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Ricci S, Sarli WM, Lodi L, Canessa C, Lippi F, Dini D, Ferrari M, Pisano L, Sieni E, Indolfi G, Resti M, Azzari C. HLH as an additional warning sign of inborn errors of immunity beyond familial-HLH in children: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1282804. [PMID: 38415256 PMCID: PMC10896843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1282804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening condition characterized by a severe impairment of the immune homeostasis. While Familial-HLH (FHL) is a known cause, the involvement of other Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) in pediatric-HLH remains understudied. Objective This systematic review aimed to assess the clinical features, triggers, laboratory data, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric HLH patients with IEI other than FHL (IEInotFHL), emphasizing the importance of accurate identification and management. Methods A systematic search for studies meeting inclusion criteria was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central. Quality assessment was performed through JBI criteria. Results A comprehensive search yielded 108 records meeting inclusion criteria, involving 178 patients. We identified 46 different IEI according to IUIS 2022 Classification. Combined immunodeficiencies, immune dysregulation disorders, and phagocyte defects were the IEI most frequently associated with HLH. In 75% of cases, HLH preceded the IEI diagnosis, often with an unrecognized history of severe infections. Triggers reflected the specific infection susceptibilities within IEI groups. Liver and central nervous system involvement were less common than in FHL cases. Treatment approaches and outcomes varied, with limited long-term follow-up data, limiting the assessment of therapeutic efficacy across IEI groups. Conclusion A comprehensive evaluation encompassing immunological, infectious, and genetic aspects is essential in pediatric-HLH. Relying solely on FHL or EBV susceptibility disorders tests is insufficient, as diverse other IEI can contribute to HLH. Early recognition of HLH as a potential warning sign can guide timely diagnostic investigations and facilitate tailored therapeutic interventions for improved outcomes. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=371425, PROSPERO, CRD42022371425.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Walter Maria Sarli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Clementina Canessa
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Lippi
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Donata Dini
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrari
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Pisano
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Sieni
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- Department Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Resti
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Bode SF, Ammann S, Al-Herz W, Bataneant M, Dvorak CC, Gehring S, Gennery A, Gilmour KC, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Groß-Wieltsch U, Ifversen M, Lingman-Framme J, Matthes-Martin S, Mesters R, Meyts I, van Montfrans JM, Pachlopnik Schmid J, Pai SY, Soler-Palacin P, Schuermann U, Schuster V, Seidel MG, Speckmann C, Stepensky P, Sykora KW, Tesi B, Vraetz T, Waruiru C, Bryceson YT, Moshous D, Lehmberg K, Jordan MB, Ehl S. The syndrome of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in primary immunodeficiencies: implications for differential diagnosis and pathogenesis. Haematologica 2015; 100:978-88. [PMID: 26022711 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a hyperinflammatory syndrome defined by clinical and laboratory criteria. Current criteria were created to identify patients with familial hemophagocytic lmyphohistiocytosis in immediate need of immunosuppressive therapy. However, these criteria also identify patients with infection-associated hemophagocytic inflammatory states lacking genetic defects typically predisposing to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. These patients include those with primary immunodeficiencies, in whom the pathogenesis of the inflammatory syndrome may be distinctive and aggressive immunosuppression is contraindicated. To better characterize hemophagocytic inflammation associated with immunodeficiencies, we combined an international survey with a literature search and identified 63 patients with primary immunodeficiencies other than cytotoxicity defects or X-linked lymphoproliferative disorders, presenting with conditions fulfilling current criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Twelve patients had severe combined immunodeficiency with <100/μL T cells, 18 had partial T-cell deficiencies; episodes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were mostly associated with viral infections. Twenty-two patients had chronic granulomatous disease with hemophagocytic episodes mainly associated with bacterial infections. Compared to patients with cytotoxicity defects, patients with T-cell deficiencies had lower levels of soluble CD25 and higher ferritin concentrations. Other criteria for hemophagocytoc lymphohistiocytosis were not discriminative. Thus: (i) a hemophagocytic inflammatory syndrome fulfilling criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can be the initial manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies; (ii) this syndrome can develop despite severe deficiency of T and NK cells, implying that the pathophysiology is distinct and not appropriately described as "lympho"-histiocytosis in these patients; and (iii) current criteria for hemophagocytoc lymphohistiocytosis are insufficient to differentiate hemophagocytic inflammatory syndromes with different pathogeneses. This is important because of implications for therapy, in particular for protocols targeting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fn Bode
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mihaela Bataneant
- Discipline of Pediatrics III, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplant Division, UCSF, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luis I Gonzalez-Granado
- Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hematology & Oncology Unit, Pediatrics, Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ute Groß-Wieltsch
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Olga Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marianne Ifversen
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rolf Mesters
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Micriobiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's, Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uta Schuermann
- Children's Hospital of Datteln, University of Witten-Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Volker Schuster
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus G Seidel
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Bianca Tesi
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vraetz
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Despina Moshous
- Unit for Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology (UIHR), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immunodeficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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Aulagnon F, Lapidus N, Canet E, Galicier L, Boutboul D, Peraldi MN, Reuter D, Bernard R, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E, Zafrani L. Acute kidney injury in adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 65:851-9. [PMID: 25480521 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is poorly characterized. This study aims to describe the incidence, clinical and biological features, and outcome associated with AKI in this population. STUDY DESIGN Case series. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Patients with secondary HLH admitted to a single center from February 2007 through January 2013. 95 patients were included in the study. PREDICTOR AKI. OUTCOMES Recovery of kidney function, 6-month mortality, and complete remission of the underlying disease. MEASUREMENTS AKI was defined according to the KDIGO 2012 guideline. Recovery of kidney function was defined as improvement in serum creatinine level, with return to baseline serum creatinine level ±26.5μmol/L. RESULTS HLH was related to hematologic malignancy in 73 (77%), infectious disease in 21 (22%), and autoimmune disease in 9 (10%) patients and was multifactorial in 10 (11%) patients. The cause was undetermined in 2 (2%) patients. The incidence of AKI during HLH is high (62%), and 59% of the AKI population required renal replacement therapy. Main causes of AKI were acute tubular necrosis (49%), hypoperfusion (46%), tumor lysis syndrome (29%), or HLH-associated glomerulopathies (17%). At 6 months, 32% of the patients with AKI had chronic kidney disease. Two factors were associated independently with 6-month mortality by multivariable analysis: AKI stage ≥ 2 (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.08-6.29; P=0.03) and an underlying hematologic malignancy (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.05-9.14; P=0.04). In patients with hematologic malignancy, AKI was associated with lower 6-month complete remission (non-AKI, 25%; AKI patients, 5%; P=0.05). LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, lack of histologic data. CONCLUSIONS AKI in patients with HLH is frequent and adversely affects remission and survival. Early intensive management, including administration of etoposide, nephrotoxic drug withdrawal, prevention of tumor lysis syndrome, or aggressive supportive care, might improve kidney function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Aulagnon
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Nathanael Lapidus
- Biostatistics Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Canet
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Peraldi
- Department of Nephrology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Reuter
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Remy Bernard
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Schlemmer
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lara Zafrani
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
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Common variable immunodeficiency unmasked by treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura with Rituximab. BMC BLOOD DISORDERS 2013; 13:4. [PMID: 24499503 PMCID: PMC3776283 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1839-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypogammaglobulinemia may be part of several different immunological or malignant conditions, and its origin is not always obvious. Furthermore, although autoimmune cytopenias are known to be associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and even may precede signs of immunodeficiency, this is not always recognized. Despite novel insight into the molecular immunology of common variable immunodeficiency, several areas of uncertainty remain. In addition, the full spectrum of immunological effects of the B cell depleting anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab has not been fully explored. To our knowledge this is the first report of development of CVID in a patient with normal immunoglobulin prior to Rituximab treatment. Case presentation Here we describe the highly unusual clinical presentation of a 34-year old Caucasian male with treatment refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura and persistent lymphadenopathy, who was splenectomized and received multiple courses of high-dose corticosteroid before treatment with Rituximab resulted in a sustained response. However, in the setting of severe pneumococcal meningitis, hypogammaglobulinemia was diagnosed. An extensive immunological investigation was performed in order to characterize his immune status, and to distinguish between a primary immunodeficiency and a side effect of Rituximab treatment. We provide an extensive presentation and discussion of the literature on the basic immunology of CVID, the mechanism of action of Rituximab, and the immunopathogenesis of hypogammaglobulinemia observed in this patient. Conclusions We suggest that CVID should be ruled out in any patient with immune cytopenias in order to avoid diagnostic delay. Likewise, we stress the importance of monitoring immunoglobulin levels before, during, and after Rituximab therapy to identify patients with hypogammaglobulinemia to ensure initiation of immunoglobulin replacement therapy in order to avoid life-threatening invasive bacterial infections. Recent reports indicate that Rituximab is not contra-indicated for the treatment of CVID-associated thrombocytopenia, however concomitant immunoglobulin substitution therapy is of fundamental importance to minimize the risk of infections. Therefore, lessons can be learned from this case report by clinicians caring for patients with immunodeficiencies, haematological diseases or other autoimmune disorders, particularly, when Rituximab treatment may be considered.
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Michot JM, Hié M, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Michel M, Bloch-Queyrat C, Hermine O. Le syndrome d’activation lymphohistiocytaire de l’adulte. Rev Med Interne 2013; 34:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Advances in basic and clinical immunology in 2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:342-8. [PMID: 22206779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of basic immunologic mechanisms and clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies were most prevalent in 2011. Significant progress was achieved in the characterization of T(H)17 cell differentiation and associated cytokines in the setting of inflammatory disorders, HIV infection, and immunodysregulation disorders. The role of transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) mutations in the pathogenesis of CVID was further described and reported to be likely mediated by impaired TACI expression affecting B-cell function. The frequency of autoimmunity in patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome was estimated at 8.5%, predominantly resulting in blood cytopenias and hypothyroidism. Several reports emphasized the presentation of neoplasias, most often lymphomas, as the first manifestation of several primary immunodeficiencies. Novel strategies for newborn screening of B-cell lymphopenia by measuring immunoglobulin κ chain-deletion recombinant excision circles and for adenosine deaminase deficiency using tandem mass spectrometry were demonstrated to be feasible at a large scale. Progress in the treatment of primary immunodeficiencies included increased success with unrelated HLA-compatible donors for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the development of new gene therapy approaches with improved safety features. Induced pluripotent stem cells were developed from patients with primary immunodeficiencies, providing a virtually unlimited resource for pathophysiology and gene correction studies. New findings in several of the uncommon immunodeficiencies, such as the increased susceptibility to severe viral infections caused by defects in the activation of the Toll-like receptor 3 pathway, overall contributed to the understanding of their immunologic basis and provided for the design of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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