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Curtis B, VanAken G, Al-Sadawi M, Emami H, Lynch WR, Deshmukh A, Ghannam M, Latchamsetty R, Bogun F, Liang JJ. Safety and outcomes of surgical cardiac sympathetic denervation when used as salvage therapy among high-risk patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2024:10.1007/s10840-024-01874-z. [PMID: 39007967 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-024-01874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Curtis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriella VanAken
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Sadawi
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1425 E. Ann St., Floor 3 Reception C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hamid Emami
- Stamford Health Medical Group Electrophysiology, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - William R Lynch
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amrish Deshmukh
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1425 E. Ann St., Floor 3 Reception C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Ghannam
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1425 E. Ann St., Floor 3 Reception C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rakesh Latchamsetty
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1425 E. Ann St., Floor 3 Reception C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Frank Bogun
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1425 E. Ann St., Floor 3 Reception C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jackson J Liang
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1425 E. Ann St., Floor 3 Reception C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Liulu X, Balaji P, Barber J, De Silva K, Murray T, Hickey A, Campbell T, Harris J, Gee H, Ahern V, Kumar S, Hau E, Qian PC. Radiation therapy for ventricular arrhythmias. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38698577 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) can be life-threatening arrhythmias that result in significant morbidity and mortality. Catheter ablation (CA) is an invasive treatment modality that can be effective in the treatment of VA where medications fail. Recurrence occurs commonly following CA due to an inability to deliver lesions of adequate depth to cauterise the electrical circuits that drive VA or reach areas of scar responsible for VA. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is a non-invasive treatment modality that allows volumetric delivery of energy to treat circuits that cannot be reached by CA. It overcomes the weaknesses of CA and has been successfully utilised in small clinical trials to treat refractory VA. This article summarises the current evidence for this novel treatment modality and the steps that will be required to bring it to the forefront of VA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhou Liulu
- Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Poornima Balaji
- Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Barber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kasun De Silva
- Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiarne Murray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Hickey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Campbell
- Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jill Harris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harriet Gee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Verity Ahern
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Blacktown Hematology and Cancer Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre C Qian
- Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Park SJ, Lee DH, Lee Y, Jung H, Cho Y. Bilateral Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation as a Safe Therapeutic Option for Ventricular Arrhythmias. J Chest Surg 2023; 56:414-419. [PMID: 37574881 PMCID: PMC10625969 DOI: 10.5090/jcs.23.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in patients who have already undergone treatment with antiarrhythmic medication, catheter ablation, and the insertion of implantable cardioverter defibrillators is not uncommon. Recent studies have shown that bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation (BCSD) effectively treats VAs. However, only a limited number of studies have confirmed the safety of BCSD as a viable therapeutic option for VAs. Methods This single-center study included 10 patients, who had a median age of 54 years (interquartile range [IQR], 45-65 years) and a median ejection fraction of 58.5% (IQR, 56.2%-60.8%), with VAs who underwent video-assisted BCSD. BCSD was executed as a single-stage surgery for 8 patients, while the remaining 2 patients initially underwent left cardiac sympathetic denervation followed by right cardiac sympathetic denervation. We evaluated postoperative complications, the duration of hospital stays, and VA-related symptoms before and after surgery. Results The median hospital stay after surgery was 2 days (IQR, 2-3 days). The median surgical time for BCSD was 113 minutes (IQR, 104-126 minutes). No significant complications occurred during hospitalization or after discharge. During the median follow-up period of 13.5 months (IQR, 10.5-28.0 months) from surgery, no VA-related symptoms were observed in 70% of patients. Conclusion The benefits of a short postoperative hospitalization and negligible complications make BCSD a safe, alternative therapeutic option for patients suffering from refractory VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Deok Heon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngok Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hanna Jung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yongkeun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Chung WH, Lin YN, Wu MY, Chang KC. Sympathetic Modulation in Cardiac Arrhythmias: Where We Stand and Where We Go. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050786. [PMID: 37240956 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuance of autonomic cardiac control has been studied for more than 400 years, yet little is understood. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding, clinical implications, and ongoing studies of cardiac sympathetic modulation and its anti-ventricular arrhythmias' therapeutic potential. Molecular-level studies and clinical studies were reviewed to elucidate the gaps in knowledge and the possible future directions for these strategies to be translated into the clinical setting. Imbalanced sympathoexcitation and parasympathetic withdrawal destabilize cardiac electrophysiology and confer the development of ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, the current strategy for rebalancing the autonomic system includes attenuating sympathoexcitation and increasing vagal tone. Multilevel targets of the cardiac neuraxis exist, and some have emerged as promising antiarrhythmic strategies. These interventions include pharmacological blockade, permanent cardiac sympathetic denervation, temporal cardiac sympathetic denervation, etc. The gold standard approach, however, has not been known. Although neuromodulatory strategies have been shown to be highly effective in several acute animal studies with very promising results, the individual and interspecies variation between human autonomic systems limits the progress in this young field. There is, however, still much room to refine the current neuromodulation therapy to meet the unmet need for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Yen-Nien Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yao Wu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
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Sridharan A, Bradfield JS, Shivkumar K, Ajijola OA. Autonomic nervous system and arrhythmias in structural heart disease. Auton Neurosci 2022; 243:103037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation for the Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2022; 65:813-826. [PMID: 35397706 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-022-01211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autonomic nervous system contributes to the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Though anti-arrhythmic drug therapy and catheter ablation are the mainstay of management of VAs, success may be limited in patients with more refractory arrhythmias. Sympathetic modulation is increasingly recognized as a valuable adjunct tool for managing VAs in patients with structural heart disease and inherited arrhythmias. RESULTS In this review, we explore the role of the sympathetic nervous system and rationale for cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) in VAs and provide a disease-focused review of the utility of CSD for patients both with and without structural heart disease. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that CSD is a reasonable therapeutic option for patients with VA, both with and without structural heart disease. Though not curative, many studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in the burden of VAs for the majority of patients undergoing the procedure. However, in patients with unilateral CSD and subsequent VA recurrence, complete bilateral CSD may provide long-lasting reprieve from VA.
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Hadaya J, Buckley U, Gurel NZ, Chan CA, Swid MA, Bhadra N, Vrabec TL, Hoang JD, Smith C, Shivkumar K, Ardell JL. Scalable and reversible axonal neuromodulation of the sympathetic chain for cardiac control. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H105-H115. [PMID: 34860595 PMCID: PMC8714250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00568.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptation of the sympathetic nervous system contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease and risk for sudden cardiac death, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Axonal modulation therapy (AMT) directed at the paravertebral chain blocks sympathetic efferent outflow to the heart and maybe a promising strategy to mitigate excess disease-associated sympathoexcitation. The present work evaluates AMT, directed at the sympathetic chain, in blocking sympathoexcitation using a porcine model. In anesthetized porcine (n = 14), we applied AMT to the right T1-T2 paravertebral chain and performed electrical stimulation of the distal portion of the right sympathetic chain (RSS). RSS-evoked changes in heart rate, contractility, ventricular activation recovery interval (ARI), and norepinephrine release were examined with and without kilohertz frequency alternating current block (KHFAC). To evaluate efficacy of AMT in the setting of sympathectomy, evaluations were performed in the intact state and repeated after left and bilateral sympathectomy. We found strong correlations between AMT intensity and block of sympathetic stimulation-evoked changes in cardiac electrical and mechanical indices (r = 0.83-0.96, effect size d = 1.9-5.7), as well as evidence of sustainability and memory. AMT significantly reduced RSS-evoked left ventricular interstitial norepinephrine release, as well as coronary sinus norepinephrine levels. Moreover, AMT remained efficacious following removal of the left sympathetic chain, with similar mitigation of evoked cardiac changes and reduction of catecholamine release. With growth of neuromodulation, an on-demand or reactionary system for reversible AMT may have therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease-associated sympathoexcitation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Autonomic imbalance and excess sympathetic activity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and are targets for existing medical therapy. Neuromodulation may allow for control of sympathetic projections to the heart in an on-demand and reversible manner. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that axonal modulation therapy (AMT) blocks sympathoexcitation by defining scalability, sustainability, and memory properties of AMT. Moreover, AMT directly reduces release of myocardial norepinephrine, a mediator of arrhythmias and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hadaya
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,2UCLA Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology
Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Una Buckley
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher A. Chan
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mohammed A. Swid
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Niloy Bhadra
- 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio,4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tina L. Vrabec
- 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio,4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan D. Hoang
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,2UCLA Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology
Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Corey Smith
- 5Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,2UCLA Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology
Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey L. Ardell
- 1Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of
Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,2UCLA Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology
Program, Los Angeles, California
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Kahle AK, Jungen C, Alken FA, Scherschel K, Willems S, Pürerfellner H, Chen S, Eckardt L, Meyer C. Management of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: contemporary armamentarium. Europace 2021; 24:538-551. [PMID: 34967892 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, ∼4 million people die from sudden cardiac death every year caused in more than half of the cases by ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Prevention of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction by implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the most common, even though not curative, therapy to date. Optimized ICD programming should be strived for in order to decrease the incidence of ICD interventions. Catheter ablation reduces the recurrence of ventricular tachycardias (VTs) and is an important adjunct to sole ICD-based treatment or pharmacological antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with ICM, as conclusively demonstrated by seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the last two decades. However, none of the conducted trials was powered to reveal a survival benefit for ablated patients as compared to controls. Whereas thorough consideration of an early approach is necessary following two recent RCTs (PAUSE-SCD, BERLIN VT), catheter ablation is particularly recommended in patients with recurrent VT after ICD therapy. In this context, novel, pathophysiologically driven ablation strategies referring to deep morphological and functional substrate phenotyping based on high-resolution mapping and three-dimensional visualization of scars appear promising. Emerging concepts like sympathetic cardiac denervation as well as radioablation might expand the therapeutical armamentarium especially in patients with therapy-refractory VT. Randomized controlled trials are warranted and on the way to investigate how these translate into improved patient outcome. This review summarizes therapeutic strategies currently available for the prevention of VT recurrences, the optimal timing of applicability, and highlights future perspectives after a PAUSE in BERLIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Kahle
- Division of Cardiology, EVK Düsseldorf, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Kirchfeldstrasse 40, 40217 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Jungen
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Willem Einthoven Center for Cardiac Arrhythmia Research and Management, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fares-Alexander Alken
- Division of Cardiology, EVK Düsseldorf, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Kirchfeldstrasse 40, 40217 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Scherschel
- Division of Cardiology, EVK Düsseldorf, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Kirchfeldstrasse 40, 40217 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Willems
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Asklepios Hospital St. Georg, Lohmühlenstrasse 5, 20099 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Pürerfellner
- Department of Electrophysiology, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Fadingerstraße 1, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Shaojie Chen
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB), Frankfurt Academy For Arrhythmias (FAFA), Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Wilhelm-Epstein Straße 4, 60431 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Department for Cardiology II (Electrophysiology), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- Division of Cardiology, EVK Düsseldorf, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Kirchfeldstrasse 40, 40217 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, cNEP, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
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van Weperen VYH, Vos MA, Ajijola OA. Autonomic modulation of ventricular electrical activity: recent developments and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:659-676. [PMID: 34591191 PMCID: PMC8629778 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to provide a complete overview of the current stance and recent developments in antiarrhythmic neuromodulatory interventions, focusing on lifethreatening vetricular arrhythmias. METHODS Both preclinical studies and clinical studies were assessed to highlight the gaps in knowledge that remain to be answered and the necessary steps required to properly translate these strategies to the clinical setting. RESULTS Cardiac autonomic imbalance, characterized by chronic sympathoexcitation and parasympathetic withdrawal, destabilizes cardiac electrophysiology and promotes ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Therefore, neuromodulatory interventions that target the sympatho-vagal imbalance have emerged as promising antiarrhythmic strategies. These strategies are aimed at different parts of the cardiac neuraxis and directly or indirectly restore cardiac autonomic tone. These interventions include pharmacological blockade of sympathetic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, cardiac sympathetic denervation, thoracic epidural anesthesia, and spinal cord and vagal nerve stimulation. CONCLUSION Neuromodulatory strategies have repeatedly been demonstrated to be highly effective and very promising anti-arrhythmic therapies. Nevertheless, there is still much room to gain in our understanding of neurocardiac physiology, refining the current neuromodulatory strategic options and elucidating the chronic effects of many of these strategic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y H van Weperen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 100 Medical Plaza, Suite 660, Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 100 Medical Plaza, Suite 660, Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA.
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