 pregnancies (30%) and vitamin K antagonist (VKA) in 10 pregnancies (9%). Three pregnancies were complicated by thrombotic events (2.8%). Thirty-eight pregnancies (35%) were complicated by bleeding, of which 5 (13%) were severe. Most bleeds were obstetric, occurring antepartum (45%) and postpartum (42%). The use of therapeutic heparin (OR 15.6, 95% CI 1.88 to 129, p=0.006), VKA (OR 11.7, 95% CI 1.06 to 130, p=0.032) or any combination of anticoagulation medication (OR 13.0, 95% CI 1.13 to 150, p=0.032) were significantly associated with bleeding events, while ASA (OR 5.41, 95% CI 0.73 to 40.4, p=0.067) and prophylactic heparin were not (OR 4.68, 95% CI 0.488 to 44.9, p=0.096). CONCLUSIONS Current antithrombotic strategies appear effective at attenuating thrombotic risk in pregnant women with a Fontan. However, this comes with high (>30%) bleeding risk, of which 13% are life threatening. Achieving haemostatic balance is challenging in pregnant women with a Fontan, necessitating individualised risk-adjusted counselling and therapeutic approaches that are monitored during the course of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Girnius
- Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dominica Zentner
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Genomic Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne Marie Valente
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petronella G Pieper
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine E Economy
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Maternal Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magalie Ladouceur
- Cardiology, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Pediatric Cardiology, Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Carri Warshak
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara L Partington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhiqian Gao
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Ollberding
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle Faust
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Saulius Girnius
- Department of Hematology, Trihealth Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Cohen
- Department of Cardiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary Canobbio
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Teiji Akagi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jasmine Grewal
- Cardiology, The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elisa Bradley
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease, The Ohio State University & Nationwide Children's Hospital, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yonathan Buber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph Palumbo
- Haematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jamil Aboulhosn
- Ahmanson/UCLA ACHD Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erwin Oechslin
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Heatlh Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Bitove Family Professorship of Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helmut Baumgartner
- Department of Cardiology III: Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wesam Kurdi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wendy M Book
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Gruschen R Veldtman
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Schwarz EL, Kelly JM, Blum KM, Hor KN, Yates AR, Zbinden JC, Verma A, Lindsey SE, Ramachandra AB, Szafron JM, Humphrey JD, Shin'oka T, Marsden AL, Breuer CK. Hemodynamic performance of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in Fontan patients. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:38. [PMID: 34294733 PMCID: PMC8298568 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of congenital heart surgery, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to traditionally used synthetic grafts. Our group has pioneered the use of TEVGs as a conduit between the inferior vena cava and the pulmonary arteries in the Fontan operation. The natural history of graft remodeling and its effect on hemodynamic performance has not been well characterized. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of the first U.S. clinical trial evaluating TEVGs in the treatment of congenital heart disease. We show two distinct phases of graft remodeling: an early phase distinguished by rapid changes in graft geometry and a second phase of sustained growth and decreased graft stiffness. Using clinically informed and patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we demonstrate how changes to TEVG geometry, thickness, and stiffness affect patient hemodynamics. We show that metrics of patient hemodynamics remain within normal ranges despite clinically observed levels of graft narrowing. These insights strengthen the continued clinical evaluation of this technology while supporting recent indications that reversible graft narrowing can be well tolerated, thus suggesting caution before intervening clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Schwarz
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - John M Kelly
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin M Blum
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kan N Hor
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew R Yates
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob C Zbinden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aekaansh Verma
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Lindsey
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason M Szafron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Toshiharu Shin'oka
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Marsden
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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A unique case of embolic myocardial infarction in a 22-year-old woman with Fontan circulation. COR ET VASA 2021. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2020.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Schafstedde M, Nordmeyer S, Schleiger A, Nordmeyer J, Berger F, Kramer P, Ovroutski S. Persisting and reoccurring cyanosis after Fontan operation is associated with increased late mortality. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 61:54-61. [PMID: 34195822 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Fontan operation aims at reducing cyanosis and cardiac volume overload in patients with complex univentricular heart malformations. However, persisting or reoccurring cyanosis is frequently observed. We sought to systematically determine the prevalence and clinical consequences of persisting and secondary cyanosis after Fontan operation. METHODS A total of 331 Fontan patients, operated between 1984 and 2016 with a median postoperative follow-up of 7.9 (interquartile range 2.6-15.8) years, were studied retrospectively. Cyanosis was defined as transcutaneous oxygen saturation ≤93% at rest measured by pulse oximetry. Prevalence of cyanosis was analysed at 3 different time points (t1 = post-Fontan operation, t2 = post-Fontan cardiac catheterization, t3 = last follow-up) and the association of cyanosis with mortality was examined. RESULTS Prevalence of cyanosis was 50% at t1 and 39% at t3. Fenestration was patent in 71% and 33% of all cyanotic patients at t1 and t3, respectively. In patients with clinical indication for catheterization (t2; n = 178/331), prevalence of cyanosis was 72%. At t2, patent fenestration (33%), veno-venous collaterals (24%) or both (32%) were present. Thirty-six (11%) patients died during follow-up. In a time-varying multivariable Cox regression analysis, cyanosis was the strongest predictor for late mortality (P < 0.001, hazard ratio 12.2, 95% confidence interval 3.7-40.5). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of cyanosis was considerable during long-term follow-up after Fontan operation and-as a surrogate parameter for unfavourable Fontan haemodynamics-is associated with increased late mortality. Accordingly, particular attention should be directed towards the persistence or reoccurrence of cyanosis during follow-up since it may indicate haemodynamic attrition and development of Fontan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schafstedde
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Computer-Assisted Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Nordmeyer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Computer-Assisted Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Schleiger
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Nordmeyer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany.,Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kramer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stanislav Ovroutski
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Abdelghani E, Cua CL, Giver J, Rodriguez V. Thrombosis Prevention and Anticoagulation Management in the Pediatric Patient with Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiol Ther 2021; 10:325-348. [PMID: 34184214 PMCID: PMC8555036 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-021-00228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is one of the most frequent complications affecting children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Palliative and reparative cardiac surgeries are some of the main players contributing to the thrombosis risk in this patient population. Additional risk factors related to the CHD itself (e.g., cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and polycythemia in cyanotic cardiac disorders) can contribute to thrombogenicity alone or combined with other factors. Thrombotic complications have been recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and risk factors for thrombosis as well as the indications for and use of different anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and thrombolytic agents. In addition, we describe some of most common thrombotic complications and their management in the pediatric CHD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdelghani
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Clifford L Cua
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jean Giver
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vilmarie Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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26
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Assaad IE, Pastor T, O'Leary E, Gauvreau K, Rathod RH, Gurvitz M, Wu F, Fynn-Thompson F, DeWitt ES, Mah DY. Atrial pacing in Fontan patients: The effect of transvenous lead on clot burden. Heart Rhythm 2021; 18:1860-1867. [PMID: 34182172 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.06.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transvenous permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation is an available option for Fontan patients with sinus node dysfunction. However, the thrombogenic potential of leads within the Fontan baffle is unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the clot burden in Fontan patients with a transvenous atrial PPM to those without a PPM and those with an epicardial PPM. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of all transvenous PPM implantations in Fontan patients followed at our institution (2000-2018). We performed frequency matching on Fontan type and age group. Primary outcome was identification of intracardiac clot, pulmonary embolus, or embolic stroke. RESULTS Of 1920 Fontan patients, 58 patients (median age 23 years; interquartile range [25th-75th percentiles] 14-33) at the time of transvenous PPM implantation and 174 matched subjects formed our cohort. The type of Fontan performed in case subjects was right atrium-pulmonary artery or right atrium-right ventricle conduit (54%), lateral tunnel (43%), and extracardiac (3%). The cumulative incidence of clot was highest in patients with transvenous PPM, followed by patients with epicardial PPM and no PPM (1.2 vs 0.87 vs 0.67 per 100 person-years of follow-up, respectively). In multivariable analysis, anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet therapy were protective against clot and resulted in reduction of clot risk by 3-fold (incidence rate ratio 0.33; 95% confidence interval 0.21-0.53; P <.001). CONCLUSION In a large cohort of Fontan patients matched for age and Fontan type, patients with transvenous PPM had a higher but not statistically significant incidence of clot compared to those with no PPM and epicardial PPM. Patients treated with warfarin/aspirin had lower clot risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal El Assaad
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tony Pastor
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward O'Leary
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rahul H Rathod
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Gurvitz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fred Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francis Fynn-Thompson
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth S DeWitt
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas Y Mah
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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27
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Villa CR, Lorts A, Morales DLS. Ventricular Assist Device Therapy in the Fontan Circulation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2021; 24:19-25. [PMID: 34116777 DOI: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of Fontan patients with circulatory failure and systolic dysfunction is growing rapidly. The last decade has demonstrated that ventricular assist device (VAD) is an effective therapy in properly selected patients. Herein, we discuss the current approach to patient selection, implantation, and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet R Villa
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Angela Lorts
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David L S Morales
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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28
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Egbe AC, Miranda WR, Devara J, Shaik L, Iftikhar M, Goda Sakr A, John A, Cedars A, Rodriguez F, Moore JP, Russell M, Grewal J, Ginde S, Lubert AM, Connolly HM. Recurrent sustained atrial arrhythmias and thromboembolism in Fontan patients with total cavopulmonary connection. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 33:100754. [PMID: 33786365 PMCID: PMC7988316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is associated with a lower risk of incident atrial arrhythmias as compared to atriopulmonary Fontan, but the risk of recurrent atrial arrhythmias is unknown in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for recurrent atrial arrhythmias and thromboembolic complications in patients with TCPC. Methods This is a retrospective multicenter study conducted by the Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital Cardiology (AARCC), 2000-2018. The inclusion criteria were TCPC patients (age > 15 years) with prior history of atrial arrhythmia. Results A total of 103 patients (age 26 ± 7 years; male 58 [56%]) met inclusion criteria. The mean age at initial arrhythmia diagnosis was 13 ± 5 years, and atrial arrhythmias were classified as atrial flutter/tachycardia in 85 (83%) and atrial fibrillation in 18 (17%). The median duration of follow-up from the first episode of atrial arrhythmia was 14.9 (12.1-17.3) years, and during this period 64 (62%) patients had recurrent atrial arrhythmias (atrial flutter/tachycardia 51 [80%] and atrial fibrillation 13 [20%]) with annual incidence of 4.4%. Older age was a risk factor for arrhythmia recurrence while the use of a class III anti-arrhythmic drug was associated with a lower risk of recurrent arrhythmias. The incidence of thromboembolic complication was 0.6% per year, and the cumulative incidence was 4% and 7% at 5 and 10 years respectively from the time of first atrial arrhythmia diagnosis. There were no identifiable risk factors for thromboembolic complications in this cohort. Conclusions Although TCPC provides superior flow dynamics and lower risk of incident atrial arrhythmias, there is a significant risk of recurrent arrhythmias among TCPC patients with a prior history of atrial arrhythmias. These patients may require more intensive arrhythmia surveillance as compared to other TCPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Egbe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William R Miranda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Janaki Devara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Likhita Shaik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Momina Iftikhar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ahmed Goda Sakr
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Anitha John
- Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, United States
| | - Ari Cedars
- University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Fred Rodriguez
- Emory University Hospital and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy P Moore
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Russell
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jasmine Grewal
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, United States
| | - Salil Ginde
- Children's Hospital Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Heidi M Connolly
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
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29
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Kato A, Sato J, Yoshii K, Yoshida S, Nishikawa H, Ohashi N, Sakurai T, Sakurai H, Hata T, Yoshikawa T. The mid-term outcome of Fontan conversion compared with primary total cavopulmonary connection. J Cardiol 2021; 78:213-218. [PMID: 33648806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indication of Fontan conversion (FC) from atriopulmonary connection (APC) to total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is unclear. We sought to analyze the mid-term outcome of prophylactic and therapeutic Fontan conversion compared with that of primary TCPC. METHODS Patients with a univentricular heart who underwent cardiac catheterization at >18 years of age between July 2005 and July 2019 were included and divided into three groups: symptomatic APC patients who underwent therapeutic FC (t-FC, n = 13), asymptomatic APC patients after prophylactic FC (p-FC, n = 15), and patients who had primary TCPC procedure (pTCPC, n = 24). RESULTS The mean last follow up was at the age of 32.0 ± 7.8, 26.8 ± 3.8, and 27.3 ± 7 years (p = 0.07) in t-FC, p-FC, and pTCPC, respectively. There was no late death. All of t-FC and 12 (80%) of p-FC cases underwent concomitant arrhythmic surgery. Consequently, five and four patients in t-FC and p-FC groups required pacemaker implantations mostly due to sinus node dysfunction. Thromboembolism was seen in 2 cases in both t-FC (15%) and p-FC (13%), and 1 case in pTCPC (4%) (p = 0.50). The last cardiac catheterization was performed at the age of 29.5 ± 8.5, 24.6 ± 3.8, and 26.3 ± 7.1 years (p = 0.11) in t-FC, p-FC, and pTCPC patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in central venous pressure, aortic pressure, and cardiac index among the three groups. There was no late supraventricular tachyarrhythmic event seen in t-FC and p-FC, whereas two patients in pTCPC had newly developed atrial flutter. CONCLUSIONS FC is a safe and feasible procedure to bring APC patients back onto the same track of primary TCPC patients in terms of hemodynamics as well as arrhythmia. The antiarrhythmic procedure should be carefully chosen because sinus node dysfunction can frequently occur and FC itself would reduce the risk of arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kato
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - Jun Sato
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yoshii
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishikawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohashi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hata
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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30
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Daley M, d'Udekem Y. The optimal Fontan operation: Lateral tunnel or extracardiac conduit? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 162:1825-1834. [PMID: 33581907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daley
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yves d'Udekem
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.
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31
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Guruchandrasekar SH, Dakin H, Kadochi M, Bhatia A, Bardales L, Johnston M, Piggott KD. Pre-Fontan Cardiac Catheterization Data as a Predictor of Prolonged Hospital Stay and Post-Discharge Adverse Outcomes Following the Fontan Procedure: A Single-Center Study. Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:1697-1703. [PMID: 32734530 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes following modifications to the Fontan technique, significant morbidity and mortality persist. We sought to determine if abnormal pre-Fontan catheterization hemodynamic data will predict postoperative prolonged hospital stay (PHLOS) and adverse post-discharge outcomes. This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent the Fontan procedure at Children's Hospital of New Orleans from 2008 to 2018. PHLOS was defined as ≥ 14 and ≥ 21 days to discharge post Fontan. We defined post-discharge adverse outcomes as thromboembolic phenomena requiring anticoagulation therapy, protein-losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis, transplantation, persistent chylous effusion requiring fenestration creation, or death. Statistical analysis was performed using student t test, Chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 22. Ninety-seven patients underwent extracardiac Fontan. Forty-one patients (42.3%) experienced hospitalization ≥ 14 days, 31 patients (32%) experienced hospitalization ≥ 21 days, and 14 patients (14.4%) experienced adverse post-discharge outcome. Elevated end-diastolic pressure (EDP) ≥ 10 mmHg (p = 0.005, OR 4.2, CI 1.5-11.4) was independently associated with ≥ 14 days of hospitalization, while a CI < 4 L/minute/meters2 combined with one abnormal catheterization variable was associated with PHLOS and post-discharge adverse outcomes (p = 0.03, OR 2.8, CI 1.1-7.3 and p = 0.043, OR 6.42, OR 1.1-38.9, respectively). The absence of fenestration was also associated with post-discharge adverse outcomes (p = 0.007, OR 5.8, CI1.6-20.7). Elevated EDP may be associated with PHLOS, while CI < 4 L/minute/meters2 combined with abnormal catheterization hemodynamics may be associated with PHLOS and adverse post-discharge outcomes, while absence of fenestration may be associated with post-discharge adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchitha H Guruchandrasekar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Hannah Dakin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Musunkumuki Kadochi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Ajay Bhatia
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Lynn Bardales
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Marla Johnston
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Kurt D Piggott
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA.
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32
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Kelly JM, Mirhaidari GJM, Chang YC, Shinoka T, Breuer CK, Yates AR, Hor KN. Evaluating the Longevity of the Fontan Pathway. Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:1539-1547. [PMID: 33161457 PMCID: PMC10017017 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children born with single ventricle physiology who undergo Fontan palliation face a diverse set of long-term complications. However, patient follow-up has in large part been limited to single institutional experiences without uniform application of diagnostic modalities to screen for relevant outcomes. Additionally, the use of different graft materials and variable surgical technique as part of the Fontan procedure has further complicated the evaluation of single ventricle patients. The purpose of this review is to define the changes in the Fontan pathway specific to the graft material used and its relationship to patient outcomes. As a means of introduction, we briefly review the historical evolution of the Fontan procedure with a focus on the intent behind design changes and incorporation of different biomaterials. We further delineate changes to the Fontan pathway which include the development of stenosis, differential growth, thrombosis, and calcification. Ultimately, the recognition of the changes noted within the Fontan pathway need to be assessed relative to their impact on patient hemodynamics, functional capacity, and Fontan-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Kelly
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gabriel J M Mirhaidari
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Chang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew R Yates
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kan N Hor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Thrombosis and thromboprophylactic strategies in the adult with Fontan circulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcchd.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Arrhythmia management in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) encompasses a wide range of problems from bradyarrhythmia to tachyarrhythmia, sudden death, and heart failure-related electrical dyssynchrony. Major advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatments of these problems over the past decade have resulted in improved therapeutic strategies and outcomes. This article attempts to define these problems and review contemporary management for the patient with ACHD presenting with cardiac arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Moore
- Ahmanson-UCLA/Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Khairy
- Electrophysiology Service and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center; Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, 5000 Bélanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
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Abstract
Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a complex congenital heart disease that presents with cyanosis in the neonatal period. It is invariably fatal if left untreated and requires multiple stages of palliation. Early recognition and timely surgical intervention are therefore pivotal in the management of these infants. This literature review considers the pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and classification of TA. Moreover, it discusses the evidence upon which the latest medical and surgical treatments are based, as well as numerous recent case reports. Further work is needed to elucidate the etiology of TA, clarify the role of pharmacotherapy, and optimize the surgical management that these patients receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop S Sumal
- School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Kyriacou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed M H A M Mostafa
- School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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36
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Chugh R. The Fontan Thromboprophylaxis Dilemma: To Give, or What Not to Give. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 74:1082-1085. [PMID: 31439218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reema Chugh
- Department of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Panorama City (Los Angeles), California.
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37
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Laflamme E, Roche SL. Fontan Circuit Thrombus in Adults: Often Silent, Rarely Innocent. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35:1631-1634. [PMID: 31813499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Laflamme
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Lucy Roche
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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