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Santos AF. Is there a direct link between skin barrier dysfunction and asthma? Allergy 2024; 79:1416-1418. [PMID: 38349007 DOI: 10.1111/all.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Dong S, Li D, Shi D. Skin barrier-inflammatory pathway is a driver of the psoriasis-atopic dermatitis transition. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1335551. [PMID: 38606161 PMCID: PMC11007107 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1335551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
As chronic inflammatory conditions driven by immune dysregulation are influenced by genetics and environment factors, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have traditionally been considered to be distinct diseases characterized by different T cell responses. Psoriasis, associated with type 17 helper T (Th17)-mediated inflammation, presents as well-defined scaly plaques with minimal pruritus. AD, primarily linked to Th2-mediated inflammation, presents with poorly defined erythema, dry skin, and intense itching. However, psoriasis and AD may overlap or transition into one another spontaneously, independent of biological agent usage. Emerging evidence suggests that defects in skin barrier-related molecules interact with the polarization of T cells, which forms a skin barrier-inflammatory loop with them. This loop contributes to the chronicity of the primary disease or the transition between psoriasis and AD. This review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying skin barrier defects in driving the overlap between psoriasis and AD. In this review, the importance of repairing the skin barrier was underscored, and the significance of tailoring biologic treatments based on individual immune status instead of solely adhering to the treatment guidelines for AD or psoriasis was emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitan Dong
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Dermatology/Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
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3
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Wang DM, Ma X, Xu ZA, Ding PJ, Cai WL, Li R, Wang WQ, Liu X, Zhang HM. Qingre Qushi formula suppresses atopic dermatitis via a multi-target mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116923. [PMID: 37487967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Our previous studies have shown that the Qingre Qushi (QRQS) formula can treat atopic dermatitis (AD), and its possible mechanism is related to the regulation of the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway. However, the molecular mechanism of AD is complex, and various AD subtypes respond better to therapies aimed at distinct targets. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the multi-target mechanism of QRQS using experimental and network pharmacology studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Flaky tail (FT) mice were treated with different concentrations of QRQS and cetirizine. The dermatitis score, scratching frequency, and histological evaluation were normatively evaluated. The levels of IgE and IgG1 in serum were tested using ELISAs. Using ELISA and RT-PCR, the expression of associated cytokines was determined. IL-17A-stimulated HaCaT cells were treated with QRQS to assess mRNA and protein expression. To elucidate the mechanism, a network pharmacology analysis based on active components derived from UPLC was conducted. Through molecular docking, we evaluated the binding affinity between the active constituents of QRQS and potential targets. RESULTS Using UPLC, 177 active ingredients in QRQS were identified. Network pharmacology analysis showed that the anti-AD effect of the active ingredients was related to the IL-17 signaling pathway and its related targets. FT mice are characterized by Th17-dominated immune disorders. QRQS ameliorated AD-like symptoms and decreased dermatitis scores and scratching frequencies. After QRQS treatment, IL-17A expression was inhibited and IL-17 pathway-associated cytokines were downregulated. Along with changes in Th17-differentiation, QRQS suppressed the expression of IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α. QRQS also decreased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and COX-2 in HaCaT cells exposed to IL-17A. The anti-AD active doses are 3.86 g/kg/day in vivo and 100 μg/mL in vitro. CONCLUSION QRQS has a multi-target immunoregulatory effect on AD and can improve the Th17-dominated inflammatory response by regulating the IL-17A signaling pathway. Quercetin, genistein, luteolin, and kaempferol are potential active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Ao Xu
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Pei-Jun Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wan-Ling Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rui Li
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wu-Qing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Medical Information & Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Trompette A, Ubags ND. Skin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:194-207. [PMID: 36868478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Our skin has a unique barrier function, which is imperative for the body's protection against external pathogens and environmental insults. Although interacting closely and sharing many similarities with key mucosal barrier sites, such as the gut and the lung, the skin also provides protection for internal tissues and organs and has a distinct lipid and chemical composition. Skin immunity develops over time and is influenced by a multiplicity of different factors, including lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Alterations in early life skin immune and structural development may have long-term consequences for skin health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cutaneous barrier and immune development from early life to adulthood, with an overview of skin physiology and immune responses. We specifically highlight the influence of the skin microenvironment and other host intrinsic, host extrinsic (e.g. skin microbiome), and environmental factors on early life cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trompette
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niki D Ubags
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chong AC, Visitsunthorn K, Ong PY. Genetic/Environmental Contributions and Immune Dysregulation in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:1681-1700. [PMID: 36447957 PMCID: PMC9701514 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s293900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin conditions in humans. AD affects up to 20% of children worldwide and results in morbidity for both patients and their caregivers. The basis of AD is an interplay between genetics and the environment characterized by immune dysregulation. A myriad of mutations that compromise the skin barrier and/or immune function have been linked to AD. Of these, filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations are the most evidenced. Many other mutations have been implicated in isolated studies that are often unreplicated, creating an archive of genes with potential but unconfirmed relevance to AD. Harnessing big data, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may provide a more practical strategy for identifying the genetic signatures of AD. Epigenetics may also play a role. Staphylococcus aureus is the most evidenced microbial contributor to AD. Cutaneous dysbiosis may result in over-colonization by pathogenic strains and aberrant skin immunity and inflammation. Aeroallergens, air pollution, and climate are other key environmental contributors to AD. The right climate and/or commensals may improve AD for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Chong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peck Y Ong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Gao JF, Tang L, Luo F, Zhang YY, Chen L, Ding H, Meng ZD. Nicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice by blocking activation of ROS-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Laundry detergent promotes allergic skin inflammation and esophageal eosinophilia in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268651. [PMID: 35759448 PMCID: PMC9236249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases is on the rise, yet the environmental factors that contribute to this increase are still being elucidated. Laundry detergent (LD) that contains cytotoxic ingredients including microbial enzymes continuously comes into contact with the skin starting in infancy. An impaired skin barrier has been suggested as a route of allergic sensitization. We hypothesized that exposure of skin to LD damages the skin barrier resulting in systemic sensitization to allergens that enter through the impaired skin barrier. Mouse skin samples exposed in vitro to microbial proteases or LD exhibited physical damage, which was more pronounced in neonatal skin as compared to adult skin. Exposure of the skin to microbial proteases in vitro resulted in an increase in the levels of interleukin (IL)-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). BALB/c wild type mice epicutaneously exposed to LD and ovalbumin (OVA) showed an increase in levels of transepidermal water loss, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE antibodies, and a local increase of Il33, Tslp, Il4 and Il13 compared with LD or OVA alone. Following intranasal challenge with OVA, mice epicutaneously exposed to LD showed an increase in allergen-induced esophageal eosinophilia compared with LD or OVA alone. Collectively, these results suggest that LD may be an important factor that impairs the skin barrier and leads to allergen sensitization in early life, and therefore may have a role in the increase in allergic disease.
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8
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Wu S, Liang Y, Zang Q, Xing Z, Yin P, Sun R, Dai B. FLG Is a Potential Biomarker of Prognosis and Immunotherapy in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:5160748. [PMID: 35607429 PMCID: PMC9124147 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5160748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cutaneous melanoma is one of most aggressive type of cancers worldwide. Therefore, the identification of SKCM biomarkers is of great importance. FLG gene is one of the genes that encode proteins involved in epidermal formation. This was the first time to study the role of FLG in the prognosis and immune infiltrates of skin cutaneous melanoma. Methods We downloaded the somatic mutation data of 471 SKCM patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and analyzed the mutation profiles with "MafTools" package. The expression of FLG and the overall survival in SKCM were analyzed by GEPIA. Additionally, univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to compare several clinical features with survival rates. We used TIMER to investigate FLG expression and collection of immune infiltration levels in SKCM, as well as cumulative survival in SKCM. Meanwhile, we also used CIBERSORT to investigate the association between FLG and cancer immune infiltration. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using the TCGA dataset. Furthermore, data from GEO and HPA was used to validate the results. Results Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) happened more frequently than insertion or deletion, and C > T was the most common of SNV in SKCM. We selected the first 15 mutated genes by analyzing 471 melanoma samples, and the prognosis analysis showed that only the high expression of mutated FLG gene was significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of SKCM. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that age, the worse tumor status, less lymph node metastasis, and FLG expression were independent factors for prognosis. Specifically, lower infiltration levels of B cell, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells correlated with poor survival outcomes in SKCM. GSEA revealed that FLG is closely related to cancer pathways and epidermal cell proliferation. In addition, the previous conclusions can be verified from external data from GEO and HPA. Conclusion The discovery of mutant gene FLG as a biomarker of SKCM helps elucidate how changes in the immune environment promote the occurrence of cutaneous melanoma. Further analysis suggested that FLG might be a new predictor of SKCM prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Wu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuxia Liang
- Department of Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qijuan Zang
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zixuan Xing
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Pan Yin
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bingling Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
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Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Leprince C, Méchin MC, Simon M, Blunder S, Gruber R, Dubrac S. Revisiting the Roles of Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5318. [PMID: 35628125 PMCID: PMC9140947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery in 2006 that loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris and can predispose to atopic dermatitis (AD) galvanized the dermatology research community and shed new light on a skin protein that was first identified in 1981. However, although outstanding work has uncovered several key functions of filaggrin in epidermal homeostasis, a comprehensive understanding of how filaggrin deficiency contributes to AD is still incomplete, including details of the upstream factors that lead to the reduced amounts of filaggrin, regardless of genotype. In this review, we re-evaluate data focusing on the roles of filaggrin in the epidermis, as well as in AD. Filaggrin is important for alignment of keratin intermediate filaments, control of keratinocyte shape, and maintenance of epidermal texture via production of water-retaining molecules. Moreover, filaggrin deficiency leads to cellular abnormalities in keratinocytes and induces subtle epidermal barrier impairment that is sufficient enough to facilitate the ingress of certain exogenous molecules into the epidermis. However, although FLG null mutations regulate skin moisture in non-lesional AD skin, filaggrin deficiency per se does not lead to the neutralization of skin surface pH or to excessive transepidermal water loss in atopic skin. Separating facts from chaff regarding the functions of filaggrin in the epidermis is necessary for the design efficacious therapies to treat dry and atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Corinne Leprince
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yoshida T, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Skin barrier defects in atopic dermatitis: From old idea to new opportunity. Allergol Int 2022; 71:3-13. [PMID: 34916117 PMCID: PMC8934597 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic skin inflammatory disease, with a profound impact on patients’ quality of life. AD varies considerably in clinical course, age of onset and degree to which it is accompanied by allergic and non-allergic comorbidities. Skin barrier impairment in both lesional and nonlesional skin is now recognized as a critical and often early feature of AD. This may be explained by a number of abnormalities identified within both the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum layers of the epidermis. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of key barrier defects in AD, starting with a historical perspective. We will also highlight some of the commonly used methods to characterize and quantify skin barrier function. There is ample opportunity for further investigative work which we call out throughout this review. These include: quantifying the relative impact of individual epidermal abnormalities and putting this in a more holistic view with physiological measures of barrier function, as well as determining whether these barrier-specific endotypes predict clinical phenotypes (e.g. age of onset, natural history, comorbidities, response to therapies, etc). Mechanistic studies with new (and in development) AD therapies that specifically target immune pathways, Staphylococcus aureus abundance and/or skin barrier will help us understand the dynamic crosstalk between these compartments and their relative importance in AD.
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A Pilot Study To Establish an Ovalbumin-induced Atopic Dermatitis Minipig Model. J Vet Res 2021; 65:307-313. [PMID: 34917843 PMCID: PMC8643094 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because minipig skin is similar to human skin in anatomy and physiology, establishing an atopic dermatitis (AD) minipig model seems meaningful. Material and Methods We applied 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) or ovalbumin onto the back skin of five Yucatan minipigs aged 8-10 months and 19 kg in median weight. Two minipigs with the same parameters served as controls. Results Both DNFB and ovalbumin mediated epithelial hyperplasia, spongiosis, and immune cell infiltration in the dermis, which is a typical histopathological feature of AD. Moreover, AD upregulated the Th1- and Th2-related cytokine expressions in DNFB- or in ovalbumin-treated skin. Notably, AD-induced minipigs exhibited greater cytokine serum concentrations. Conclusion Histopathological finding and cytokine analysis revealed that DNFB or ovalbumin mediates AD. However, ovalbumin-treated minipig is a more reliable and precise AD model owing to the DNFB-induced severe skin damage. In summary, ovalbumin-treated skin shows similar AD as human in histopathological and molecular analysis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic skin diseases such as urticaria, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis are among the most common skin diseases with severe socioeconomic consequences. The pathogenesis of allergic skin diseases is complex. This review provides an overview of cytocines IL-17, IL-23, IL-31 and IL-33. RECENT FINDINGS Current research results show a variety of immunological processes in the pathogenesis of the allergic skin diseases, including the role of cytokines. In addition to the Th1 and Th2 immune response, the immune response via Th17 is becoming increasingly important in allergic skin diseases but also the cytokines IL-23, IL-31 and IL-33 have been discussed in the literature recently. Different cytokines promote in a kind of orchestra the different symptoms seen in the different allergic skin diseases, including pruritus, dermatitis, mast cell mediator release and inflammation. SUMMARY We are still in the early stages of understanding pathophysiology of allergic skin diseases and the role of various cytokines in the immune system. With the development of targeted antibodies against the proinflammatory cytokines, the variety of normal therapeutic options can be expected to evolve.
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Bin L, Malley C, Taylor P, Preethi Boorgula M, Chavan S, Daya M, Mathias M, Shankar G, Rafaels N, Vergara C, Potee J, Campbell M, Hanifin JM, Simpson E, Schneider LC, Gallo RL, Hata T, Paller AS, De Benedetto A, Beck LA, Ong PY, Guttman‐Yassky E, Richers B, Baraghoshi D, Ruczinski I, Barnes KC, Leung DYM, Mathias RA. Whole genome sequencing identifies novel genetic mutations in patients with eczema herpeticum. Allergy 2021; 76:2510-2523. [PMID: 33548076 DOI: 10.1111/all.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a rare complication of atopic dermatitis (AD) caused by disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. The role of rare and/or deleterious genetic variants in disease etiology is largely unknown. This study aimed to identify genes that harbor damaging genetic variants associated with HSV infection in AD with a history of recurrent eczema herpeticum (ADEH+). METHODS Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 49 recurrent ADEH+ (≥3 EH episodes), 491 AD without a history of eczema herpeticum (ADEH-) and 237 non-atopic control (NA) subjects. Variants were annotated, and a gene-based approach (SKAT-O) was used to identify genes harboring damaging genetic variants associated with ADEH+. Genes identified through WGS were studied for effects on HSV responses and keratinocyte differentiation. RESULTS Eight genes were identified in the comparison of recurrent ADEH+to ADEH-and NA subjects: SIDT2, CLEC7A, GSTZ1, TPSG1, SP110, RBBP8NL, TRIM15, and FRMD3. Silencing SIDT2 and RBBP8NL in normal human primary keratinocytes (NHPKs) led to significantly increased HSV-1 replication. SIDT2-silenced NHPKs had decreased gene expression of IFNk and IL1b in response to HSV-1 infection. RBBP8NL-silenced NHPKs had decreased gene expression of IFNk, but increased IL1b. Additionally, silencing SIDT2 and RBBP8NL also inhibited gene expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers keratin 10 (KRT10) and loricrin (LOR). CONCLUSION SIDT2 and RBBP8NL participate in keratinocyte's response to HSV-1 infection. SIDT2 and RBBP8NL also regulate expression of keratinocyte differentiation genes of KRT10 and LOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Bin
- Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Health Denver CO USA
| | - Claire Malley
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Patricia Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Health Denver CO USA
| | | | - Sameer Chavan
- Department of Medicine University of Colorado Aurora CO USA
| | - Michelle Daya
- Department of Medicine University of Colorado Aurora CO USA
| | - Malaika Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Gautam Shankar
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Simpson
- Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
| | | | - Richard L. Gallo
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Tissa Hata
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Lisa A. Beck
- University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA
| | - Peck Y. Ong
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | | | | | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
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15
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Hofmann MA, Fluhr JW, Ruwwe‐Glösenkamp C, Stevanovic K, Bergmann K, Zuberbier T. Role of IL-17 in atopy-A systematic review. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12047. [PMID: 34429872 PMCID: PMC8361814 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopy is defined as the genetic predisposition to react with type I allergic diseases such as food-, skin-, and respiratory allergies. Distinct molecular mechanisms have been described, including the known Th2 driven immune response. IL-17A (IL-17) is mainly produced by Th17 cells and belongs to the IL-17 family of cytokines, IL-17A to F. While IL-17 plays a major role in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, more data was published in recent years elucidating the role of IL-17 in allergic diseases. The present study aimed to elaborate specifically the role of IL-17 in atopy. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, regarding IL-17 and atopy/allergic diseases. RESULTS In total, 31 novel publications could be identified (food allergy n = 3, allergic asthma n = 7, allergic rhinitis [AR] n = 10, atopic dermatitis [AD] n = 11). In all allergic diseases, the IL-17 pathway has been investigated. Serum IL-17 was elevated in all allergic diseases. In AR, serum and nasal IL-17 levels correlated with the severity of the disease. In food allergies, serum IL-17E was also elevated in children. In AD, there is a trend for higher IL-17 values in the serum and skin specimen, while it is more expressed in acute lesions. In allergic asthma, serum IL-17 levels were increased. In two studies, higher serum IL-17 levels were found in severe persistent asthmatic patients than in intermittent asthmatics or healthy controls. Only one therapeutic clinical study exists on allergic diseases (asthma patients) using a monoclonal antibody against the IL-17 receptor A. No clinical efficacy was found in the total study population, except for a subgroup of patients with (post-bronchodilator) high reversibility. SUMMARY The role of IL 17 in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases is evident, but the involvement of the Th17 cytokine in the pathophysiological pathway is not conclusively defined. IL-17 is most likely relevant and will be a clinical target in subgroups of patients. The current data indicates that IL-17 is elevated more often in acute and severe forms of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja A. Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Katarina Stevanovic
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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16
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Translational Relevance of Mouse Models of Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040613. [PMID: 33561938 PMCID: PMC7914954 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to present a challenge in the appropriate selection of a mouse model because no single murine model completely recapitulates all aspects of human AD. This has been further complicated by recent evidence of the distinct AD endotypes that are dictated by unique patterns of inflammation involving Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 axes. A review of currently used mouse models demonstrates that while all AD mouse models consistently exhibit Th2 inflammation, only some demonstrate concomitant Th17 and/or Th22 induction. As the current understanding of the pathogenic contributions of these unique endotypes and their potential therapeutic roles expands, ongoing efforts to maximize a given mouse model’s homology with human AD necessitates a close evaluation of its distinct immunological signature.
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17
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18
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Innate IL-17A Enhances IL-33-Independent Skin Eosinophilia and IgE Response on Subcutaneous Papain Sensitization. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:105-113.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Gonzalez T, Stevens ML, Baatyrbek kyzy A, Alarcon R, He H, Kroner JW, Spagna D, Grashel B, Sidler E, Martin LJ, Biagini Myers JM, Khurana Hershey GK, Herr AB. Biofilm propensity of Staphylococcus aureus skin isolates is associated with increased atopic dermatitis severity and barrier dysfunction in the MPAACH pediatric cohort. Allergy 2021; 76:302-313. [PMID: 32640045 DOI: 10.1111/all.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients are often colonized with Staphylococcus aureus, and staphylococcal biofilms have been reported on adult AD skin lesions. The commensal S epidermidis can antagonize S aureus, although its role in AD is unclear. We sought to characterize S aureus and S epidermidis colonization and biofilm propensity and determine their associations with AD severity, barrier function, and epidermal gene expression in the first US early-life cohort of children with AD, the Mechanisms of Progression of Atopic Dermatitis to Asthma in Children (MPAACH). METHODS The biofilm propensity of staphylococcal isolates was assessed by crystal violet assays. Gene expression of filaggrin and antimicrobial alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 was measured in keratinocyte RNA extracted from skin tape strips. Staphylococcal biofilms sampled from MPAACH skin were visualized using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Sixty-two percent of staphylococcal isolates (sampled from 400 subjects) formed moderate/strong biofilms. Sixty-eight percent of subjects co-colonized with both staphylococcal species exhibited strains that formed cooperative mixed-species biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy verified the presence of staphylococcal biofilms on the skin of MPAACH children. Staphylococcus aureus strains showing higher relative biofilm propensity compared with S epidermidis were associated with increased AD severity (P = .03) and increased lesional and nonlesional transepidermal water loss (P = .01, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a pathogenic role for S aureus biofilms in AD. We found that strain-level variation in staphylococcal isolates governs the interactions between S epidermidis and S aureus and that the balance between these two species, and their biofilm propensity, has important implications for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Gonzalez
- Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Mariana L. Stevens
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Asel Baatyrbek kyzy
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Rosario Alarcon
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Hua He
- Division of Human Genetics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - John W. Kroner
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Daniel Spagna
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Brittany Grashel
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Elaine Sidler
- Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Division of Human Genetics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Jocelyn M. Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Andrew B. Herr
- Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
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20
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Liu T, Li S, Ying S, Tang S, Ding Y, Li Y, Qiao J, Fang H. The IL-23/IL-17 Pathway in Inflammatory Skin Diseases: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594735. [PMID: 33281823 PMCID: PMC7705238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an essential proinflammatory cytokine, which is mainly secreted by the CD4+ helper T cells (Th17 cells) and subsets of innate lymphoid cells. IL-17A is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, alopecia areata, pityriasis rubra pilaris, pemphigus, and systemic sclerosis. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays a pivotal role in stimulating the production of IL-17 by activating the Th17 cells. The IL-23/IL-17 axis is an important pathway for targeted therapy for inflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence from clinical trials has shown that monoclonal antibodies against IL-23, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor are effective in the treatment of patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, pityriasis rubra pilaris, pemphigus, and systemic sclerosis. Here, we summarize the latest knowledge about the biology, signaling, and pathophysiological functions of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammatory skin diseases. The currently available biologics targeting the axis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuni Ying
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunli Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Uluçkan Ö, Jiménez M, Roediger B, Schnabl J, Díez-Córdova LT, Troulé K, Weninger W, Wagner EF. Cutaneous Immune Cell-Microbiota Interactions Are Controlled by Epidermal JunB/AP-1. Cell Rep 2020; 29:844-859.e3. [PMID: 31644908 PMCID: PMC6856727 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multi-factorial skin disease with a complex inflammatory signature including type 2 and type 17 activation. Although colonization by S. aureus is common in AD, the mechanisms rendering an organism prone to dysbiosis, and the role of IL-17A in the control of S. aureus-induced skin inflammation, are not well understood. Here, we show several pathological aspects of AD, including type 2/type 17 immune responses, elevated IgE, barrier dysfunction, pruritus, and importantly, spontaneous S. aureus colonization in JunBΔep mice, with a large transcriptomic overlap with AD. Additionally, using Rag1−/− mice, we demonstrate that adaptive immune cells are necessary for protection against S. aureus colonization. Prophylactic antibiotics, but not antibiotics after established dysbiosis, reduce IL-17A expression and skin inflammation, examined using Il17a-eGFP reporter mice. Mechanistically, keratinocytes lacking JunB exhibit higher MyD88 levels in vitro and in vivo, previously shown to regulate S. aureus colonization. In conclusion, our data identify JunB as an upstream regulator of microbiota-immune cell interactions and characterize the IL-17A response upon spontaneous dysbiosis. JunBΔep mice display several defining features of atopic dermatitis Skin of JunBΔep mice are colonized by human-derived S. aureus Adaptive immune system is necessary for protection against S. aureus JunB is an upstream regulator of the microbiota-immune cell interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Uluçkan
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Jiménez
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jakob Schnabl
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía T Díez-Córdova
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin Troulé
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Patrick GJ, Archer NK, Miller LS. Which Way Do We Go? Complex Interactions in Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:274-284. [PMID: 32943210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by recurrent and pruritic skin eruptions. Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, including skin barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation. Interactions among these factors form a complex, multidirectional network that can reinforce atopic skin disease but can also be ameliorated by targeted therapies. This review summarizes the complex interactions among contributing factors in AD and the implications on disease development and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
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23
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Jee MH, Mraz V, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM. γδ T cells and inflammatory skin diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:61-73. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Hamilton Jee
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Veronika Mraz
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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24
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Berdyshev E, Goleva E, Bronova I, Bronoff AS, Hoffman BC, Ramirez-Gama MA, Garcia SL, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Cho CB, Leung DYM. Unique skin abnormality in patients with peanut allergy but no atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:361-367.e1. [PMID: 32615171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonlesional skin of children with atopic dermatitis (AD) with peanut allergy (PA) is associated with increased transepidermal water loss; low urocanic acid (UCA) and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA), both of which are filaggrin breakdown products; and a reduced ratio of esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid sphingosine ceramides (EOS-CERs) to nonhydroxy fatty acid sphingosine ceramides (NS-CERs) in the skin. The skin barrier of subjects with PA without AD (AD-PA+) has not been studied. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore whether AD-PA+ is associated with skin barrier abnormalities. METHODS A total of 33 participants were enrolled, including 13 AD-PA+, 9 AD+PA+, and 11 nonatopic (NA) participants. RESULTS The PCA content in the stratum corneum of AD-PA+ subjects was significantly reduced versus that in NA subjects (median level, 67 vs 97 μg/mg protein [P = .028]). The ratio between cis- and trans-UCA decreased significantly from being highest in the NA group (1.62) to lowest in AD+PA+ group (0.07 [P < .001 vs in the NA group; P = .006 vs in the AD-PA+ group]), with the AD-PA+ group having an intermediate cis/trans-UCA ratio (1.17 [P = .024 vs in the NA group]). The TEWL in AD-PA+ subjects did not differ from that in the group with NA skin. Interestingly, AD-PA+ subjects had an increased EOS/NS-CER ratio versus that in the group of subjects with NA skin (1.9 vs 1.3 [P = .008]), whereas the AD+PA+ group had a decreased proportion of EOS-CERs (0.8 [P = .001] vs in the AD-PA+ group). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that irrespective of AD, PA is associated with decreased skin cis-UCA and PCA content. An increase in skin EOS-CER/NS-CER ratio separates the AD-PA+ group from the AD+PA+ and NA groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Irina Bronova
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | | | - Bryce C Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | | | | | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Christine B Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo.
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25
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Bai XY, Liu P, Chai YW, Wang Y, Ren SH, Li YY, Zhou H. Artesunate attenuates 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis by down-regulating Th17 cell responses in BALB/c mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:173020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Martin SF, Bonefeld CM. Mechanisms of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_59-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Nakajima S, Nomura T, Common J, Kabashima K. Insights into atopic dermatitis gained from genetically defined mouse models. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:13-25. [PMID: 30612664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by severe pruritus and recurrent eczema with a chronic disease course. Impaired skin barrier function, hyperactivated TH2 cell-type inflammation, and pruritus-induced scratching contribute to the disease pathogenesis of AD. Skin microbial alterations complicate the pathogenesis of AD further. Mouse models are a powerful tool to analyze such intricate pathophysiology of AD, with a caution that anatomy and immunology of the skin differ between human subjects and mice. Here we review recent understanding of AD etiology obtained using mouse models, which address the epidermal barrier, skin microbiome, TH2 immune response, and pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore.
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28
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Kim MH, Jin SP, Jang S, Choi JY, Chung DH, Lee DH, Kim KH, Kim HY. IL-17A-Producing Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Skin Inflammation by Inducing IL-33-Driven Type 2 Immune Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:827-837.e9. [PMID: 31628929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by type 2 cytokines secreted by T helper type 2 cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Despite a high degree of heterogeneity, AD is still explained by type 2 immunity, and the role of IL-17A, which is increased in acute, pediatric, or Asian patients with AD, remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-17A-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which are unexplored immune cells, in the pathogenesis of AD. We found that the numbers of ILC3s in the skin of AD-induced mice were increased, and that neutralizing IL-17A delayed development of AD. Moreover, adoptive transfer of ILC3s accelerated the symptoms of AD. Mechanically, ILC3s induced IL-33 production by nonimmune skin cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts, which promoted type 2 immune responses. Because AD has a complex pathophysiology and a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes, the presence of ILC3s in the skin and their interaction with nonimmune skin cells could explain the pathogenesis of cutaneous AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhyae Jang
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Seoul National University Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Systems Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
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29
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Suaini NHA, Wang Y, Soriano VX, Martino DJ, Allen KJ, Ellis JA, Koplin JJ. Genetic determinants of paediatric food allergy: A systematic review. Allergy 2019; 74:1631-1648. [PMID: 30835860 DOI: 10.1111/all.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic determinants of food allergy have not been systematically reviewed. We therefore systematically reviewed the literature on the genetic basis of food allergy, identifying areas for further investigation. METHODS We searched three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed) on 9 January 2018. Two authors screened retrieved articles for review according to inclusion criteria and extracted relevant information on study characteristics and measures of association. Eligible studies included those that reported an unaffected nonatopic control group, had genetic information and were carried out in children. RESULTS Of the 2088 studies retrieved, 32 met our inclusion criteria. Five were genome-wide association studies, and the remaining were candidate gene studies. Twenty-two of the studies were carried out in a predominantly Caucasian population with the remaining 10 from Asian-specific populations or unspecified ethnicity. We found FLG, HLA, IL10, IL13, as well as some evidence for other variants (SPINK5, SERPINB and C11orf30) that are associated with food allergy. CONCLUSIONS Little genetic research has been carried out in food allergy, with FLG, HLA and IL13 being the most reproducible genes for an association with food allergy. Despite promising results, existing genetic studies on food allergy are inundated with issues such as inadequate sample size and absence of multiple testing correction. Few included replication analyses or population stratification measures. Studies addressing these limitations along with functional studies are therefore needed to unravel the mechanisms of action of the identified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor H. A. Suaini
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Yichao Wang
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Victoria X. Soriano
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David J. Martino
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Katrina J. Allen
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Justine A. Ellis
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Genes, Environment & Complex Disease Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Jennifer J. Koplin
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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Kwak EJ, Hong JY, Kim MN, Kim SY, Kim SH, Park CO, Kim KW, Lee CG, Elias JA, Jee HM, Sohn MH. Chitinase 3-like 1 drives allergic skin inflammation via Th2 immunity and M2 macrophage activation. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1464-1474. [PMID: 31397016 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by defective skin barrier and Th2 immune responses. Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), also known as breast regression protein 39 (BRP-39) in mice and human homologue YKL-40, plays important roles in Th2 inflammation and allergen sensitization. CHI3L1 has been implicated in a variety of diseases including asthma characterized by inflammation, apoptosis and tissue remodelling, but its role in AD remains elusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CHI3L1 in the development and progression of AD. RESULTS We investigated YKL-40 levels in the serum and skin of AD patients by ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively. Using a murine model of AD induced by ovalbumin (OVA), we investigated Th2 immune responses, M2 macrophage activation and skin barrier gene expression using wild-type (WT) and BRP-39 null mutant (BRP-39-/- ) mice. YKL-40 level was significantly increased in serum of AD patients. In addition, both mRNA and protein expression levels of BRP-39 were higher in OVA-sensitized WT mice than in control mice. OVA-sensitized BRP-39-/- mice showed decreased epidermal thickness, lower total serum IgE, Th2 cytokine levels and CD4+ effector T cell populations than OVA-sensitized WT mice. Induction of BRP-39 was dominant in dermal macrophages. BRP-39 deficiency was found to be involved in M2 macrophage activation. Consistently, the YKL-40 level in the skin of AD patients was higher than in normal subjects and it was expressed in dermal macrophages. BRP-39 deficiency attenuated dysregulation of skin barrier and tight junction genes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings demonstrate that CHI3L1 mediates the development of AD induced by OVA, affecting Th2 inflammation, M2 macrophage activation and skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Hyeong Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jack A Elias
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hye Mi Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Rahrig S, Dettmann JM, Brauns B, Lorenz VN, Buhl T, Kezic S, Elias PM, Weidinger S, Mempel M, Schön MP, Braun A. Transient epidermal barrier deficiency and lowered allergic threshold in filaggrin-hornerin (FlgHrnr -/- ) double-deficient mice. Allergy 2019; 74:1327-1339. [PMID: 30828807 DOI: 10.1111/all.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin (Flg) and hornerin (Hrnr) share similar structural and functional features. Both proteins have been implicated as essential proteins for skin barrier maintenance. Loss-of-function mutations of these genes constitute a risk factor for atopic dermatitis and eczema-related asthma. Furthermore, both FLG and HRNR protein levels are downregulated in patients with atopic dermatitis. Thus, mice deficient for Flg and Hrnr provide a novel model to study skin barrier impairment and the susceptibility for cutaneous inflammation. METHODS By using appropriate targeting vectors and breeding strategies, we established a homozygous FlgHrnr double-deficient (FlgHrnr-/- ) mouse model lacking both genes including the intergenomic sequence. RESULTS Neonates appeared normal, but developed a transient scaly phenotype with overall flaky appearance, but no overt skin phenotype in adulthood, thereby reflecting a subclinical barrier defect seen in humans. Structurally, FlgHrnr-/- mice displayed a markedly reduced granular layer and a condensed cornified layer. Functionally, FlgHrnr-/- mice showed permeability abnormalities and metabolic aberrations regarding the production of natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) in the stratum corneum. Surprisingly, although the immune system revealed no aberrations under steady-state conditions, FlgHrnr-/- mice are predisposed to mount an allergic contact dermatitis, especially at hapten threshold levels eliciting allergic reactions. CONCLUSIONS Together, our FlgHrnr-/- mouse model nicely reflects the epicutaneous sensitization susceptibilities and inflammatory reactions to environmental insults in humans with impaired skin barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rahrig
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Judith M. Dettmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Birka Brauns
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology University Medical Center Rostock Germany
| | - Verena N. Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Academic Medical Center Coronel Institute of Occupational Health Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco California
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - Martin Mempel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen and University of Osnabrück Göttingen Germany
| | - Michael P. Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen and University of Osnabrück Göttingen Germany
| | - Andrea Braun
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen and University of Osnabrück Göttingen Germany
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Water-Soluble Extract from Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, ACTPER, Ameliorates a Dry Skin-Induced Itch in a Mice Model and Promotes Filaggrin Expression by Activating the AhR Signaling in HaCaT Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061366. [PMID: 31216667 PMCID: PMC6627490 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With a complex etiology involving multiple factors, the condition known as itch is a primary symptom of many skin diseases. Current treatment methods are ineffective for addressing itches caused by dry skin, for example. We developed a botanical extract, ACTPER, made from a mixture of Actinidia arguta and Perilla frutescens, which have traditionally been used to treat itch. The quality of ACTPER as a research agent was controlled in our experiment by cell-based bioassays, as well as by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using two chemical markers. In the acetone-induced dry skin mice model, the oral administration of ACTPER alleviated dry skin-related skin properties and itching behavior. The RNA and protein expression of the filament aggregating protein (filaggrin) gene, a key factor involved in the regulation of skin barrier function, was significantly increased, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence assay. To understand the underlying mechanism(s) at the molecular level, HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte-derived cell line, were treated with various concentrations of ACTPER. We found that the protein expression of filaggrin was indeed upregulated by ACTPER in a dose dependent manner. Data from experiments involving the reporter plasmid containing the xenobiotic response element (XRE), and the chemical antagonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), indicated that the ACTPER-mediated upregulation of filaggrin was controlled through the activation of the AhR signaling pathway. The molecular docking simulation study predicted that ACTPER might contain chemical compounds that bind directly to AhR. Taken together, our results suggest that ACTPER may provide the platform, based upon which a variety of safe and effective therapeutic agents can be developed to treat itch.
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Abstract
There is an increasing number of experimental, genetic and clinical evidence of atopic dermatitis expression as a pre-condition for later development of other atopic diseases such as asthma, food allergy and allergic rhinitis. Atopic dermatitis is a heterogeneous, recurrent childhood disease, also present in the adult age. It is increasingly attributed to systemic features and is characterized by immunological and skin barrier integrity and function dysregulation. To maintain the protective function of the skin barrier, in particular the maintenance of pH, hydration and antimicrobial functions, the filaggrin, among others, plays a significant role. Filaggrin is a multifunctional, histidine-rich, insoluble protein. The lack of filaggrin is associated with various cutaneous (e.g. ichthyosis vulgaris, allergic contact dermatitis) and non-cutaneous (e.g. diabetes, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract) diseases and may be a result of genetic, immunological factors combined with environmental factors. In this review we summarised (emphasized) recent findings in understanding the role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and other diseases, participants in the atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Čepelak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavica Dodig
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pavić
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb; School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Hoshino T, Yamashita SI, Suzuki N, Baba A, Ogawa S, Izumi T. Impact of Acacia bark extract tablets on the skin of healthy humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:538-550. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1547626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of proanthocyanidins derived from Acacia (Acacia mearnsii) bark extract in healthy Japanese adult subjects experiencing uncomfortable skin symptoms. All subjects were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 33 each) using a computerized random-number generator. The subjects received either Acacia bark extract tablets or placebo for 8 weeks. Evaluations included water content in the stratum corneum, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Skindex-16, dermatology life quality index (DLQI), visual analog scale for desire to scratch, and blood tests. At 4 weeks, the symptom/feeling score of DLQI, subjective symptoms related to uncomfortable skin, and the desire to scratch were significantly reduced in the intervention group than in the placebo group. At 8 weeks, the intervention group exhibited significantly lower TEWL on facial skin than that in the placebo group. In conclusion, the intake of Acacia bark extract tablets reduced TEWL and improved dry and uncomfortable skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naoko Suzuki
- R&D Department, ORTHOMEDICO Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Baba
- R&D Department, ORTHOMEDICO Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sosuke Ogawa
- Research & Development Division, Mimozax Co., Ltd., Hatsukaichi-city Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Izumi
- Department of dermatology, Hiroo Dermatology Clinic & Mentors Inc., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Fukuie T, Yasuoka R, Fujiyama T, Sakabe JI, Taguchi T, Tokura Y. Palmar hyperlinearity in early childhood atopic dermatitis is associated with filaggrin mutation and sensitization to egg. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:213-218. [PMID: 30810250 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Palmar hyperlinearity is a typical clinical feature of Filaggrin gene (FLG) null mutations. There are reports of FLG mutations and allergic sensitization; however, reports on the relationship between palmar hyperlinearity to sensitization are limited. This study aimed to examine the association between palmar hyperlinearity and sensitization in atopic dermatitis (AD) children. METHODS This cross-sectional, case-control study included children ˂ 6 years old with moderate-severe AD whose parents consented for mutation analysis and photographic documentation. Each child underwent genotyping to detect the eight most prevalent FLG mutations in the Japanese population: R501X, 3321delA, S1695X, Q1701X, S2554X, S2889X, S3296X, and K4022X. Clinical features and parameters including egg-specific IgE were examined, and palm photographs were evaluated by 12 trained dermatologists blinded to genotyping results. RESULTS Of the 57 patients (age range, 2 months to 5 years; median, 22 months), 16 were heterozygotes and three were compound heterozygotes. Palmar hyperlinearity, as recognized by more than two-thirds of dermatologists, was significantly associated with FLG mutation (P = 0.002, OR = 6.98, 95% CI = 2.1-23.7), and this association was observed especially in children over 2 years. Cross-shaped crease of the thenar eminence, as known in previous reports, also demonstrated significant correlation with FLG mutation. When the children were divided according to the presence or absence of palmar hyperlinearity, the egg white-specific IgE was significantly higher in the hyperlinearity group (55.9 vs 18.3 IU/mL, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Palmar hyperlinearity indicates possible inherited barrier abnormalities of the skin in early childhood. Its identification may help to predict a more accurate prognosis, such as sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukuie
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Yasuoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomohide Taguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Shane HL, Long CM, Anderson SE. Novel cutaneous mediators of chemical allergy. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:13-27. [PMID: 30822179 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1515279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical allergy can manifest into allergic contact dermatitis and asthma and the importance of skin sensitization in both of these diseases is increasingly being recognized. Given the unique characteristics of chemical allergy, coupled with the distinct immunological microenvironment of the skin research is still unraveling the mechanisms through which sensitization and elicitation occur. This review first describes the features of chemical sensitization and the known steps that must occur to develop a chemical allergy. Next, the unique immunological properties of the skin - which may influence chemical sensitization - are highlighted. Additionally, mediators involved with the development of allergy are reviewed, starting with early ones - including the properties of haptens, skin integrity, the microbiome, the inflammasome, and toll-like receptors (TLR). Novel cellular mediators of chemical sensitization are highlighted, including innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, T-helper (TH) cell subsets, and skin intrinsic populations including γδ T-cells and resident memory T-cells. Finally, this review discusses two epigenetic mechanisms that can influence chemical sensitization, microRNAs and DNA methylation. Overall, this review highlights recent research investigating novel mediators of chemical allergy that are present in the skin. It also emphasizes the need to further explore these mediators to gain a better understanding of what makes a chemical an allergen, and how best to prevent the development of chemical-induced allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Petersen TH, Jee MH, Gadsbøll AØ, Schmidt JD, Sloth JJ, Sonnenberg GF, Geisler C, Thyssen JP, Bonefeld CM. Mice with epidermal filaggrin deficiency show increased immune reactivity to nickel. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:139-148. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trine H. Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mia H. Jee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyNational Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Anne‐Sofie Ø. Gadsbøll
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jonas D. Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens J. Sloth
- National Food InstituteTechnical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyNational Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Tsakok T, Woolf R, Smith CH, Weidinger S, Flohr C. Atopic dermatitis: the skin barrier and beyond. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:464-474. [PMID: 29969827 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder, affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in industrialized countries. This highly debilitating condition poses a considerable burden to both the individual and society at large. The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex, encompassing both genetic and environmental risk factors. METHODS This is a narrative review based on a systematic literature search. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity plays a key role; however, recent epidemiological, genetic and molecular research has focused interest on skin barrier dysfunction as a common precursor and pathological feature. Current understanding of the aetiology of atopic dermatitis highlights disruption of the epidermal barrier leading to increased permeability of the epidermis, pathological inflammation in the skin, and percutaneous sensitization to allergens. Thus, most novel treatment strategies seek to target specific aspects of the skin barrier or cutaneous inflammation. Several studies have also shown promise in preventing atopic dermatitis, such as the early use of emollients in high-risk infants. This may have broader implications in terms of halting the progression to atopic comorbidities including food allergy, hay fever and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsakok
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - R Woolf
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - C H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - S Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Flohr
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
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Hoff S, Oyoshi MK, Hornick JL, Geha RS. MyD88 signaling in T regulatory cells by endogenous ligands dampens skin inflammation in filaggrin deficient mice. Clin Immunol 2018; 195:88-92. [PMID: 30099194 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in filaggrin are associated with atopic dermatitis. Filaggrin-deficient flaky tail (Flgft/ft) mice develop spontaneous inflammatory skin lesion that wax and wane. We show that loss of MyD88 promotes the persistence of skin lesions in Flgft/ft mice and exaggerates their expression of the Th17-associated cytokines Il7a and Il22. The development and persistence of skin lesions in Flgft/ft mice was independent of the microbiota. MyD88-mediated signals are shown to be important for the accumulation of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in lesional skin of Flgft/ft mice. Adoptive transfer of WT Tregs dampened the severity of skin lesions in MyD88-/-/Flgft/ft mice. These results suggest that MyD88 signaling in Treg cells by endogenous ligands attenuates skin inflammation in filaggrin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hoff
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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40
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Katayama I. Dry skin manifestations in Sjögren syndrome and atopic dermatitis related to aberrant sudomotor function in inflammatory allergic skin diseases. Allergol Int 2018; 67:448-454. [PMID: 30104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported characteristic cutaneous manifestations of Sjögren syndrome (SS) with special references to autoimmune anhidrosis or hypoidrosis and related mucocutaenous manifestations in addition to annular erythema or cutaneous vasculitis. Although significance of cutaneous manifestations of SS has been gradually recognized in rheumatologists, sudomotor function has not been fully evaluated and recognized in the diagnosis of SS except for dermatologists. SS is a relatively underestimated collagen disease in contrast to SLE, systemic sclerosis, or dermatomyositis, special care should be needed not to make misdiagnosis of SS when we see the patients with common skin disease such as, drug eruption, infections skin disease or xerosis in the daily practice. In contrast to pathomechanisms of dry skin observed in SS, we recently reported that reduced sweating function and dry skin seen in atopic dermatitis (AD) are mediated by histamine or substance P, those are usually restored to normal levels after improvement of the dermatitis by topical corticosteroid ointment with or without oral anti-histamine. Therefore, xerotic skin lesions seen in SS and AD might be attributable to different pathomechanisms with similar dry skin manifestations. We recently reported that SS promotes dry skin when complicated with AD possibly due to acceleration of hypoidrosis. In this review, we would like to summarize our recent understanding of regulatory mechanism of impaired sweating function in allergic inflammatory skin diseases by introducing clinical presentations of AD/SS overlap cases as the model of hypoidrotic inflammatory skin diseases.
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Archer NK, Jo JH, Lee SK, Kim D, Smith B, Ortines RV, Wang Y, Marchitto MC, Ravipati A, Cai SS, Dillen CA, Liu H, Miller RJ, Ashbaugh AG, Uppal AS, Oyoshi MK, Malhotra N, Hoff S, Garza LA, Kong HH, Segre JA, Geha RS, Miller LS. Injury, dysbiosis, and filaggrin deficiency drive skin inflammation through keratinocyte IL-1α release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1426-1443.e6. [PMID: 30240702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with epidermal barrier defects, dysbiosis, and skin injury caused by scratching. In particular, the barrier-defective epidermis in patients with AD with loss-of-function filaggrin mutations has increased IL-1α and IL-1β levels, but the mechanisms by which IL-1α, IL-1β, or both are induced and whether they contribute to the aberrant skin inflammation in patients with AD is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the mechanisms through which skin injury, dysbiosis, and increased epidermal IL-1α and IL-1β levels contribute to development of skin inflammation in a mouse model of injury-induced skin inflammation in filaggrin-deficient mice without the matted mutation (ft/ft mice). METHODS Skin injury of wild-type, ft/ft, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88-deficient ft/ft mice was performed, and ensuing skin inflammation was evaluated by using digital photography, histologic analysis, and flow cytometry. IL-1α and IL-1β protein expression was measured by means of ELISA and visualized by using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Composition of the skin microbiome was determined by using 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS Skin injury of ft/ft mice induced chronic skin inflammation involving dysbiosis-driven intracellular IL-1α release from keratinocytes. IL-1α was necessary and sufficient for skin inflammation in vivo and secreted from keratinocytes by various stimuli in vitro. Topical antibiotics or cohousing of ft/ft mice with unaffected wild-type mice to alter or intermix skin microbiota, respectively, resolved the skin inflammation and restored keratinocyte intracellular IL-1α localization. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, skin injury, dysbiosis, and filaggrin deficiency triggered keratinocyte intracellular IL-1α release that was sufficient to drive chronic skin inflammation, which has implications for AD pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Steven K Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Mark C Marchitto
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Advaitaa Ravipati
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Shuting S Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Alyssa G Ashbaugh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Angad S Uppal
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Nidhi Malhotra
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sabine Hoff
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; TRG Oncology III, Drug Discovery, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
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Chang HW, Yan D, Singh R, Liu J, Lu X, Ucmak D, Lee K, Afifi L, Fadrosh D, Leech J, Vasquez KS, Lowe MM, Rosenblum MD, Scharschmidt TC, Lynch SV, Liao W. Alteration of the cutaneous microbiome in psoriasis and potential role in Th17 polarization. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:154. [PMID: 30185226 PMCID: PMC6125946 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis impacts 1-3% of the world's population and is characterized by hyper-proliferation of keratinocytes and increased inflammation. At the molecular level, psoriasis is commonly driven by a Th17 response, which serves as a major therapeutic target. Microbiome perturbations have been associated with several immune-mediated diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and multiple sclerosis. Although a few studies have investigated the association between the skin microbiome and psoriasis, conflicting results have been reported plausibly due to the lack of standardized sampling and profiling protocols, or to inherent microbial variability across human subjects and underpowered studies. To better understand the link between the cutaneous microbiota and psoriasis, we conducted an analysis of skin bacterial communities of 28 psoriasis patients and 26 healthy subjects, sampled at six body sites using a standardized protocol and higher sequencing depth compared to previous studies. Mouse studies were employed to examine dermal microbial-immune interactions of bacterial species identified from our study. RESULTS Skin microbiome profiling based on sequencing the 16S rRNA V1-V3 variable region revealed significant differences between the psoriasis-associated and healthy skin microbiota. Comparing the overall community structures, psoriasis-associated microbiota displayed higher diversity and more heterogeneity compared to healthy skin bacterial communities. Specific microbial signatures were associated with psoriatic lesional, psoriatic non-lesional, and healthy skin. Specifically, relative enrichment of Staphylococcus aureus was strongly associated with both lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin. In contrast, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes were underrepresented in psoriatic lesions compared to healthy skin, especially on the arm, gluteal fold, and trunk. Employing a mouse model to further study the impact of cutaneous Staphylcoccus species on the skin T cell differentiation, we found that newborn mice colonized with Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated strong Th17 polarization, whereas mice colonized with Staphylococcus epidermidis or un-colonized controls showed no such response. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that microbial communities on psoriatic skin is substantially different from those on healthy skin. The psoriatic skin microbiome has increased diversity and reduced stability compared to the healthy skin microbiome. The loss of community stability and decrease in immunoregulatory bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes may lead to higher colonization with pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, which could exacerbate cutaneous inflammation along the Th17 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wen Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rasnik Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jared Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Dermatology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Derya Ucmak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dicle University School of Medicine, 21280, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Kristina Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Ladan Afifi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Douglas Fadrosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Leech
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | | | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
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Jee MH, Johansen JD, Buus TB, Petersen TH, Gadsbøll ASØ, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Thyssen JP, White AJ, Anderson G, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM. Increased Production of IL-17A-Producing γδ T Cells in the Thymus of Filaggrin-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:988. [PMID: 29867965 PMCID: PMC5953325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the filaggrin gene (Flg) are associated with increased systemic levels of Th17 cells and increased IL-17A production following antigen exposure in both humans and mice. In addition to Th17 cells, γδ T cells can produce IL-17A. The differentiation of γδ T cells to either IFNγ or IL-17A-producing (γδT17) cells is mainly determined in the thymus. Interestingly, it has been reported that filaggrin is expressed in the Hassall bodies in the human thymic medulla. However, whether filaggrin affects γδ T cell development is not known. Here, we show that filaggrin-deficient flaky tail (ft/ft) mice have an increased number of γδT17 cells in the spleen, epidermis, and thymus compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We demonstrate that filaggrin is expressed in the mouse thymic medulla and that blocking the egress of cells from the thymus results in accumulation of Vγ2+ γδT17 cells in the thymus of adult ft/ft mice. Finally, we find increased T cell receptor expression levels on γδ T cells and increased levels of IL-6 and IL-23 in the thymus of ft/ft mice. These findings demonstrate that filaggrin is expressed in the mouse thymic medulla and that production of Vγ2+ γδT17 cells is dysregulated in filaggrin-deficient ft/ft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Hamilton Jee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Terkild Brink Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Hilkjær Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Østergaard Gadsbøll
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pontoppidan Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andrea Jane White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kim BE, Leung DYM. Significance of Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:207-215. [PMID: 29676067 PMCID: PMC5911439 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis contains epithelial cells, immune cells, and microbes which provides a physical and functional barrier to the protection of human skin. It plays critical roles in preventing environmental allergen penetration into the human body and responsing to microbial pathogens. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common, complex chronic inflammatory skin disease. Skin barrier dysfunction is the initial step in the development of AD. Multiple factors, including immune dysregulation, filaggrin mutations, deficiency of antimicrobial peptides, and skin dysbiosis contribute to skin barrier defects. In the initial phase of AD, treatment with moisturizers improves skin barrier function and prevents the development of AD. With the progression of AD, effective topical and systemic therapies are needed to reduce immune pathway activation and general inflammation. Targeted microbiome therapy is also being developed to correct skin dysbiosis associated with AD. Improved identification and characterization of AD phenotypes and endotypes are required to optimize the precision medicine approach to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Eui Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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45
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Nomura T, Honda T, Kabashima K. Multipolarity of cytokine axes in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in terms of age, race, species, disease stage and biomarkers. Int Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8326, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8326, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8326, Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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46
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Park HJ, Choi WS, Lee WY, Choi Y, Park C, Kim JH, Hong KH, Song H. A novel mouse model of atopic dermatitis that is T helper 2 (Th2)-polarized by an epicutaneous allergen. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:122-130. [PMID: 29329020 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and effective therapies remain elusive due to the paucity of animal models. We aimed to develop a mouse model of an immune system aberration caused by allergen. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In experiment 1, BALB/c mice were sensitized with one of four chemical allergens - toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), or 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) - for 3 weeks. Based on results of experiment 1, immunological features were compared between TMA-sensitized BALB/c mice and NC/Nga mice, after exposure to mite extracts, harmful chemicals and detergents in experiment 2. Sensitization by allergen caused a large number of pathological changes in the skin, and an increase in mast cell number. TMA-sensitized BALB/c mice models showed higher sensitivity to an environmental allergen than NC/Nga mice did. Overall, the initial sensitization with TMA leads to disturbances in Th2-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Department of Beef and Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Deckers J, Bougarne N, Mylka V, Desmet S, Luypaert A, Devos M, Tanghe G, Van Moorleghem J, Vanheerswynghels M, De Cauwer L, Thommis J, Vuylsteke M, Tavernier J, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, De Bosscher K. Co-Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Murine Skin Prevents Worsening of Atopic March. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1360-1370. [PMID: 29288652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Children with atopic dermatitis show an increased risk to develop asthma later in life, a phenomenon referred to as "atopic march," which emphasizes the need for secondary prevention therapies. This study aimed to investigate whether relief of skin inflammation by glucocorticoids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists might influence the subsequent development of asthma in a murine model for the atopic march in which mice were repeatedly exposed to house dust mite via the skin, followed by exposure to house dust mite in lungs. To abrogate atopic dermatitis, mice received topical treatment with glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists. Nuclear receptor ligand effects were assessed on primary keratinocytes and dendritic cells, as central players in skin inflammation. Prior house dust mite-induced skin inflammation aggravates allergic airway inflammation and induces a mixed T helper type 2/T helper type 17 response in the lungs. Cutaneous combined activation of glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ reduced skin inflammation to a higher extent compared to single activation. Additive anti-inflammatory effects were more prominent in dendritic cells, as compared to keratinocytes. Alleviation of allergic skin inflammation by activation of glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ appeared insufficient to avoid the allergic immune response in the lungs, but efficiently reduced asthma severity by counteracting the Th17 response. Glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activation represents a potent remedy against allergic skin inflammation and worsening of atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadia Bougarne
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viacheslav Mylka
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Desmet
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Luypaert
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giel Tanghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Van Moorleghem
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manon Vanheerswynghels
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lode De Cauwer
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Thommis
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Tavernier
- Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder that is a major public health burden worldwide. AD lesions are often colonized by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. An important aspect of Staphylococcus spp. is their propensity to form biofilms, adhesive surface-attached colonies that become highly resistant to antibiotics and immune responses, and recent studies have found that clinical isolates colonizing AD skin are often biofilm-positive. Biofilm formation results in complex bacterial communities that have unique effects on keratinocytes and host immunity. This review will summarize recent studies exploring the role of staphyloccocal biofilms in atopic dermatitis and the implications for treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest an important role for biofilms in the pathogenesis of numerous dermatologic diseases including AD. S. aureus biofilms have been found to colonize the eccrine ducts of AD skin, and these biofilms influence secretion of keratinocyte cytokines and trigger differentiation and apoptosis of keratinocytes. These activities may act to disrupt barrier function and promote disease pathogenesis as well as allergen sensitization. Formation of biofilm is a successful strategy that protects the bacteria from environmental danger, antibiotics, and phagocytosis, enabling chronic persistence in the host. An increasing number of S. aureus skin isolates are resistant to conventional antibiotics, and staphylococcal biofilm communities are prevalent on the skin of individuals with AD. Staphylococcal colonization of the skin impacts skin barrier function and plays multiple important roles in AD pathogenesis.
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49
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Nakai K, He YY, Nishiyama F, Naruse F, Haba R, Kushida Y, Katsuki N, Moriue T, Yoneda K, Kubota Y. IL-17A induces heterogeneous macrophages, and it does not alter the effects of lipopolysaccharides on macrophage activation in the skin of mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12473. [PMID: 28963556 PMCID: PMC5622065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to inflammatory response and become polarized towards the M1 or M2 states upon activation by immunostimulants. In this study, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interleukin (IL)-17A on the activation of macrophages in in vivo mouse skin. We examined whether macrophages are activated in the skin of imiquimod (IMQ)-treated mice, a model for IL-17A-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation, and flaky-tail (Flgft) mice, a model for IL-17A-induced chronic atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. LPS and IL-17A independently increased the expression levels of iNOS, CX3CR1, CD206, phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT3 proteins in the skin of B6 mice, and the effects of LPS was not altered by IL-17A. The expression levels of these proteins were increased in the skin of IMQ-treated and Flgft mice. IL-17A neutralization increased the expressions of iNOS and phospho-STAT1 in the IMQ-treated skin, but it decreased the expressions of CD206 and phospho-STAT3 proteins in the skin of Flgft mice, suggesting that macrophages to change from the M2 to the M1 state in the skin of these mice. These results suggest that IL-17A is involved in the activation of macrophages that are in the process of adopting the heterogeneous profiles of both the M1 and M2 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Nakai
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Fukiko Naruse
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Reiji Haba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kushida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Katsuki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Moriue
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoneda
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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50
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Martel BC, Lovato P, Bäumer W, Olivry T. Translational Animal Models of Atopic Dermatitis for Preclinical Studies. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:389-402. [PMID: 28955179 PMCID: PMC5612183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a medical need to develop new treatments for patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). To improve the discovery and testing of novel treatments, relevant animal models for AD are needed. Generally, these animal models mimic different aspects of the pathophysiology of human AD, such as skin barrier defects and Th2 immune bias with additional Th1 and Th22, and in some populations Th17, activation. However, the pathomechanistic characterization and pharmacological validation of these animal models are generally incomplete. In this paper, we review animal models of AD in the context of preclinical use and their possible translation to the human disease. Most of these models use mice, but we will also critically evaluate dog models of AD, as increasing information on disease mechanism show their likely relevance for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta C. Martel
- LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Department of Molecular Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Thierry Olivry, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, E-mail:
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